{"title":"Towards technology-convergent cities: How does the low-carbon economy contribute?","authors":"Henglong Zhang , Yeheng Zhang , Yongwei Yu , Liming Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper tests whether dual-purpose policy promotes digital–green technology convergence (DGTC) by expanding domain-specific technological stocks within a policy impetus–technological accumulation–technological convergence framework. We evaluate this mechanism in the context of China’s Low-Carbon City Pilot (LCCP). Using a city–year panel of 264 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2008–2023, DGTC is measured with two classic patent-based indicators—co-classification and cross-domain direct citation. The mediating mechanism is captured as digital and green technology accumulation through patent stocks and counts of innovating entities in both domains. Heterogeneity is examined with respect to policy implementation conditions, focusing on city endowments and the digital–green ecosystem. The empirical results show that the LCCP significantly increases DGTC, with consistent effects across both indicators and robust to multiple checks. Mediation analyses indicate that the LCCP raises digital and green accumulation, with stronger effects on the digital side and similar but milder effects on the green side. Heterogeneity tests reveal stronger effects in eastern and mega/large cities, as well as in contexts where intellectual property protection is tighter, network infrastructure more advanced, and government or public attention to green goals higher. Taken together, the study reaffirms that policy is an important driver of technological convergence. Using a nationwide, long-span city-level dataset, it constructs and validates two co-primary city-level DGTC measures with novel scope and comprehensive urban coverage, providing actionable evidence for designing and implementing context-specific policy portfolios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 185-206"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tracking global industry relocation and its economic and environmental impacts 1997–2023","authors":"Yu Zhang , Kailan Tian , Zhibiao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2026.01.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2026.01.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new wave of industry relocation has been sweeping across the world. This study develops a novel analytical framework to quantify the global industry relocation pattern from 1997 to 2023, alongside its associated economic and environmental impacts. Our results show that during 1997–2017, the main path of global industry relocation was that the US, EU and Japan relocated large-scale manufacturing and producer services to China. This relocation provided important economic growth opportunities for developing countries and narrowed the economic gap between them and developed economies, but it also resulted in certain carbon leakage. During 2017–2023, the global industry relocation pattern underwent significant changes, shifting from an efficiency-driven model to a security-prioritized model favoring re-shoring, near-shoring and friend-shoring. This round of industry relocation placed pressure on developed countries to reduce carbon emissions while hindering developing economies from achieving economic benefits and technological progress through global production networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 258-273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Galbraith , Ravi Kanbur , Kunal Sen , Andy Sumner
{"title":"Kuznets at 70: The enduring significance of a curve and a hypothesis","authors":"James Galbraith , Ravi Kanbur , Kunal Sen , Andy Sumner","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seven decades ago, Simon Kuznets put forward the hypothesis that as economies developed, national inequality would first increase and then decrease—an inverted U-shape. He provided preliminary evidence for the hypothesis on the basis of the limited data available at the time, and theorized the genesis of the curve as arising from the twin forces of structural transformation of the economy and political economy pressures. Seven decades on, the Kuznets curve still has a hold on the development discourse as new data is used to test the hypothesis, new theories are elaborated to explain the evolution of inequality, and the metaphor of an inverse U-shape is extended beyond its original realm of national inequality. With this rich history and background, the time is right to examine the Kuznets curve literature broadly construed. This overview takes stock of what has been learned and highlights emerging research and policy questions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 248-257"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinyan Han , Qinhan Tian , Rongrong Chen , Jun Sun
