Special Care in Dentistry最新文献

{"title":"Beyond Special Care Dentistry: Disability Competencies for the South-East Asian Dental Graduate.","authors":"Himanshu Dadlani, Satendra Singh","doi":"10.1111/scd.70212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/scd.70212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Oncologic Treatment on Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Anna Vitória Mendes Viana Silva, Bernardo Velloso Pimenta, Bruna Paula Guimarães, Alice Machado Carvalho Santos, Isabel Zanforlin Freitas, Matheus de França Perazo, Saul Martins Paiva","doi":"10.1111/scd.70219","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the impact of cancer treatment on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HRQoL self-perception was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 Cancer Module (PedsQL), applied to 103 children and adolescents aged 1 to 18 years, recruited from a hematology and oncology unit of a Brazil public hospital and a support house. Sociodemographic and health data were collected through structured questionnaires, and a dental examination was conducted to assess dental caries. Data were analyzed using SPSS, including descriptive and Chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants were male (54.4%), aged 1-7 years (55.3%), with a primary diagnosis of hematologic and lymphatic cancer (85.4%). Family income was up to one minimum wage (55.3%), and 70.9% of mothers had at least 8 years of education. Children aged 1-7 scored lower in \"Procedural Anxiety\" (45.14 ± 40.37) than adolescents (66.67 ± 36.30). Adolescents scored lower in \"Nausea\" (55.11 ± 30.06) and \"Worry\" (56.34 ± 38.69) than children. HRQoL scores were associated with age (p < 0.001), maternal education (p = 0.022), brushing frequency (p = 0.046), and decayed teeth (p = 0.001). In the final model, self-reported HRQoL among children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years (OR = 4.28; 95% CI: 1.07-17.12) was associated with lower HRQoL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Anxiety, nausea, and worry negatively impact the health-related HRQoL of pediatric cancer patients, and sociodemographic factors, such as the child's age, also influence this perception, highlighting the importance of individualized and integrated approaches to care.</p>","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Periodontitis and Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: An Umbrella Review With Evidence Stratification.","authors":"A Rizwan Ali, Pravin Kumar, Arun Kumar Patnana, Sharmila Shanmugam, Ankita Chugh, Kirti Chaudhry","doi":"10.1111/scd.70235","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The present umbrella review aims to assess the association between periodontitis and mild cognitive impairment(MCI), Alzheimer's disease and dementia.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>MEDLINE(via PubMed), Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library was searched. Risk of Bias(ROB) was performed using Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) tool. Metaumbrella software was used for performing quantitative analysis, evidence stratification and GRADE analysis. 12 of the 14 included studies were judged to have a high ROB, while two systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs) demonstrated a low ROB. Individuals with periodontitis had a 1.651 times higher risk of developing MCI (95% CI = 1.391 to 1.96; I2 = 0%; P < 0.001), a 1.525 times higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (95% CI = 1.149 to 2.023; I2 = 85.877%; P < 0.001), and a 1.535 times higher risk of dementia (95% CI = 1.119 to 2.107; I2 = 82.972%; P < 0.001), all supported by Class IV evidence. Furthermore, severe periodontitis was associated with a 2.138 times higher risk of MCI (95% CI = 1.59 to 2.875; I2 = 0%; P < 0.001), while moderate or severe periodontitis was associated with a 2.048 times higher risk of dementia (95% CI = 1.45 to 2.893; I2 = 0%; P < 0.001), supported by Class IV and Class III evidence, respectively. Despite these associations, the certainty of evidence for all outcomes was rated as very low according to the GRADE assessment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A significant association was found between periodontitis and MCI, Alzheimer's disease and dementia with a \"very low\" evidence certainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13471809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of a Microencapsulated Sugar-Free Probiotic Oral Rinse on Gingival Health and Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinases 8 and 9 in Children With Down Syndrome: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Swagata Saha, Manju Raman Nair, Kavita Rai, Prajna P Nayak, Suchetha Kumari N, Prajna Bhandary, Sharmila K P, Neevan D'souza","doi":"10.1111/scd.70213","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70213","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Children with Down Syndrome (DS) are at heightened risk for oral diseases due to their distinct physiological and immune characteristics. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-8 and MMP-9, are key mediators of periodontal tissue breakdown. Probiotics may provide a novel, well-tolerated alternative to conventional antiseptics by modulating these biomarkers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This single-center, parallel-arm, randomized, single-blind pilot trial compared a sugar-free microencapsulated probiotic oral rinse against a 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate rinse in children with DS. A total of 118 participants aged 6-14 years were enrolled; following attrition after oral rehabilitation, 40 children (20 per group) were allocated to intervention, and 15 participants per group completed all assessments. After individualized oral rehabilitation and oral health education, participants were randomized (1:1). Group 1 received probiotic rinse and Group 2 chlorhexidine rinse, both administered twice daily for two weeks. Primary outcomes were salivary MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Secondary outcomes were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Outcomes were assessed at baseline prior to oral rehabilitation (T0), two weeks after completion of oral rehabilitation (T1), two weeks following completion of the rinse protocol (T2), and six months post-rinse (washout period, T3) by blinded examiners.