{"title":"International Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Assortative Mating for Educational Attainment.","authors":"Sebastian Jensen, Emil Kirkegaard","doi":"10.1177/14747049241249072","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241249072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have found a high degree of assortative mating for educational attainment (r = .56). However, this can be confounded by cohort effects or country effects, where certain nations may have more pronounced assortative mating than others. In addition, method variance regarding how educational attainment is measured may also result in heterogeneity of effect sizes. Effect sizes were gathered from various datasets and from academic literature, resulting in a large collection of effect sizes (k = 1498, n = 9,159,098), spanning 84 different countries. Assortative mating for educational attainment was stronger than what previous literature suggested (r = .66, [.64, .68]), largely due to the fact that assortative mating for educational attainment is stronger when latent methods are used. The strongest predictors of assortative mating for education between countries were individualism (r = -.61, p < .001) and HDI (r = -.56, p < .001). Assortative mating over time was found to vary by region. Capitalist Europe experienced an increase in assortative mating for education, while Communist Europe experienced a decrease. The United States had a non-linear trend in assortative mating for educational attainment, as it decreased from 1875 to 1926, increased from 1926 to 1945, decreased from 1945 to 1958, increased from 1958 to 1977, and decreased from 1977 onwards.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"14747049241249072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141201117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junzhi Dong, Kathlyne Leger, Anthony J Lee, Yasaman Rafiee, Benedict C Jones, Victor K M Shiramizu
{"title":"Re-evaluating the Role of Partnership-Related Perceptions in Women's Preferences for Men with Masculine Face Shapes.","authors":"Junzhi Dong, Kathlyne Leger, Anthony J Lee, Yasaman Rafiee, Benedict C Jones, Victor K M Shiramizu","doi":"10.1177/14747049241262712","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241262712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many researchers have proposed that women perceive men with masculine face shapes to be less suitable as parents and long-term partners than men with feminine face shapes, causing women to find masculine men more attractive for short-term than long-term relationships. However, recent work shows that results obtained using the type of experimentally manipulated stimuli that were employed in studies presenting evidence for these claims are not necessarily observed when natural (i.e., unmanipulated) face stimuli were used to suggest that the evidence for these claims may need to be revaluated. Consequently, we tested for possible relationships between ratings of natural male faces for parenting- and relationship-related traits and shape masculinity (Study 1) and also tested whether women's preferences for shape masculinity were stronger when natural male faces were rated for short-term relationships than when natural male faces were rated for long-term relationships (Studies 2 and 3). We saw no evidence for either of these predictions, instead finding that men with more attractive faces were perceived to be better parents and better long-term partners. Thus, our findings do not support the widely held view that masculine men are more attractive for short-term relationships because they are perceived to be unlikely to invest time and effort in their romantic partners and offspring.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"14747049241262712"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11184995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deciding Who Is Worthy of Help: Effect of the Probability of Reciprocity on Individuals' Willingness to Help Others.","authors":"Ryo Oda, Natsuki Hayashi","doi":"10.1177/14747049241254725","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241254725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to explain helping strangers in need in terms of reciprocal altruism, it is necessary to ensure that the help is reciprocated and that the costs of helping are thus compensated. Competence and willingness to make sacrifices for the benefactor of the person being helped are important cues for ensuring a return on help because reciprocity would not be possible if the person being helped had neither the competence nor the inclination to give back in the future. In this study, we used vignettes and manipulated the cause of suffering strangers' difficulties and prosociality to investigate participants' compassion for and willingness to help the stranger. In Study 1, we measured willingness to help by using hypothetical helping behaviors that were designed to vary in cost. In Study 2, we measured willingness to help by using the checkbox method in which participants were asked to sequentially check 10 × 10 checkboxes on a webpage, which asked the participants to pay a small but real cost. In both studies, the controllability of the cause and the prosociality were found to independently affect compassion. These two factors also independently affected willingness to help, as measured by both the hypothetical questions and the checkbox method. We consequently discussed the reasons for the independent processing of the competence and behavioral tendency cues.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"14747049241254725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11138187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141160480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Terrorism as Coalitional Predation: Explaining Definitional Ambiguities and Precautionary Responses.","authors":"Michael Moncrieff","doi":"10.1177/14747049241263995","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241263995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terrorism continues to be an enigmatic and contested concept, lacking a universally accepted definition despite extensive scholarly debate. Lay intuitions, however, demonstrate a notable convergence in identifying acts as \"terrorism\" when specific situational features are present, such as indiscriminate violence and out-group perpetration. These features elicit predictable and robust precautionary responses, raising the question: Is there a unified and parsimonious explanation