European Journal of Ageing最新文献

{"title":"The protective effect of educational level varies as a function of the difficulty of the memory task in ageing.","authors":"Aurélien Frick,&nbsp;Helen R Wright,&nbsp;Séverine Fay,&nbsp;Sandrine Vanneste,&nbsp;Lucie Angel,&nbsp;Badiâa Bouazzaoui,&nbsp;Laurence Taconnat","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00724-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00724-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to explore the effects of age and educational level on recall performance and organisational strategies used during recall as a function of the level of memory task difficulty. Younger (n = 55, age range = 20-39 years) and older (n = 45, age range = 65-75 years) adults learned a word list where the words were either already semantically grouped (easier) or presented in pseudo-random order (harder), and then recalled the words. The number of words recalled was calculated, and an index of clustering was computed to assess organisational strategies. Older adults recalled less words than the younger ones. Older adults with a higher educational level recalled more words than their counterparts with a lower educational level when the memory task was easier, but they all performed similarly on the harder memory task. Moreover, we noted a strong positive association between educational level and semantic organisation in older adults when the memory task was easier. Regardless of educational level, older adults used semantic organisation as much as younger adults when the memory task was easier. However, when the memory task was harder, older adults showed significantly less organisational strategies than younger adults, the latter using semantic organisation to boost their recall performance. In sum, the protective effect of educational level seems to be restricted on recall performance, but not organisational strategies, in easy memory tasks providing sufficient external information about the most efficient mnemonic strategy to use.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9819234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life expectancy at 65, associated factors for women and men in Europe.","authors":"Aida Isabel Tavares","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00695-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00695-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Europe, the epidemiological transition has already taken place, while the demographic transition continues. Life expectancy at 65 is expanding for both women and men. The primary aim of this work is to identify the factors associated with life expectancy at 65 for women and men in Europe. The second aim is to confirm the influence of cultural factors on life expectancy. Finally, the link between spending on pensions, soil pollution, and life expectancy is also tested. Data for 31 European countries for the period 2004-2018 have been collected to estimate a linear panel data model. Life expectancy at 65 for women and men is the dependent variable. Independent variables are grouped into socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions. The main result of this work is the importance of GDP per capita, and education and pension expenditure in explaining the heterogeneity of life expectancy at 65 across countries. Other significant results include the association of cultural characteristics, air pollution, and soil pollution with life expectancy. The design of policies for older adults and the improvement of their health and active life should consider not only differences in education but cultural characteristics, too. European directives that disregard people's cultural differences may not have the expected result.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00695-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9743410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pet ownership and survival of European older adults.","authors":"Konstantinos Christopoulos,&nbsp;Vasiliki Benetou,&nbsp;Elena Riza,&nbsp;Nikos Pantazis","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00739-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00739-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With pet ownership on the rise, millions of individuals are exposed to this environmental exposure. Although the subject has been largely studied, more evidence is needed to clarify the potential association of pet ownership with human health. The aim of this research is to study the potential association of pet exposure (any pet, cat, dog, bird, fish) with all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality of older ( <math><mo>≥</mo></math>  50 years) European residents. To this end, a total of 23,274 participants from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were employed (median follow-up 119 months). All-cause mortality (5163 events), as well as cardiovascular (CVD) (1832 events), and cancer mortality (1346 events) were examined using Cox Proportional Hazards models for their relation with pet exposure at baseline. Stratified analyses were also performed by gender and for single or multi-person households. No significant association was observed for any of the pets with all-cause mortality on the whole sample and the fully adjusted models. In stratified analyses, bird exposure significantly increased the risk of all-cause mortality in women [Hazard Ratio <math><mrow><mo>(</mo> <mtext>HR</mtext> <mo>)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.23</mn></mrow> </math> ; 95% CI 1.04-1.44] as well as women living alone <math><mrow><mo>(</mo> <mtext>HR</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.38</mn></mrow> </math> ; 95% CI 1.02-1.85). Cause-specific models revealed an increased risk of death for women bird owners for causes other than cancer and CVD <math><mrow><mo>(</mo> <mtext>HR</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.40</mn></mrow> </math> ; 95% CI 1.05-1.99). In conclusion, bird ownership may be negatively associated with survival of older women in Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9638448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9749579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural traits and second-generation immigrants' value of informal care.","authors":"Freya Diederich,&nbsp;Hans-Helmut König,&nbsp;Christian Brettschneider","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00730-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00730-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many European studies find that immigrants and the native population differ in their long-term care use. These differences have been attributed to immigrants' cultural preferences, among others. However, the cultural integration process of immigrants may result in a potential caregiving conflict between foreign-born immigrants' preferences for long-term care and their children's willingness to provide long-term care. In this study, we empirically assess to what extent cultural factors that prevail in foreign-born immigrants' country of origin are reflected in their children's value of informal care. Using data from the German Family Panel and the World Values Survey/European Values Study, we regressed second-generation immigrants' value of informal care on the cultural strength of family ties that prevails in their parents' country of birth. Probit models were estimated and individual characteristics were accounted for. The results show that second-generation immigrants who originate from cultures with stronger family ties are more likely to express a high value of informal care than second-generation immigrants who come from cultures with weaker family ties. We conclude that immigrants' values of informal care are deeply shaped by their country of origin. Policy makers should keep immigrants' needs and preferences in mind when implementing long-term care interventions. The same set of long-term care interventions can have very different effects, depending on immigrants' values.