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;All 30 randomized participants completed the trial (15 per group). Both groups showed significant within-group reductions in MMP-8, MMP-9, PI, GI, OHI-S, and BOP at follow-up (p &lt; 0.05). Between-group comparisons showed no significant differences in MMP levels, PI, GI or OHI-S at any interval. At six months, the probiotic group demonstrated a greater reduction in BOP compared with chlorhexidine (median difference -6.0; 95% CI [-9.0, -3.0]; p = 0.001). Given the two-week duration of rinsing, this isolated 6-month difference should be interpreted cautiously.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Harms: &lt;/strong&gt;No systemic side effects or gastrointestinal symptoms were reported. Mild tooth staining occurred in two participants in the chlorhexidine group; no adverse effects were reported in the probiotic group.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Both rinses demonstrated within-group improvements, although no significant between-group differences were observed in the primary biochemical outcomes. The probiotic rinse showed comparable short-term efficacy and better tolerability, but due to underpowering and design limitations, findings remain exploratory. Larger, adequately powered studies are required to determine true clinical effectiveness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trial registration: &lt;/strong&gt;This study was a registered clinical trial with the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2023/04/051447). The trial was prospectively r","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13366015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental Management of a Child With Moyamoya Disease and Down Syndrome: A Case Report and Review.","authors":"Pranitha Vallala, Anurag Negi, Sakshi Katyal, Parimala Ambati, Vijay Yadav","doi":"10.1111/scd.70221","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular occlusive disorder involving Internal carotid arteries, which may present in association with Down syndrome (Trisomy 21). These patients are at increased risk of intraoperative complications such as hyperventilation, transient ischemia, stroke and cerebral haemorrhage. This case report describes the dental management of an 8-year-old female patient with MMD and associated Down syndrome (DS) receiving antiplatelet therapy, along with a comprehensive literature review. The patient presented with dental pain in the upper right quadrant and multiple carious teeth. The child was cognitively impaired but potentially cooperative, and behavior management was achieved through desensitization and audiovisual distraction techniques. Dental treatment was performed in staged, short appointments and included selective caries excavation and restoration of teeth (#11, #21, #53, #55, #63, #65, #83, #85) using glass ionomer cement. Extraction of decayed teeth (#54, #64, #75 root stumps) was carried out under local anaesthesia (LA) without discontinuation of aspirin therapy. Patient was monitored intraoperatively for SpO₂ and postoperatively for extraction-site bleeding, which was effectively controlled using cold application and local pressure. Acetaminophen was prescribed for analgesia. Over a one-year follow-up period, the patient demonstrated significant improvement in oral health, pain reduction, and overall quality of life. This case highlights that the choice of anaesthesia and management protocol should be individualized based on the patient's level of cooperation, extent of dental treatment needs, and associated comorbidities, including bleeding risk and airway considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13373978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myasthenia Gravis in Dental Practice: Evaluation of Dentists' Knowledge, Awareness, and Clinical Approaches.","authors":"Sema Kaya, Alaettin Koc, Furkan Kutsal, Selin Baglan, Sila Nazlican Mermit","doi":"10.1111/scd.70210","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate dentists' knowledge, awareness, and clinical approaches regarding myasthenia gravis (MG), with a focus on diagnostic methods, medication safety, and emergency crisis management in dental practice.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 93 dentists after obtaining ethical approval (Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 2025/09-28). The questionnaire comprised 29 items grouped into demographics (7 items), knowledge (8 items), and attitude/awareness (14 items). Reliability was tested by the test-retest method, and content validity was confirmed through expert review. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0 with Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dentists reported limited knowledge and awareness regarding MG. While 75.5% correctly identified long and stressful procedures as potential crisis-triggering factors, substantial gaps were observed in recognizing diagnostic methods and contraindicated medications. Professional experience was significantly associated with better knowledge (p = 0.021), and regression analysis confirmed that workplace (β = -0.23, p = 0.033) and prior clinical encounter with MG patients (β = -0.28, p = 0.008) were significant predictors of knowledge. In contrast, no demographic variables significantly predicted awareness (p > 0.05). Non-parametric correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between self-reported knowledge and awareness scores (Spearman's rho = 0.053, p = 0.613).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study is the first to comprehensively assess dentists' self-reported knowledge, awareness, and clinical approaches regarding MG. The findings reveal substantial self-reported deficiencies, particularly in diagnostic methods, medication safety, and emergency crisis management, highlighting the need to strengthen MG-related content in dental education and continuing professional training. Enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration and targeted educational strategies are essential to support safe and effective dental care for patients with MG.