Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-09-06DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08549-1
Max Peters, Noud Maes, Nico Dam, Jeroen van Oijen
{"title":"Quantifying the mixing behavior of direct injected hydrogen in high-pressure environments by Rayleigh scattering","authors":"Max Peters, Noud Maes, Nico Dam, Jeroen van Oijen","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08549-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08549-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the framework of the Argon Power Cycle, millisecond-pulsed hydrogen gas injections into a high-pressure, room temperature nitrogen or argon ambient are investigated. Instantaneous Rayleigh scattering is used to quantify the hydrogen mole fraction in the ensuing jets. A readily available HDEV injector with a straight 0.55-mm orifice and an inward-moving needle controls the mass flow into the constant-volume setup in accordance with (compressible) choked flow theory. The linear dependence of the Rayleigh signal on the number density is experimentally validated and the validity for the assumed constant number density throughout the mixing jet is presented. The evolution of mole fraction is presented for both nitrogen and argon ambient gases, and pressure ratios of 2.5 and 10. Quasi-steady behavior is shown in both axial and radial direction, while self-similar behavior is already observed 3 mm from the nozzle (<span>(x/d_textrm{e} = 5.5)</span>).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00340-025-08549-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08538-4
Xiaofan Wu, Feipeng Zhu, Yuchen Yang, Wei Xu
{"title":"Mono-laser scanning measurement of radial operating deflection shapes for cylindrical shells: validation by 3D Digital Image Correlation","authors":"Xiaofan Wu, Feipeng Zhu, Yuchen Yang, Wei Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08538-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08538-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cylindrical shells, such as gas pipes and wind turbine towers, are common structural components. Ensuring the stability of these structures necessitates accurate measurement of their three-dimensional (3D) operating deflection shapes (ODSs). Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) are two prevalent optical measurement techniques. Measuring radial vibrations of a cylindrical shell only using a 1D scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (1D-SLDV) poses a challenging yet practical problem, as the cost of a 1D-SLDV is significantly lower than that of a 3D-SLDV. Addressing this issue, the authors previously proposed a scheme for measuring radial ODSs of a cylinder via mono-laser scanning. By leveraging the geometric relationship, the displacements measured by the laser at each point are transformed to obtain radial displacements. Although it was proven through numerical simulation using the finite element (FE) method, experimental validation via 3D measurements is critical and still pending. To ensure the reliability of this scheme, it is experimentally validated in this study through comparison with the actual radial ODSs captured by 3D DIC. To validate the accuracy of the corrected radial ODSs, the cosine similarity (CS) values across the radial ODSs obtained through the FE method, LDV, and DIC are calculated, demonstrating a high degree of similarity. Particularly, the LDV and DIC yield consistent radial ODSs, with their CSs exceeding 95% for each excitation frequency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08498-9
Qi Yunxuan, Zhang Sasa, Ye Zhibin, Li Xiaoran, Jiang Shu
{"title":"Multi-mode stable, megawatt peak power Nd: YAG laser","authors":"Qi Yunxuan, Zhang Sasa, Ye Zhibin, Li Xiaoran, Jiang Shu","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08498-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08498-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-average-power, megawatt-peak-power solid-state lasers with high beam quality have garnered significant attention in the field of laser cleaning applications. This paper presents a 1064 nm diode-pumped Nd: YAG master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system employing a multi-mode stable resonator. The designed resonator exhibits minimal beam quality variation when operating in the second stability zone, combining excellent power scalability with remarkable multi-mode stability. A flexible beam delivery system incorporating a 400-µm-core-diameter optical fiber demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving coupling efficiency exceeding 95% at a maximum average output power of 701 W with 20 kHz repetition frequency. Furthermore, it reaches a peak power of 1.0 MW at 12 kHz repetition frequency while maintaining 588 W average power output. Experimental results confirm that this innovative design successfully balances high-power operation with beam quality preservation and efficient energy transmission.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensitive shock tube measurements using multipass laser absorption spectroscopy","authors":"Haojia Sun, Mohsin Raza, Sihao Wang, Dapeng Liu, Daxin Wen, Hongbo Ning, Wei Ren","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08545-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08545-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report a sensitive laser absorption diagnostic method for shock tube experiments using a multipass configuration with a single-line spot pattern. The multipass setup consists of two silver-coated concave mirrors, which are placed outside the optical windows of the shock tube. The multipass configuration increases the effective path length by a factor of 31. All the reflected beams are aligned within a single plane that is perpendicular to the propagation direction of the shock wave, mitigating the Schlieren and beam steering effects. We validated the approach by measuring shock-heated gases behind reflected shock waves using tunable laser absorption spectroscopy of water vapor at 7447.48 cm<sup>− 1</sup>. Our approach enables sensitive species detection for high-temperature shock tube/laser absorption experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00340-025-08545-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08531-x
Muhammad Kamran, Tahir Malik, Ayesha Jamal, Muhammad Fahim Ul Haque, Muhammad Mubashir Khan
{"title":"Coherent detection of discrete variable quantum key distribution using homodyne technique","authors":"Muhammad Kamran, Tahir Malik, Ayesha Jamal, Muhammad Fahim Ul Haque, Muhammad Mubashir Khan","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08531-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08531-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In discrete variable quantum key distribution (DV-QKD), the homodyne detection method is frequently employed for its simplicity in use, effectiveness in terms of error correction, and suitability with contemporary optical communication systems. Being a coherent detection method, it relies on a local oscillator whose frequency is matched to that of the transmitted carrier’s signal. In this paper, we evaluate a free space optical (FSO) DV-QKD system based on the KMB09 protocol using Homodyne detection under random phase fluctuation and depolarizing noise error. We present simulation results for system efficiency and quantum bit error rate (QBER) for the proposed model. An obtained efficiency (<span>(25%)</span>) for our proposed DV-QKD system model shows that under atmospheric turbulence and noise effect and it is in line with the available analytical results. However, the inclusion of random phase fluctuation and noise led to higher-than-normal QBER which is anticipated in a real-world scenario.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08543-7