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00730-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9749591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare utilisation, physical activity and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown: an interrupted time-series analysis of older adults in England.","authors":"Jiunn Wang,&nbsp;Anne Spencer,&nbsp;Claire Hulme,&nbsp;Anne Corbett,&nbsp;Zunera Khan,&nbsp;Miguel Vasconcelos Da Silva,&nbsp;Siobhan O'Dwyer,&nbsp;Natalie Wright,&nbsp;Ingelin Testad,&nbsp;Clive Ballard,&nbsp;Byron Creese,&nbsp;Richard Smith","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00741-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00741-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 measures which reduce interpersonal contact may be effective in containing the transmission, but their impacts on peoples' well-being and daily lives overtime remain unclear. Older adults are more vulnerable to both the virus and social isolation. It is therefore imperative to understand how they were affected during this period. Major concerns arising from the pandemic cover the aspects of mental health, healthcare utilisation and individual behavioural changes. Complementing the existing before-and-after analyses, we explore the impacts of easing and re-introducing COVID-19 measures by using a time-series data in England. The data was collected between May and November 2020 from the monthly surveys of the Platform for Research Online to Investigate Genetics and Cognition in Aging (PROTECT). Chi-squared analysis and interrupted time-series analysis were conducted to examine impacts of easing and re-introducing COVID-19 measures. Overall, mental health improves overtime but at a decreasing rate. The use of telephone/video consultations with a doctor or health professional presented a decreasing trend during the pandemic, whilst that of in-person consultation was increasing overtime. We observed significant variations in the time trends of mental health measures, healthcare utilisation and physical activity following the ease but not the re-introduction of COVID-19 measures. Future research is required to understand if these asymmetric impacts were driven by adaption of the people or stringency of the measures.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00741-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9702630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10129572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional associations of accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary time with physical function among older English adults: the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study.","authors":"Dharani Yerrakalva,&nbsp;Samantha Hajna,&nbsp;Katrien Wijndaele,&nbsp;Paddy C Dempsey,&nbsp;Kate Westgate,&nbsp;Nick Wareham,&nbsp;Simon J Griffin,&nbsp;Soren Brage","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00733-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00733-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To develop healthy ageing interventions, longitudinal associations between objectively assessed physical behaviours and physical function need to be better understood. We assessed associations between accelerometer-assessed total physical activity (PA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary time and prolonged sedentary bout time, and clinically assessed physical function (grip strength, usual walking speed (UWS), chair stand speed) at two time-points in 3188 participants (≥ 60 years) of the EPIC-Norfolk study. Bidirectional associations were assessed using multivariable linear regression. Over an average of 6.1 years, baseline physical behaviours (greater total PA, MVPA and LPA, and less sedentary time) were associated with better subsequent walking and chair stand speed. Better baseline physical function was associated with better follow-up physical behaviours. There were no bidirectional associations between changes in physical behaviours and grip strength. Improvements in UWS were associated with improvements in all physical behaviours. Improvements in chair stand speed were associated with improvements in total PA, MVPA, and sedentary bout time. Improvements in physical behaviours were associated with improvements in UWS (3.1 cm/s/yr per 100 cpm/yr  total PA, 3.6 cm/s/yr per hr/day/yr MVPA, 2.5 cm/s/yr per hr/day/yr LPA, - 2.9 cm/s/yr per hour/day/yr sedentary time, and - 1.6 cm/s/yr per hr/day/yr prolonged sedentary bout time). Only improvements in total PA, MVPA and sedentary bout time were associated with improvements in chair stand speed. In conclusion, we found bidirectional associations between changes in some physical behaviours and physical function and between baseline physical behaviours and subsequent physical function, highlighting the importance of considering the full range of physical behaviours to promote healthy ageing.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00733-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9749585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in access to community-based care: a longitudinal analysis of widowhood and living arrangements.","authors":"Stefania Ilinca,&nbsp;Ricardo Rodrigues,&nbsp;Stefan Fors,&nbsp;Eszter Zólyomi,&nbsp;Janet Jull,&nbsp;Johan Rehnberg,&nbsp;Afshin Vafaei,&nbsp;Susan Phillips","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00717-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00717-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persistent inequalities in access to community-based support limit opportunities for independent living for older people with care needs in Europe. Our study focuses on investigating how gender, widowhood and living arrangement associate with the probability of receiving home and community-based care, while accounting for the shorter-term associations of transitions into widowhood (bereavement) and living alone, as well as the longer-term associations of being widowed and living alone. We use comparative, longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (collected between 2004 and 2015 in 15 countries) specifying sex-disaggregated random-effects within-between models, which allow us to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among widowhood, living arrangements and community-based care use. We find widowhood and living alone are independently associated with care use for both older women and men, while bereavement is associated with higher probability of care use only for women. Socio-economic status was associated with care use for older women, but not for men in our sample. The gender-specific associations we identify have important implications for fairness in European long-term care systems. They can inform improved care targeting towards individuals with limited informal care resources (e.g. bereaved older men) and lower socio-economic status, who are particularly vulnerable to experiencing unmet care needs. Gender differences are attenuated in countries that support formal care provision, suggesting gender equity can be promoted by decoupling access to care from household and family circumstances.