{"title":"An international comparison of the association between construction industry development and urbanization","authors":"Jinyan Han , Qinhan Tian , Rongrong Chen , Jun Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the construction industry and urbanization in developing countries, particularly China, have entered a phase characterized by slowing growth rates and an increasing emphasis on sustainable development. This study examines construction industry development using data from China and four developed countries (the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, and South Korea) covering the period 1970–2022. Employing the Granger causality test, this study first identifies the causal links among construction industry, population urbanization and economic development. It then conducts an international comparative analysis, employs panel threshold regression and panel fixed-effects models with interaction terms to reveal the characteristics of the non-linear relationship between construction industry and urbanization in the third stage of urbanization. The results indicate that when the urbanization ratio approaches 80 % and GDP per capita reaches US$30,000, construction industry development will likely to stagnate for a considerable period. Economic crises are identified as factors contributing to this stagnation, particularly in countries within the third stage of urbanization. Nevertheless, recovery remains possible, depending on the construction industry's ability to adapt growth strategies to evolving urban needs. The conclusions, supported by the quantitative evidence, provide policy implications for China and other developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 195-208"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiuping Li , Sanmang Wu , Jianchun Fang , Quanwen Liu , Shantong Li
{"title":"Structural changes and trend evolution of China’s integration into global value chains under heterogeneous trade modes","authors":"Qiuping Li , Sanmang Wu , Jianchun Fang , Quanwen Liu , Shantong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global Value Chains (GVCs) division of labor has become a crucial link connecting global economies. The increasing fragmentation and specialization of GVCs necessitate a precise evaluation of countries’ participation in international production networks. As structural changes in GVCs intensify, China’s integration into global production, in terms of both participation and position, has undergone profound transformation. This study examines the structural characteristics and temporal evolution of China’s GVC integration from the heterogeneous perspective of general trade and processing trade. It explores inter-industry production linkages and China’s value chain relationships with upstream and downstream trading partners. The key findings are as follows. First, most Chinese manufacturing sectors engage in GVCs primarily through backward linkages, relying on foreign-sourced intermediate inputs in export production, thus remaining in relatively downstream segments of the value chain. Nonetheless, there is a notable upward trend in China’s GVC position, indicating gradual structural upgrading. Second, China’s manufacturing GVC trade is increasingly diversified. The production network has evolved from regional concentration toward broader global diffusion, with deepening interdependence, particularly between China and other developing economies. Third, there has been a marked shift from processing trade to general trade, accompanied by distinct sectoral composition and GVC integration patterns across trade modes. This transformation is reshaping China’s trade regime and the depth of its international cooperation within GVCs. These results provide important policy implications for China’s efforts to optimize its trade structure, enhance its position in global production networks, and promote industrial upgrading through strategic integration into GVCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 139-151"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tracking Detroit business activity with the Yellow Pages 1920–1957","authors":"Robert Warren Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper approaches the Great Depression, World War II and the post war boom with a novel dataset: business addresses from the phone book. Using more than 265,000 business year observations from Detroit I create a business count measure to proxy economic activity from 1920 to 1957. While this count is a small subset of all businesses, the over trend is consistent with broader economic movements. Individual industries of taverns, appliances, auto related industries, banks and housing have idiosyncratic fluctuations that reflect prior research. The overall correlation of the total business count with GDP along with distinctive individual industry movements suggests that counting entries from phone books can proxy for economic activity at a city and even industry level. Applying Artificial Intelligence to large scale digitization of phone books in potential future research will yield an annual look at city demographics and economic activity at the address level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 171-182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the relationship between urban polycentric structure and green total factor productivity in China: Insights from urban development patterns and scale borrowing","authors":"Youlin Chen , Peiheng Yu , Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization has driven urban structure transformation and posed both opportunities and challenges for achieving high-quality economic growth. This study investigates the impact of urban polycentric structures (POLY) on green total factor productivity (GTFP) in China, innovatively highlights the mediating effect of scale borrowing and the moderating effect of urban development patterns. Results show that POLY has positive impacts on GTFP, and such promotion effect grows as GTFP increases. Scale borrowing plays a mediating role and different urban development patterns have various moderating effects. Specifically, urban expansion strengthens the positive moderating role of scale borrowing, whereas urban shrinkage weakens it. The threshold effect and heterogeneity analysis reveal that the positive impact of POLY on GTFP becomes more pronounced