for these phenomena? It is hypothesized that a situational template exists in the human mind, the coalitional predation template (CPT), which evolved not to detect modern-day terrorism, <i>per se</i>, but to identify and respond to situations of predatory coalitional conflict. The paper examines the potential cues and mechanisms that constitute the psychological systems activated by such threats, suggesting that matching the input cues of the CPT triggers well-documented precautionary responses to terrorism. However, this cue-based system may not align neatly with contemporary threats, leading to disproportionate responses to some threats while underestimating others. The model also posits that interpretations of violence can vary due to incomplete cues and the social position of the evaluator, leading to public disagreements and inconsistencies in defining terrorism. Consequently, arriving at an unambiguous and widely accepted definition of terrorism may not be possible. The model presented may account for a range of phenomena, including the inclination towards attributing mental illness to particular violent incidents and the uncanny surface similarities between terrorism and war crimes. The findings have significant implications for both the theoretical understanding of terrorism and practical policy responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"14747049241263995"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11273568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reasoning More Efficiently with Primary Knowledge Despite Extraneous Cognitive Load.","authors":"Florence Lespiau, André Tricot","doi":"10.1177/14747049241252694","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241252694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geary's evolutionary approach in educational psychology differentiates between primary (low cognitive costs and motivational advantage) and secondary knowledge (high cognitive costs and no motivational benefit). Although these features have been well demonstrated in previous work, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate it, in a reasoning task, the present study varies (i) the content of the problems (primary knowledge vs. secondary; e.g., food vs. grammar rules), (ii) the intrinsic cognitive load (conflict or non-conflict syllogism, the former requiring more cognitive resources to be properly processed than the latter) and (iii) the extraneous cognitive load (via a Dot Memory Task with three modalities: low, medium and high cognitive load). Analyses assessed the influence of these variables on performance, problem solving speed and perceived cognitive load. Results confirmed the positive impact of primary knowledge on efficiency, particularly when intrinsic cognitive load was high. Surprisingly, the extraneous cognitive load did not influence the performance in secondary knowledge content but that in primary knowledge content: the higher the additional load was, the better the performance was, only for primary knowledge and especially for syllogisms with high intrinsic load. Findings support evolutionary theory as secondary knowledge would overload cognitive resources, preventing participants from allocating sufficient resources to solve problems. Primary knowledge would allow participants to process the additional load and to increase their performance despite this. This study also raises the hypothesis that a minimum cognitive load is necessary for participants to be invested in the task.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"14747049241252694"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The General Factor of Environmental Sensitivity: Relationships with the General Factor of Personality.","authors":"Shuhei Iimura, Kosuke Yano","doi":"10.1177/14747049241254727","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241254727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental sensitivity is a meta-concept that describes individual differences in susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences and has been repeatedly reported to correlate with other established personality traits, including the Big Five. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the general factor of environmental sensitivity (GFS) and the general factor of personality (GFP). A total of 1,046 adult participants (52% female; <i>M</i><sub>age </sub>= 45.15, <i>SD</i><sub>age </sub>= 12.70) completed a self-report psychological questionnaire on an online form. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that GFS had a strong negative correlation with GFP (<i>r </i>= -.41, 95% CI [-.52, -.30], <i>p </i>< .001). Focusing on the relationship with the Big Five, individuals with higher environmental sensitivity were emotionally unstable and introverted. The trait of environmental sensitivity may be described not only in relation to the Big Five but also in relation to GFP, which is assumed to be an indicator of social effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"14747049241254727"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11119410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marc Hye-Knudsen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, Brian B Boutwell, Mathias Clasen
{"title":"First They Scream, Then They Laugh: The Cognitive Intersections of Humor and Fear.","authors":"Marc Hye-Knudsen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, Brian B Boutwell, Mathias Clasen","doi":"10.1177/14747049241258355","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241258355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On the surface, fear and humor seem like polar opposite states of mind, yet throughout our lives they continually interact. In this paper, we synthesize neurobiological, psychological, and evolutionary research on fear and humor, arguing that the two are deeply connected. The evolutionary origins of humor reside in play, a medium through which animals benignly explore situations and practice strategies, such as fight or flight, which would normally be accompanied by fear. Cognitively, humor retains the structure of play. Adopting a view of humor as requiring two appraisals, a violation appraisal and a benign appraisal, we describe how fear-inducing stimuli can be rendered benignly humorous through contextual cues, psychological distance, reframing, and cognitive reappraisal. The antagonistic relationship between humor and fear in terms of their neurochemistry and physiological effects in turn makes humor ideal for managing fear in many circumstances. We review five real-world examples of humor and fear intersecting, presenting new data in support of our account along the way. Finally, we discuss the possible therapeutic relevance of the deep connection between humor and fear.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"14747049241258355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141262946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tracy Vaillancourt, Heather Brittain, Mollie Eriksson, Amanda Krygsman, Ann H Farrell, Adam C Davis, Anthony A Volk, Steven Arnocky
