World Bank Research Observer最新文献_第10页

Inside Decentralization: How Three Central American School-based Management Reforms Affect Student Learning Through Teacher Incentives 内部分权:三个中美洲学校管理改革如何通过教师激励影响学生学习

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2007-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKM006

Ilana M. Umansky, Emiliana Vegas

{"title":"Inside Decentralization: How Three Central American School-based Management Reforms Affect Student Learning Through Teacher Incentives","authors":"Ilana M. Umansky, Emiliana Vegas","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKM006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKM006","url":null,"abstract":"Despite decentralization reforms of education systems worldwide, there is little empirical evidence about the processes through which decentralization can improve student learning. Proponents theorize that devolving decisionmaking authority to the local level can improve communication, transparency, and accountability, making teachers and school principals more responsible for better performance and more capable of bringing it about. Yet some research has shown that decentralization can increase inequality and reduce learning for disadvantaged students. This article reports on retrospective evaluations of three Central American school-based management reforms. Using matching techniques, these evaluations investigate whether the reforms enhanced student learning and how they affected management processes and teacher characteristics and behaviors. The evidence indicates that all three reforms resulted in substantive changes in management and teacher characteristics and behavior and that these changes explain significant portions of resultant changes in student learning. This article contributes to the understanding of how decentralization reforms can improve learning and shows how education reforms, even when not conceptualized as affecting teacher incentives, can generate important changes for teachers that, in turn, affect student learning. Copyright The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the world bank . All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"185 1","pages":"197-215"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80581793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

Addressing Gender-Based Violence: A Critical Review of Interventions 解决基于性别的暴力:干预措施的批判性审查

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2007-05-07 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKM003

A. Morrison, M. Ellsberg, S. Bott

引用次数: 132

The growing relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa : macroeconomic, trade, investment, and aid links 中国与撒哈拉以南非洲之间日益增长的关系:宏观经济、贸易、投资和援助联系

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2007-04-20 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKM001

A. Zafar

{"title":"The growing relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa : macroeconomic, trade, investment, and aid links","authors":"A. Zafar","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKM001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKM001","url":null,"abstract":"Chinas economic ascendance over the past two decades has generated ripple effects in the world economy. Its search for natural resources to satisfy the demands of industrialization has led it to Sub-Saharan Africa. Trade between China and Africa in 2006 totaled more than $50 billion, with Chinese companies importing oil from Angola and Sudan, timber from Central Africa, and copper from Zambia. Demand from China has contributed to an upward swing in prices, particularly for oil and metals from Africa, and has given a boost to real gross domestic product (GDP) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chinese aid and investment in infrastructure are bringing desperately needed capital to the continent. At the same time, however, strong Chinese demand for oil is contributing to an increase in the import bill for many oil-importing Sub- Saharan African countries, and its exports of low-cost textiles, while benefiting African consumers, is threatening to displace local production. China poses a challenge to good governance and macroeconomic management in Africa because of the potential Dutch disease implications of commodity booms. China presents both an opportunity for Africa to reduce its marginalization from the global economy and a challenge for it to effectively harness the influx of resources to promote poverty-reducing economic development at home.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"572 1","pages":"103-130"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2007-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76777099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 375

Banking and Regulation in Emerging Markets : The Role of External Discipline 新兴市场的银行和监管:外部纪律的作用

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2006-08-05 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKL002

X. Vives

{"title":"Banking and Regulation in Emerging Markets : The Role of External Discipline","authors":"X. Vives","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKL002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKL002","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the main issues of regulating and supervising banks in emerging markets with a view toward evaluating the long-run options. Particular attention is paid to Latin America and East Asia. These economies face a severe policy commitment problem that leads to excessive bailouts and potential devaluation of claims of foreign investors. This exacerbates moral hazard and makes a case for importing external discipline (for example, acquiring foreign short-term debt). However, external discipline may come at the cost of excessive liquidation of entrepreneurial projects. The article reviews the tradeoffs imposed by external discipline and examines various proposed arrangements, such as narrow banking, foreign banks and foreign regulation, and the potential role for an international agency or international lender of last resort. Liberalization and integration of financial markets have been associated with an increase in capital movements and with the financial crises. In particular, surges in foreign short-term debt have been blamed for crisis episodes in emerging economies in Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea) and Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, and Argentina), as well as in the periphery of Europe (Turkey). These crises have proved costly in terms of output. Several policy responses have been suggested. Among them have been the reduction of short-term debt, the development of stock markets, the improved regulation and supervision of domestic financial system, enhanced transparency requirements and market discipline, and the establishment of an international lender of last resort. A catalog of “solutions” has been proposed to take care of the problems of banking in emerging market economies including moving to a narrow bank system, building a currency union, and leaving banking in the hands of foreign banks and offshore institutions. This article identifies policy responses tailored to the needs of emerging market and developing economies. The question is whether the regulatory policies and","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"38 1","pages":"179-206"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2006-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86170027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 32

