World Bank Research Observer最新文献

Revisiting the Measurement of Digital Inclusion 重新审视数字包容的测量

1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad007

Matthew Sharp

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引用次数: 0

Measuring Total Carbon Pricing 衡量碳总定价

1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad009

Paolo Agnolucci, Carolyn Fischer, Dirk Heine, Mariza Montes de Oca Leon, Joseph Pryor, Kathleen Patroni, Stéphane Hallegatte

{"title":"Measuring Total Carbon Pricing","authors":"Paolo Agnolucci, Carolyn Fischer, Dirk Heine, Mariza Montes de Oca Leon, Joseph Pryor, Kathleen Patroni, Stéphane Hallegatte","doi":"10.1093/wbro/lkad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkad009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While countries increasingly commit to pricing greenhouse gases directly through carbon taxes or emissions trading systems, indirect forms of carbon pricing—such as fuel excise taxes and fuel subsidy reforms—remain important factors affecting the mitigation incentives in an economy. Taken together, how can policy makers think about the overall price signal for carbon emissions and the incentive it creates? We develop a methodology for calculating a total carbon price applied to carbon emissions in a sector, a fuel, or the whole economy. We recognize that rarely is a single carbon price applied across an economy; many direct carbon pricing instruments target specific sectors or even fuels, much like indirect taxes on fossil fuels; and carbon and fuel taxes can be substituted for one another. Tracking progress on carbon pricing thus requires following both kinds of price interventions, their coverage, and specific exemptions. This inclusive total carbon pricing measure can facilitate progress in discussions on minimum carbon price commitments and inform assessments of the pricing of carbon embodied in traded goods. Calculations across 142 countries from 1991 to 2021 indicate that although direct carbon pricing now covers roughly one-quarter of global emissions, the global total carbon price is not that much higher than it was in 1994 when the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force. Indirect carbon pricing still comprises the lion's share of the global total carbon price, and it has stagnated. Taking these policy measures into account reveals that many developing countries—particularly net fuel importers—contribute substantially to global carbon pricing. Tackling fuel subsidy reform and pricing coal and natural gas emissions more fully would have a profound effect on aligning carbon prices across countries and sectors and with their climate costs.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135535183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Social Norms and Gender Disparities with a Focus on Female Labor Force Participation in South Asia 社会规范和性别差异——以南亚女性劳动力参与为重点

1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-09-23 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad010

Maurizio Bussolo, Jessy Amarachi Ezebuihe, Ana Maria Muñoz Boudet, Stavros Poupakis, Tasmia Rahman, Nayantara Sarma

{"title":"Social Norms and Gender Disparities with a Focus on Female Labor Force Participation in South Asia","authors":"Maurizio Bussolo, Jessy Amarachi Ezebuihe, Ana Maria Muñoz Boudet, Stavros Poupakis, Tasmia Rahman, Nayantara Sarma","doi":"10.1093/wbro/lkad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkad010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite decades of economic growth, gender disparities in South Asia remain remarkably high. Although not the only one, social norms are a crucial driver of various gender outcomes, including differential economic participation. Using repeated cross-sectional data from nationally representative surveys, this study explores long-term trends across gender outcomes and social norms (contrasting attitudes and social normative expectations towards gender roles) in South Asia. The results corroborate the evidence that there has been almost no progress in gender disparities in South Asia over the past half-century. There has been little progress in female labor force participation, age at first birth, agency, and intimate partner violence, while (basic) education is an important exception. The lack of progress is apparent among all layers of society, including women who live in urban areas, are educated, and have higher incomes. Gender attitudes also remain unchanged, while for some issues, they have become more conservative and have a negative relationship with gender outcomes. This negative relationship is even stronger when social normative expectations are considered. More data on social norms and a better understanding of their constraining role may be critical for achieving gender equality in the region.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135966364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is There Job Polarization in Developing Economies? A Review and Outlook 发展中经济体存在就业两极分化吗?回顾与展望

1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad008

Antonio Martins-Neto, Nanditha Mathew, Pierre Mohnen, Tania Treibich

引用次数: 0

Measuring Total Carbon Pricing 衡量碳总定价

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10486

P. Agnolucci, C. Fischer, D. Heine, Mariza Montes de Oca Leon, Joseph Pryor, K. Patroni, S. Hallegatte

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引用次数: 2

Erratum: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Carbon Pricing 勘误:碳定价的准实验证据

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad006

引用次数: 0

Impacts of Temporary Migration on Development in Origin Countries 临时移徙对原籍国发展的影响

1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad003

Laurent Bossavie, Çağlar Özden

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引用次数: 0

What Makes Public Sector Data Valuable for Development? 是什么使公共部门数据对发展有价值？

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad004

Dean Jolliffe, D. Mahler, Malarvizhi Veerappan, Talip Kilic, Philip Wollburg

引用次数: 2

Girls’ Education at Scale 女童大规模教育

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad002

David K. Evans, Amina Mendez Acosta, Fei Yuan

{"title":"Girls’ Education at Scale","authors":"David K. Evans, Amina Mendez Acosta, Fei Yuan","doi":"10.1093/wbro/lkad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkad002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many educational interventions boost outcomes for girls in settings where girls face educational advantages, but which of those interventions are proven to function effectively at large scale? In contrast to earlier reviews, this review focuses on large-scale programs and policies—those that reach at least 10,000 students—and on final school outcomes such as completion and student learning rather than intermediate school outcomes such as enrollment and attendance. Programs and policies that have boosted school completion or learning at scale across multiple countries include school fee elimination, school meals, making schools more physically accessible, and improving the quality of pedagogy. Other interventions, such as providing better sanitation facilities or safe spaces for girls, show promising results but either have limited evidence across settings or focus on intermediate educational outcomes (such as enrollment) or post-educational outcomes (such as income earning) in their evaluations. These and other areas with limited or no evidence demonstrate many opportunities for education leaders, partners, and researchers to continue innovating and testing programs at scale. We discuss three considerations for incorporating evidence-based solutions into local education policies—constraints to girls’ education, potential solutions, and program costs—as well as lessons for scaling programs effectively.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45629408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Impact of Private Schools, School Chains and PPPs in Developing Countries 发展中国家私立学校、连锁学校和公私伙伴关系的影响

IF 8.1 1区经济学

World Bank Research Observer Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.1093/wbro/lkad005

{"title":"The Impact of Private Schools, School Chains and PPPs in Developing Countries","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/wbro/lkad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkad005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The private school sector has expanded with almost no public intervention to educate half of primary school children in many urban centers in Africa and Asia. Simple comparisons of test scores would suggest that these private schools may provide better quality than public schools, but how much of this difference is due to selection effects is unclear. Much donor and policymaker attention has proceeded on the basis that private schools do perform better, and focused on models of public subsidy to expand access, and investment in networks or chains to encourage expansion. We review the evidence of the effects of private schools on learning, and how that effect translates to public-private partnerships (PPPs). We also study the effects of private school chains. We conduct a systematic review for eligible studies, with transparent search criteria. The search resulted in over 100 studies on low-cost private schools and PPPs, with a large majority being on low-cost private schools. Our meta-analysis shows moderately strong effects from private schooling, although the limited number of experimental studies find much smaller effects than quasi-experimental studies. This advantage, though, is not nearly enough to help most children reach important learning goals. Turning to policy goals, we find that the private school advantage has not translated to public private partnerships, which have shown limited value in improving quality. They can however represent a lower-cost means of increasing access to school. We also find that private school chains perform little better than individual private schools and have little scope for achieving meaningful scale.","PeriodicalId":47647,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Research Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44180503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1