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International approaches to global climate change 应对全球气候变化的国际途径
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/15.2.145
R. Cooper
{"title":"International approaches to global climate change","authors":"R. Cooper","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/15.2.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/15.2.145","url":null,"abstract":"This International approaches to global climate change article surveys the issues involved in slowing the climate change induced by global emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. It addresses the possible social and economic impacts of global warming the elements involved in evaluating the pros and cons of steps to reduce those impacts, and the issues involved in engaging most of the world's states in a cooperative endeavor to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It expresses doubts about the efficacy of a global approach based on national emission targets, such as those set by the 1997 kyoto protocol, and favors instead mutually agreed actions focused on a common emission tax. It also discusses issues of compliance with an international agreement to reduce emissions, actions states can take in the absence of international agreement, and contingency actions that might be considered if the problem proves to be more serious than now seems to be the case.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"7 1","pages":"145-172"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74888710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 57
What should the world bank think about the Washington consensus 世界银行应该如何看待“华盛顿共识”
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/15.2.251
J. Williamson
{"title":"What should the world bank think about the Washington consensus","authors":"J. Williamson","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/15.2.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/15.2.251","url":null,"abstract":"The phrase ' Washington Consensus ' has become a familiar term in development policy circles in recent years, but it is now used in several different senses, causing a great deal of confusion. In this article the author distinguishes between his original meaning as a summary of the lowest common denominator of policy advice addressed by the Washing based institutions and subsequent use of the term to signify neoliberal or market-fundamentalist policies. He argues that the latter policies could not be expected to provide an effective framework for combating poverty but that the original advice is still broadly valid the article discusses alternative ways of addressing the confusion. It argues that any policy manifesto designed to eliminate poverty needs to go beyond the original version but concludes by cautioning that no consensus on a wider agenda currently exists.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"26 1","pages":"251-264"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75785239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 668
Social capital: implications for development theory, research, and policy 社会资本:对发展理论、研究和政策的影响
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/15.2.225
M. Woolcock, D. Narayan
{"title":"Social capital: implications for development theory, research, and policy","authors":"M. Woolcock, D. Narayan","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/15.2.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/15.2.225","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1990s the concept of social capital defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken : communitarian, networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating different levels and dimensions of social capital and its recognition of the positive and negative outcomes that social capital can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions. The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and discourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"199 1","pages":"225-249"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86225510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4215
Industrial Policy: Growth Elixir or Poison? 产业政策:增长的灵丹妙药还是毒药?
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2000-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/15.1.47
Howard Pack
{"title":"Industrial Policy: Growth Elixir or Poison?","authors":"Howard Pack","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/15.1.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/15.1.47","url":null,"abstract":"The debate about industrial policy occasioned by the East Asian financial crisis is the latest chapter in an ongoing discussion about the effectiveness of selective government intervention in fostering rapid industrial growth. The crisis that began in the Republic of Korea in 1997 and the weak growth in Japan over much of the 1990s have prompted a reexamination of the effectiveness of the government actions in the two countries that pursued sectorial selectivity most intensively. If indeed industrial policies were important in accelerating growth, there may be lessons for other countries still in the early stages of industrialization. Conversely, if the magnitude of the contribution was small, more conventional policies should be pursued unless it is assumed that governments can improve on the efforts of Japan and Korea.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"40 1","pages":"47-67"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88705394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 123
Lessons in Structuring Derivatives Exchanges 构建衍生品交易所的经验教训
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2000-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/15.1.85
George P. Tsetsekos, Panos Varangis
{"title":"Lessons in Structuring Derivatives Exchanges","authors":"George P. Tsetsekos, Panos Varangis","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/15.1.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/15.1.85","url":null,"abstract":"The global deregulation of financial markets has created new investment opportunities, which in turn require the development of new instruments to deal with the increased risks. Institutional investors who are actively engaged in industrial and emerging markets need to hedge their risks from these cross-border transactions. Agents in liberalized market economies who are exposed to volatile commodity price and interest rate changes require appropriate hedging products to deal with them. And the economic expansion in emerging economies demands that corporations find better ways to manage financial and commodity risks. The instruments that allow market participants to manage risk are known as derivatives because they represent contracts whose payoff at expiration is determined by the price of the underlying asset -- a currency, an interest rate, a commodity, or a stock. Derivatives are traded in organized exchanges or over the counter by derivatives dealers. Since the mid-1980s the number of derivatives exchanges operating in both industrial and emerging-market economies has increased substantially. What benefits do these ex- changes provide to investors and to the home country? Are they a good idea? Emerging markets can capture important benefits, including the ability to transfer risks, enhance public information, and lower transaction costs, but the success of a derivatives exchange depends on the soundness of the foundations on which it is built, the structure that is adopted, and the products that are traded.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"16 1","pages":"85-98"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85255675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