Is there a case for industrial policy? A critical survey 产业政策有理由吗?批判性调查

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2006-07-22 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKL001

Howard Pack, Kamal Saggi

引用次数: 458

Enforcement and Good Corporate Governance in Developing Countries and Transition Economies 发展中国家和转型经济体的执法和良好公司治理

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2006-02-21 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKJ005

Erik Berglöf, S. Claessens

{"title":"Enforcement and Good Corporate Governance in Developing Countries and Transition Economies","authors":"Erik Berglöf, S. Claessens","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKJ005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKJ005","url":null,"abstract":"More than regulations, laws on the books, or voluntary codes, enforcement is a key to creating an effective business environment and good corporate governance, at least in developing countries and transition economies. A framework is presented to help explain enforcement, the impact on corporate governance when rules are not enforced, and what can be done to improve corporate governance in weak enforcement environments. The limited empirical evidence suggests that private enforcement tools are often more effective than public tools. However, some public enforcement is necessary, and private enforcement mechanisms often require public laws to function. Private initiatives are often also taken under the threat of legislation or regulation, although in some countries bottom-up, private-led initiatives preceded and even shaped public laws. Concentrated ownership aligns incentives and encourages monitoring, but it weakens other corporate governance mechanisms and can impose significant costs. Various steps can be taken to reduce these costs and reinforce other corporate governance mechanisms. But political economy constraints, resulting from the intermingling of business and politics, often prevent improvements in the enforcement environment and the adoption and implementation of public laws.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"4 1","pages":"123-150"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2006-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86868698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 153

Choosing a System of Unemployment Income Support: Guidelines for Developing and Transition Countries 选择失业收入支持制度:发展中国家和转型国家的指导方针

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2006-02-14 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKJ003

Milan Vodopivec

引用次数: 29

Who is Not Poor? Dreaming of a World Truly Free of Poverty 谁不穷?梦想一个真正没有贫困的世界

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2006-01-25 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKJ002

L. Pritchett

{"title":"Who is Not Poor? Dreaming of a World Truly Free of Poverty","authors":"L. Pritchett","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKJ002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKJ002","url":null,"abstract":"When the World Bank dreams of 'a world free of poverty,' what should it be dreaming? In measuring global income or consumption expenditure poverty, the World Bank has widely adopted the $1 a day standard as a lower bound. Because this standard is based on poverty lines in the poorest countries, anyone with income or expenditures below this line will truly be poor. But there is no consensus standard for the upper bound of the global poverty line: above what level of income or expenditures is someone truly not poor? This article proposes that the World Bank compute its lower and upper bounds in a methodologically equivalent way, using the poverty lines of the poorest countries for the lower bound and the poverty lines of the richest countries for the upper bound. The resulting upper bound global poverty line will be 10 times higher than the current lower bound and at least 5 times higher than the currently used alternative lower bound of $2 a day. And in tracking progress toward a world free of poverty, the World Bank should compute measures of global poverty using a variety of weights on the depth and intensity of poverty for a range of poverty lines between the global lower and upper bounds. For instance, rather than trying to artificially force the global population of 6.2 billion (a billion is 1,000 million) into just two categories 'poor' and 'not poor,' with the new range of poverty lines the estimates would be that 1.3 billion people are 'destitute' (below $1 a day), another 1.6 billion are in 'extreme poverty' (above $1 a day but below $2 dollar a day), and another 2.5 billion are in 'global poverty' (above extreme poverty but below the upper bound poverty line).","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"89 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2006-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76519033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 73

Reducing the Incidence of Low Birth Weight in Low-Income Countries Has Substantial Economic Benefits 在低收入国家减少低出生体重发生率具有巨大的经济效益

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2006-01-12 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKJ001

H. Alderman, Jere R. Behrman

引用次数: 173

Insights on Development from the Economics of Happiness 从幸福经济学看发展

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKI010

C. Graham

{"title":"Insights on Development from the Economics of Happiness","authors":"C. Graham","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKI010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKI010","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on the economics of happiness in developed economies finds discrepancies between reported measures of well-being and income measures. One is the so-called Easterlin paradox: that average happiness levels do not increase as countries grow wealthier. This article explores how that paradox and survey research on reported wellbeing in general can provide insights into the gaps between standard measures of economic development and individual assessments of welfare. Analysis of research on reported wellbeing in Latin America and Russia finds notable discrepancies between respondent assessments of their own wellbeing and income or expenditure based measures. Accepting a wide margin for error in both types of measures, the article posits that taking such discrepancies into account may improve the understanding of development outcomes by providing a broader view on wellbeing than do income or expenditure based measures alone. It suggests particular areas where research on reported well-being has the most potential to contribute. Yet the article also notes that some interpretations of happiness research psychologist set point theory, in particular may be quite limited in their application to development questions and cautions against the direct translation of results of happiness surveys into policy recommendations.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"66 1","pages":"201-231"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91098795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 184