in cities with abundant land and population resources. In addition, POLY has positive spatial spillover effects, as its influence extends beyond individual cities and benefits neighboring areas. By integrating spatial structure, scale borrowing, and urban development patterns into one framework of economic growth, this study contributes to a novel understanding of high-quality economic development and sustainable urban structural transformation for policymakers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 237-250"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trade liberalization of IT products and domestic value-added ratio of service exports: A quasi-natural experiment based on the ITA expansion","authors":"Jiayang Zou , Ming Zhang , Xiangfei Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trade in services is rapidly expanding its influence around the world and has become an important link for economic cooperation and structural change among countries. Countries are increasingly integrated into the service global value chain (GVC), and how to absorb trade gains more efficiently in the process of exporting services has become the focus of their attention. The expansion of the Information Technology Agreement (ITA-2) promotes trade liberalization of information technology (IT) products among participating countries, which could impact service value chains. The theoretical analysis of this paper shows that the trade liberalization of IT products was conducive to increasing the domestic value-added ratio (DVAR) of service exports. The improvement in productivity and the localization of information service procurement constituted the specific mechanism of this connection. Based on the quasi-natural experiment of ITA-2, this paper employs empirical analysis of data from 74 countries (or regions) between 2009 and 2020 to validate the theoretical hypothesis. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the policy effects were significant in low- and middle-income countries and Asian and European countries. Sectors including transportation, professional activities and education etc. were affected by the policy. The moderating effect reveals that the ICT development level and downstreamness of the value chain of countries positively moderated the policy effect. The research in this paper can provide a reference for developing countries to explore how to occupy a favourable position in the distribution of service GVC by opening up to the outside world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 262-281"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoxu Zhang , Jiale Li , Yuze Li , Kunfu Zhu , Jian Xu , Shouyang Wang
{"title":"U.S. Trade policy and the restructuring of global production networks: A case study of industrial relocation from China to India","authors":"Xiaoxu Zhang , Jiale Li , Yuze Li , Kunfu Zhu , Jian Xu , Shouyang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trade policy uncertainty under the Trump administration has triggered structural shifts in global production networks, with uneven effects across emerging economies. Using U.S.China reciprocal tariffs as a case, we apply a global multi-regional input-output model coupled with trade network analysis to assess short-term disruptions and medium-term relocation trends. Our findings highlight three key patterns: (1) Short-term reciprocal tariffs cause uneven shocks, with economies more integrated into U.S.centered networks experiencing milder impacts than China-linked ones; (2) Medium-term restructuring benefits countries closer to advanced economies, with India gaining prominence as a manufacturing and supply chain participant; (3) Sectoral shifts show India's growth in technology-intensive sectors alongside contraction in traditional East Asian hubs. These findings indicate that trade policy uncertainty serves as a structural catalyst for reconfiguring global production, driven not solely by cost but also by alignment, resilience, and institutional capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 66-79"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do indebtedness, income inequality and asset dynamics affect household consumption? Evidence from 11 OECD countries","authors":"Ján Boháčik","doi":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.strueco.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effects of household indebtedness, income inequality, and asset dynamics on household consumption across 11 developed OECD countries from 1995 to 2021. The methodology includes a fixed effects model with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and a panel VAR (PVAR) model with a GMM estimator. This research is the first to integrate household consumption, indebtedness, income inequality, and household assets into a single model to estimate these effects on consumption. It also investigates how income inequality impacts indebtedness. Contrary to previous findings, the analysis reveals that increases in household debt and income inequality do not necessarily reduce consumption. The expected positive impact of financial and net assets on consumption was not proven. While non-financial assets (e.g., housing) boost consumption in the short run via collateral effects, this influence turns negative over longer horizons. Moreover, the anticipated positive relationship between income inequality and household indebtedness was not confirmed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47829,"journal":{"name":"Structural Change and Economic Dynamics","volume":"76 ","pages":"Pages 115-138"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}