Oil, Macroeconomics and Forests 石油、宏观经济和森林
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1057/9780230596696_6
S. Wunder
{"title":"Oil, Macroeconomics and Forests","authors":"S. Wunder","doi":"10.1057/9780230596696_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230596696_6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"33 1","pages":"117-137"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87254181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
What Does Climate Change Mean for Agriculture in Developing Countries 气候变化对发展中国家的农业意味着什么
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 1999-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/14.2.295
J. Reilly
{"title":"What Does Climate Change Mean for Agriculture in Developing Countries","authors":"J. Reilly","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/14.2.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/14.2.295","url":null,"abstract":"Mendelsohn and Dinar review much of the important work on the implications of climate change for agriculture, focusing particularly on developing countries. Their message is that efficient economic adaptation significantly reduces the estimated effects of climate change. Few dispute that some amount of adaptation is likely and that its potential contribution to reducing the negative impacts of global warming is large. One such study (Darwin and others 1995), which analyzed the global impacts using an ecozone (land class) methodology, found that without adaptation, average cereal production yields fell roughly 20 to 30 percent in four different climate scenarios. Through various channels of adaptation (modifying crops and techniques on existing farmland, shifting crops to new land, and responding to changing market prices), these losses were reversed, resulting in small increases in production worldwide (0 to 1 percent) even before considering the positive effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization (tab...","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85065296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 43
Using Household Surveys to Build Analytic Capacity 利用住户调查建立分析能力
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 1999-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/14.2.209
L. Blank, M. Grosh
{"title":"Using Household Surveys to Build Analytic Capacity","authors":"L. Blank, M. Grosh","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/14.2.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/14.2.209","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the results of efforts in five countries to build a national capacity to analyze social policy; these efforts were undertaken in conjunction with Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) projects. Case studies for Bolivia, Jamaica, the Kyrgyz Republic, South Africa, and Vietnam show that building such capacity requires explicit planning, significant time and money, open access to data, and strong support from policymakers. Lessons are drawn about four aspects of building capacity--training, technical assistance, research, and recruitment. The lessons learned from these LSMS projects apply in a more general sense to other kinds of capacity-building projects. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"72 1","pages":"209-227"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81705357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
The evolution of the World Bank's land policy : principles, experience, and future challenges 世界银行土地政策的演变:原则、经验和未来挑战
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 1999-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/14.2.247
K. Deininger, H. Binswanger
{"title":"The evolution of the World Bank's land policy : principles, experience, and future challenges","authors":"K. Deininger, H. Binswanger","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/14.2.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/14.2.247","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the evolution of policy recommendations concerning rural land issues since the formulation of the World Bank's 'land reform policy paper' in 1975. That paper set out three guiding principles: the desirability of owner-operated family farms; the need for markets to permit land to be transferred to more productive users; and the importance of an egalitarian asset distribution. In the 25 year since that paper was published, these guiding principles have remained the same, but it is now recognized that communal tenure systems can be more cost-effective than formal title, that titling programs should be judged on their equity as well as their efficiency, that the potential of land rental markets has often been severely underestimated, that land-sale markets enhance efficiency only if they are integrated into a broader effort at developing rural factor markets, and that land reform is more likely to result in a reduction of poverty if it harnesses (rather than undermines) the operation of land markets and is implemented in a decentralized fashion. Achieving land policies that incorporate these elements requires a coherent legal and institutional framework together with greater reliance on pilot programs to examine the applicability of interventions under local conditions.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"48 1","pages":"247-276"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79757786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 556
Managing government exposure to private infrastructure risks 管理政府对私人基础设施风险的敞口
IF 8.1 1区 经济学
World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 1999-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/14.2.229
Timothy C. Irwin, M. Klein, Guillermo E. Perry, Mateen Thobani
{"title":"Managing government exposure to private infrastructure risks","authors":"Timothy C. Irwin, M. Klein, Guillermo E. Perry, Mateen Thobani","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/14.2.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/14.2.229","url":null,"abstract":"The privatization of infrastructure should lead to the development of new infrastructure, improvements in the operation of existing infrastructure, and a reduction in budgetary subsidies. Whether countries reap the full benefits of privatization, however, depends on how risks are allocated. If, as is often the case in developing countries, governments assume risks that should be borne by investors, they may reduce incentives for efficiency and incur significant liabilities. To solve these problems, governments need to improve their policies and restrict their risk bearing to certain political and regulatory risks over which they have direct control. When a government provides guarantees, it should attempt to measure their cost and improve the way they are handled in the accounts and budgets. Measurement and budgeting are critical to improving decisions about the provision of guarantees, to improving project selection and contract design, and to protecting governments from unknowingly entering into commitments that might jeopardize future budgets.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"149 1","pages":"229-245"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81721987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 38
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