World Bank Research Observer最新文献_第8页

Adaptation amidst Prosperity and Adversity: Insights from Happiness Studies from around the World 繁荣与逆境中的适应:来自世界各地幸福研究的见解

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2011-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKQ004

C. Graham

引用次数: 84

To Mitigate or to Adapt : Is that the Question? Observations on an Appropriate Response to the Climate Change Challenge to Development Strategies 缓和还是适应:这是一个问题吗?关于适当应对气候变化对发展战略的挑战的意见

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP012

Zmarak Shalizi, F. Lecocq

{"title":"To Mitigate or to Adapt : Is that the Question? Observations on an Appropriate Response to the Climate Change Challenge to Development Strategies","authors":"Zmarak Shalizi, F. Lecocq","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP012","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a new and important challenge to development strategies. In light of the current literature a framework for assessing responses to this challenge is provided. The presence of climate change makes it necessary to at least review development strategies--even in apparently nonclimate-sensitive and nonpolluting sectors. There is a need for an integrated portfolio of actions ranging from avoiding emissions (mitigation) to coping with impacts (adaptation) and to consciously accepting residual damages. Proactive (ex ante) adaptation is critical, but subject to risks of regrets when the magnitude or location of damages is uncertain. Uncertainty on location favors nonsite-specific actions, or reactive (ex post) adaptation. However, some irreversible losses cannot be compensated for. Thus, mitigation might be in many cases the cheapest long-term solution to climate change problems and the most important to avoid thresholds that may trigger truly catastrophic consequences. To limit the risks that budget constraints prevent developing countries from financing reactive adaptation--especially since climate shocks might erode the fiscal base--\"rainy-day funds\" may have to be developed within countries and at the global level for transfer purposes. Finally, more research is required on the impacts of climate change, on modeling the interrelations between mitigation and adaptation, and on operationalizing the framework. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"58 1","pages":"295-321"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81380867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 63

Estimation of water demand in developing countries : an overview 发展中国家水需求估算:概述

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP016

Céline Nauges, D. Whittington

{"title":"Estimation of water demand in developing countries : an overview","authors":"Céline Nauges, D. Whittington","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP016","url":null,"abstract":"A better understanding of household water use in developing countries is necessary to manage and expand water systems more effectively. Several meta-analyzes have examined the determinants of household water demand in industrialized countries, but little effort has been made to synthesize the growing body of literature evaluating household water demand in developing countries. This article reviews what is known and what is missing from that literature thus far. Analysis of demand for water in developing countries is complicated by abundant evidence that, contrary to what is observed in most developed countries, households in developing countries; have access to, and may use more than one of several types of, water sources. The authors describe the different modeling strategies that researchers have adopted to estimate water demand in developing countries and discuss issues related to data collection. The findings from the literature on the main determinants of water demand in these countries suggest that, despite heterogeneity in the places and time periods studied, most estimates of own-price elasticity of water from private connections are in the range from 20.3 to 20.6, close to what is usually reported for industrialized countries. The empirical findings on decisions relating to household water sources are much less robust and should be a high priority for future research.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"82 1","pages":"263-294"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83991118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 250

Nuclear Power and Sustainable Energy Policy: Promises and Perils 核能与可持续能源政策:承诺与危险

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP010

I. Kessides

{"title":"Nuclear Power and Sustainable Energy Policy: Promises and Perils","authors":"I. Kessides","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP010","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges and opportunities of nuclear power in meeting the projected large absolute increase in energy demand, especially electricity, throughout the industrialized and developing world, while helping to mitigate the threat of climate change. A significant global nuclear power deployment would engender serious risks related to proliferation, safety, and waste disposal. Unlike renewable sources of energy, nuclear power is an unforgiving technology because human lapses and errors can have ecological and social impacts that are catastrophic and irreversible. However, according to some analysts, advances in the design of nuclear reactors may have reduced their associated risks and improved their performance. Moreover, while a variety of renewable energy sources (hydro, wind, modern biomass, solar) will play important roles in the transition to a low-carbon economy, some analysts perceive that nuclear power is the only proven technology for generating electricity that is both largely carbon-free, not location specific (as with wind, hydro and solar), and amenable to significant scaling up. Thus given the projections of threats from climate change, and if the considerable strain experienced by world energy markets in recent years is a harbinger of things to come, then there is a rationale for examining the pros and cons of nuclear power as a supply option within low-carbon strategies. It should be noted that despite the emerging centrality of climate change and security of supply in the energy policy debate, nuclear power is still viewed with a great deal of skepticism and in fact continues to elicit considerable opposition. Indeed the views on nuclear power in the context of sustainable energy policy are highly divergent. A thorough evaluation of all aspects of the issue is warranted.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"19 1","pages":"323-362"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79859847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Scale economies and cities 规模经济与城市