Maxim V. Trigub, Nikolai A. Vasnev
{"title":"Time-resolved analysis of ASE impact in a copper bromide MOPA system","authors":"Maxim V. Trigub, Nikolai A. Vasnev","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08543-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08543-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the influence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) on the output characteristics of a Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) system, with particular attention to the temporal dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The time delay between the ASE generated in the power amplifier and the laser pulse emitted by the master oscillator was varied over a wide range, from − 36 to + 24 ns. A positive delay corresponds to the input signal entering the amplifier before the onset of ASE. Temporal profiles of the ASE, the input pulse, and the amplified output signal were recorded and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the temporal alignment of the input signal with the leading edge of the ASE critically affects the output power and the efficiency of population inversion utilization. The maximum output power of 3.87 watts was achieved at a time delay of plus 4.7 ns, when the peak of the input pulse coincided with the ASE front. Quantitative estimates of the ASE contribution to the output signal were obtained, enabling an assessment of the SNR under various timing conditions. These findings provide practical recommendations for optimizing synchronization in MOPA-based laser systems to maximize output contrast and minimize noise.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-08-25DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08534-8
Markus Labus, Franz J. T. Huber, Stefan Will
{"title":"Imaging thermometry in a spray flame synthesis process via single shot two-line atomic fluorescence using pulsed narrow-band optical parametric oscillators","authors":"Markus Labus, Franz J. T. Huber, Stefan Will","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08534-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08534-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present work demonstrates shot-to-shot calibrated imaging thermometry in a spray-flame-synthesis (SFS) process by utilizing two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) of indium atoms. Measurements in this highly turbulent, particle-laden flame were accomplished by implementing two optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) designed for pulsed operation in order to generate radiation with the required excitation wavelengths. The OPOs were optimized towards a narrow-band spectral output while maintaining high tunability. A linear OPO design was realized, which is capable to produce laser radiation with a bandwidth as narrow as 148 pm. These laser sources were employed to excite the <span>({5}^{2}{P}_{1/2}to {6}^{2}{S}_{1/2})</span> transition at 410.13 nm and the <span>({5}^{2}{P}_{3/2}to {6}^{2}{S}_{1/2})</span> transition at 451.13 nm using to two coplanar light sheets formed, one from each OPO. As this TLAF-method requires calibration, the light sheets were split by a 50:50 beam splitter and guided through two burners simultaneously, one being a calibration flame with a known temperature profile and the other one being the flame of a spray-flame-synthesis burner. By recording the fluorescence signals from both flames in the same camera frame, calibration could be conducted for each single shot, which allows to compensate for shot-to-shot spatial irradiance fluctuations of the OPOs. The shown TLAF-measurement set-up thus enables highly reliable and accurate single-shot measurements of flame temperatures in SFS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00340-025-08534-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-08-25DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08540-w
Tim Kühlthau, Bowen Chen, Thomas Graf, Marwan Abdou Ahmed
{"title":"Efficient delivery of sub-ps laser pulses with pulse energies exceeding 100 µJ at average powers of up to 95 W through a hollow-core fiber","authors":"Tim Kühlthau, Bowen Chen, Thomas Graf, Marwan Abdou Ahmed","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08540-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08540-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report on the efficient delivery of sub-picosecond laser pulses with high peak and high average powers through a home-made 7.5 m long tubular inhibited-coupling guiding hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber (IC-HCPCF). The experiments were performed using an ultrafast laser generating pulses with durations between 430 fs and 560 fs at a central wavelength of 1030 nm. Pulses with an energy of either 263 µJ or 150 µJ were coupled into the fiber at average powers of either 48 W or 95 W, respectively. In both cases, the transmittance through the fiber was measured to exceed 85% without detectable distortion of the temporal pulse shapes or damage to the fiber.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00340-025-08540-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied Physics BPub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1007/s00340-025-08539-3
A. B. Konovalov, V. V. Vlasov, S. I. Samarin, A. S. Uglov, I. D. Solovyev, A. P. Savitsky, V. V. Tuchin
{"title":"Fluorescence molecular lifetime tomography based on asymptotic source function approximation: prospects for solving the problem","authors":"A. B. Konovalov, V. V. Vlasov, S. I. Samarin, A. S. Uglov, I. D. Solovyev, A. P. Savitsky, V. V. Tuchin","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08539-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08539-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper is devoted to an original method of time-domain fluorescence molecular lifetime tomography (FMLT) based on asymptotic approximation to the fluorescence source function. Such an approximation helps to simplify the expressions that describe the FMLT reconstruction model in the time domain and to formulate the linear inverse problem for a generalized fluorescence parameter distribution function. The method firstly solves this problem and then separates distributions of the fluorophore absorption coefficient and the fluorescence lifetime from the generalized function. The paper analyzes results the authors have obtained during last 5 years in their testing the method in numerical and physical experiments. The method is inferred to be quite promising and directions of further research for its verification as a sub-millimeter resolution method are outlined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}