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9819227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-period-cohort analysis of depression trends: are depressive symptoms increasing across generations in Germany?","authors":"Johannes Beller","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00732-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00732-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies have examined trends in depression, but only few have explicitly considered possible generational differences. I examined changes in the burden of depressive symptoms between 2002 and 2017 according to age, time period and birth cohort in Germany. I used population-based data drawn from the German Aging Survey (<i>N</i> = 33,723, 54% female, ages 40 +) from 2002, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2017. Depressive symptoms were measured via the CES-D 15. Hierarchical age-period-cohort models were used to examine trends in depression. I found that depressive symptoms changed across age, time period and birth cohorts. While there was a general decrease across time periods, strong evidence for a U-shaped cohort effect was also found: Younger generations, beginning with cohorts born after the World War II, increasingly report more depressive symptoms than older generations. This U-shaped cohort trend appeared most pronounced for the somatic symptoms subscale. Contrarily, only minimal cohort differences were found regarding the positive affect subscale. Therefore, depressive symptoms, and especially somatic symptoms, seem to increase in more recent birth cohorts in Germany, who might thus be at risk to experience more mental health problems in the future. Potential reasons for these trends and the generalizability of the results to other countries should be investigated by future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10129583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responding to Covid-19: an analysis of position statements of gerontological societies worldwide.","authors":"Caroline Emmer De Albuquerque Green,&nbsp;Thomas Scharf,&nbsp;Eva-Marie Kessler","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00700-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00700-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Covid-19 pandemic, with its adverse implications for older adults, has generated unprecedented public interest in issues around age and ageing globally. We systematically investigated the responses of national gerontological and geriatric societies (NGGS) to emerging challenges during the first wave of the pandemic. Framed within traditional research topics in gerontology, the aim was to identify the spectrum of focal points and positions directed towards governments, policy makers, researchers and society. A comprehensive, two-phased data collection strategy generated <i>N</i> = 22 position statements of NGGS affiliated to the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Using Ayalon et al. (J Gerontol Ser B, 2020. 10.1093/geronb/gbaa066) thematic categorisation of gerontological research, we applied quantitative and qualitative content analysis to analyse \"calls for action\" within the statements. The content of NGGS' position statements show a high level of agreement on the salient topics during the first wave of the pandemic and reveal shared values such as equality, diversity and inclusion of older adults and the discipline of gerontology to be an applied one with relevance to policy and practice. The results can support future interdisciplinary research in gerontology post Covid-19 based on a vision to contribute to a society of all ages.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00700-7.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9014281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9808849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living longer, working longer: analysing time trends in working life expectancy in Germany from a health perspective between 2002 and 2018.","authors":"Chiara Heller,&nbsp;Stefanie Sperlich,&nbsp;Fabian Tetzlaff,&nbsp;Siegfried Geyer,&nbsp;Jelena Epping,&nbsp;Johannes Beller,&nbsp;Juliane Tetzlaff","doi":"10.1007/s10433-022-00707-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00707-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Population ageing poses growing challenges to social security systems, in particular to public pension funds. The study analyses how Working Life Expectancy (WLE) and Healthy Working Life Expectancy (HWLE) in terms of three health indicators developed in Germany. Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) from 2002 to 2018 (<i>n </i>= 211,141), time trends in labour force rates, mental and physical Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), self-rated health (SRH) and the respective combinations (health indicator*labour force) were analysed for all respondents aged 18-74. WLE and HWLE were calculated using the Sullivan method. WLE and HWLE in men and women at age 18 and 50 clearly increased over time. These increases in HWLE were found in terms of all three health indicators. This development was mainly driven by the clear increase of the labour force rates, since the shares of individuals with good and satisfactory SRH or average and good HRQoL remained largely stable over time. The results show that from a health perspective there have been potentials for increases in WLE during the past two decades and that increasingly more healthy life years are spent economically active. However, life years in the labour force but in poor health have increased, too. The absence of clear improvements in health emphasises the importance of current and future preventive measures to maintain health, especially among the middle-aged and older labour force.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00707-0.</p>","PeriodicalId":47766,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Ageing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10116007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}