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP022

I. Gill, C. Goh

{"title":"Scale economies and cities","authors":"I. Gill, C. Goh","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP022","url":null,"abstract":"This is summarizes the policy-relevant insights of a generation of research on scale economies. Scale economies in production are of three types: internal economies associated with large plants, localization economies that come from sharing of inputs and infrastructure and from greater competition among firms, and urbanization economies that are generated through diversity and knowledge spillovers. The benefits (and costs) of localization and urbanization are together called 'external (dis) economies' because they arise due to factors outside any single household, farm or firm. The empirical literature yields some stylized facts. Internal scale economies are low in light industries and high in heavy industries. External scale economies are amplified by economic density and dissipate with distance from places where economic activity is concentrated. Scale economies are most visibly manifest in towns and cities. To simplify somewhat, towns allow firms and farms to exploit internal scale economies, medium-sized cities help firms in an industry exploit localization economies, and large cities and metropolises provide urbanization economies to those who locate within or nearby. Scale economies have implications for policy makers. The first is that because urban settlements rise and thrive because market agents demand their services, they should be seen as creatures of the market, not creations of the state. The second is that because settlements of different sizes provide differing services, towns, cities, and metropolises are more often complements for one another, not substitutes. Third, as a corollary, policymakers should aim to improve the functioning of urban settlements, and not become preoccupied with their size.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"66 1","pages":"235-262"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78142756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 37

Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction: Additional Evidence 农业增长与减贫:更多证据

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP015

A. Janvry, E. Sadoulet

{"title":"Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction: Additional Evidence","authors":"A. Janvry, E. Sadoulet","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP015","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural growth has long been recognized as an important instrument for poverty reduction. Yet, measurements of this relationship are still scarce and not always reliable. The authors present additional evidence at both the sectoral and household levels based on recent data. Results show that rural poverty reduction has been associated with growth in yields and in agricultural labor productivity, but that this relation varies sharply across regional contexts. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth originating in agriculture induces income growth among the 40 percent poorest, which is on the order of three times larger than growth originating in the rest of the economy. The power of agriculture comes not only from its direct poverty reduction effect but also from its potentially strong growth linkage effects on the rest of the economy. Decomposing the aggregate decline in poverty into a rural contribution, an urban contribution, and a population shift component shows that rural areas contributed more than half the observed aggregate decline in poverty. Finally, using the example of Vietnam, the authors show that rapid growth in agriculture has opened pathways out of poverty for farming households. While the effectiveness of agricultural growth in reducing poverty is well established, the effectiveness of public investment in inducing agricultural growth is still incomplete and conditional on context.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90538588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 412

Agricultural Employment Trends in Asia and Africa: Too Fast or Too Slow? 亚洲和非洲农业就业趋势:太快还是太慢?

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP028

D. Headey, D. Bezemer, P. Hazell

{"title":"Agricultural Employment Trends in Asia and Africa: Too Fast or Too Slow?","authors":"D. Headey, D. Bezemer, P. Hazell","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP028","url":null,"abstract":"Contrary to conventional economic theories, the relationship between income growth and agricultural employment is extremely diverse, even among regions starting from similar levels of development, such as Asia and Africa. Due to its labor-intensive green revolution and strong farm-nonfarm linkages, Asia's development path is mostly characterized by fast growth with relatively slow agricultural exits. In contrast to Asia, urban biased policies, low rural population density, and high rates of population growth have led a number of African countries down a path of slow economic growth with surprisingly rapid agricultural exits. Despite this divergence both continents now face daunting employment problems. Asia appears to be increasingly vulnerable to rising inequality, slower job creation, and shrinking farm sizes, suggesting that Asian governments need to refocus on integrating smallholders and lagging regions into increasingly commercialized rural and urban economies. Africa, in contrast, has yet to achieve its own green revolution, which would still be a highly effective tool for job creation and poverty reduction. However, the diversity of its endowments and its tighter budget constraints mean that agricultural development strategies in Africa need to be highly context specific, financially sustainable, and more evidence- based.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"39 1","pages":"57-89"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80993683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 71

Policy Reforms Affecting Agricultural Incentives: Much Achieved, Much Still Needed 影响农业激励的政策改革:已取得很大成就，但仍有很大需要

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP014

K. Anderson

{"title":"Policy Reforms Affecting Agricultural Incentives: Much Achieved, Much Still Needed","authors":"K. Anderson","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP014","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic welfare and inhibit agricultural trade and economic growth. They almost certainly add to inequality and poverty in developing countries, since three-quarters of the world's billion poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. During the past two decades, however, numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while some high-income countries also have begun reducing market-distorting aspects of their farm policies. The author surveys the changing extent of policy distortions to prices faced by developing country farmers over the past half century, and provides a summary of new empirical estimates from a global economy-wide model that yield estimates of how much can be gained by removing the interventions remaining as of 2004. The author concludes by pointing to the scope and prospects for further pro-poor policy reform in both developing and high-income countries.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"46 1","pages":"21-55"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89616525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

growth and institutions 增长与制度

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1057/9780230280823_16

D. Acemoglu

引用次数: 46

Instructional Time Loss in Developing Countries: Concepts, Measurement, and Implications 发展中国家的教学时间损失:概念、测量和影响

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2009-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP008

H. Abadzi

引用次数: 76