{"title":"Social Media Friendship Jealousy.","authors":"Tracy Vaillancourt, Heather Brittain, Mollie Eriksson, Amanda Krygsman, Ann H Farrell, Adam C Davis, Anthony A Volk, Steven Arnocky","doi":"10.1177/14747049231225738","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049231225738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new measure to assess friendship jealousy in the context of social media was developed. This one-factor, seven-item measure was psychometrically sound, showing evidence of validity and reliability in three samples of North American adults (Study 1, <i>n </i>= 491; Study 2, <i>n </i>= 494; Study 3, <i>n </i>= 415) and one-, two-, and three-year stability (Study 3). Women reported more social media friendship jealousy than men (Studies 2 and 3) and younger women had the highest levels of social media friendship jealousy (compared with younger men and older men and women; Study 2). Social media friendship jealousy was associated with lower friendship quality (Study 1) and higher social media use and trait jealousy (Study 2). The relation between social media friendship jealousy and internalizing symptoms indicated positive within time associations and longitudinal bidirectional relations (Study 3). Specifically, social media friendship jealousy predicted increases in internalizing problems, and internalizing problems predicted greater social media friendship jealousy accounting for gender and trait levels of social media friendship jealousy and internalizing problems. Anxious and depressed adults may be predisposed to monitor threats to their friendships via social media and experience negative consequences because of this behavior. Although social media interactions can be associated with positive well-being and social connectedness, our results highlight that they can also undermine friendships and mental health due to jealousy.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"14747049231225738"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10787535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139425737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alcohol Use and Moffitt's Maturity Gap Thesis for Adolescent Offending: An Evolutionary Perspective and Analysis.","authors":"Meghan L Royle, Eric J Connolly","doi":"10.1177/14747049241241432","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241241432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While a wealth of research has focused on testing several arguments from Moffitt's developmental taxonomy of antisocial behavior-mainly the presence of life-course-persistent vs. adolescence-limited offending and predictors of each trajectory-much less attention has been devoted to examining how evolutionarily adaptive lifestyle factors common during adolescence may condition the relationship between the maturity gap and delinquent offending. One factor that may play a role during this period of development is alcohol use, as many adolescents begin to experiment with consuming alcohol in varying degrees in social settings to model adult-like behaviors. Yet presently much is unknown about the role of alcohol use on the association between the maturity gap and delinquency. The current study aims to address this void in the literature by analyzing data from a U.S. sample of adolescent males (<i>N</i> = 1,276) to assess whether alcohol use moderates the relationship between the maturity gap and delinquent behavior. Findings suggest that the maturity gap is associated with delinquent behavior and that the association becomes weaker at higher levels of alcohol use. The implications of these findings for Moffitt's maturity gap thesis and male offending from an evolutionary perspective are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"14747049241241432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10964458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In-Law Preferences for Similarity: Comparing Parent and Child Preferences for In-Law/Intimate Partner Similarity.","authors":"Yan Wang, Menelaos Apostolou, Xiaofan Peng","doi":"10.1177/14747049241234291","DOIUrl":"10.1177/14747049241234291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parents want daughters- and sons-in-law who are similar to their children, and children want spouses who are similar to themselves. In turn, the question arises: Do parents agree among themselves on how much similarity they desire in their prospective in-laws concerning their children? Moreover, do parents and children agree on the level of similarity they desire in an in-law and a spouse, respectively? Furthermore, to exercise an in-law preference for similarity, parents need to assess how their children score in traits deemed desirable in a spouse. This raises the question of whether mothers and fathers perceive their children similarly, and whether they perceive their children in the same way their children perceive themselves in these traits. The current study aimed to address these questions using a sample of 356 families from China, focusing on four desirable traits: good looks, good providers, good economic prospects, and good family background. Our results indicated that parents preferred sons- and daughters-in-law who were similar to their children, and mothers and fathers concurred on the level of similarity they desired between their children and their in-laws. Additionally, parents desired as much similarity between their children and their in-laws as their children desired between themselves and their spouses. Furthermore, we found that mothers and fathers concurred on how they perceive their children across the four desirable traits. Finally, both parents scored their children higher in these traits than their children scored themselves.</p>","PeriodicalId":47499,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"14747049241234291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10896063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139973983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}