</p>","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13352363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amniotic Band Syndrome With Congenital Absence of the Nose and Upper Lip: A Dental Anesthesia Challenge-A Case Report.","authors":"Karanbeer Aulakh, Mohamed Aarif Abdul Kareem, Michael Cuddy, Craig McKenzie, Lynne Taiclet, Halima Abukabbos","doi":"10.1111/scd.70231","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amniotic Band Syndrome (ABS) is a congenital disorder which is caused by the entrapment of fetal parts in fibrous amniotic bands while in utero. It is found in 1 in 1200 to 15000 live births. There is no gender or ethnic predisposition. Abnormalities can involve the cranium, face, trunk, abdomen, and extremities. Extremities are the most frequently affected parts, which appear as absence of digits, abnormally developed extremities, or amputations. The prognosis depends on the severity of manifestations, ranging from mild to lethal abnormalities. The purpose of this report is to discuss a rare case of a patient with ABS, a profound intellectual disability, and associated craniofacial abnormalities such as the congenital absence of the nose and upper lip, which introduced significant challenges to dental anesthesia for a comprehensive dental examination and management. A preoperative anesthesia assessment must consider the patient's medical diagnosis, daily medication regimen, physical and airway status, PONV risk, prior anesthetic interventions, and other factors related to the patient's condition. Therefore, we must consider the extent of physical abnormalities present and any reconstruction reported when selecting the type of anesthesia and supporting airway devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13479330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148766233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the \"Special Care\" Label in Dental Artificial Intelligence.","authors":"Mohd Isyrafuddin Bin Ismail, Siti Hajar Binti Ibrahim, Nooritawati Md Tahir, Wan Syahirah Binti W Samsudin, Mas Suryalis Ahmad, Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof","doi":"10.1111/scd.70222","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70222","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13373987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148473587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Dental Students in Saudi Arabia Prepared to Diagnose and Manage Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate?","authors":"Amani Harrandah, Eshraq Alqurashi, Rahaf Bahareth, Sahar Qasem, Afnan Nassar","doi":"10.1111/scd.70236","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the knowledge and preparedness of dental students regarding Cleft lip and palate (CLP) and to utilize qualitative inquiry in Phase II to explain the educational factors influencing clinical competency (measured via theoretical management skills) and knowledge retention (measured via etiology recall).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study was conducted at Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Phase I involved a cross-sectional survey of 129 clinical dental students and interns to assess demographics, theoretical knowledge, and attitudes toward CLP care. Phase II involved semi-structured interviews with a stratified purposive sample to explore barriers to learning and confidence. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Chi-square and independent t-tests), while qualitative transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quantitative findings showed that while 85.2% of students recognized clinical features, significant deficits existed in etiology; only 35.9% correctly identified smoking as a risk factor. Students with clinical exposure achieved higher knowledge scores (7.94 ± 3.70) compared to non-exposed students (7.14 ± 2.89) yet demonstrated high variance in performance. Qualitative analysis explained these disparities through five emerging themes: (1) \"knowledge decay\" of pre-clinical sciences not reinforced in later years; (2) clinical exposure often limited to \"passive observation\" rather than active engagement; (3) anxiety regarding patient counseling due to a lack of practical communication training; (4) uncertainty regarding treatment sequencing and the optimal timing for interventions; and (5) ambiguity regarding the general dental practitioner's specific role and responsibilities within a multidisciplinary cleft palate team.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current educational models relying predominantly on isolated didactic instruction and passive observation may not be entirely sufficient for fostering complete CLP competency. The findings suggest a curriculum revision emphasizing vertical integration and active, case-based learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13471891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148727272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Audio and Audio-Visual Distraction on Dental Anxiety of Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Shreya Tiwari, Aruna Sharma, Eswari Ramassamy, Ritika Sabat","doi":"10.1111/scd.70225","DOIUrl":"10.1111/scd.70225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of audio and audio-visual (AV) distraction techniques on dental anxiety in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A thorough search was conducted up to December 2025 following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines by two independent researchers in seven databases, supplemented by hand search and grey literature search. Data extraction was performed using predetermined criteria. Risk of bias of selected studies was assessed using Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2) and risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions, version 2 (ROBINS-I V2). Meta analysis of included studies was performed using pooled odds ratio and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1622 total studies identified, twelve studies were included. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Audio-visual distraction generally showed improvements in children's behavior and physiological responses. Statistically significant values were observed in electrodermal activity and Venham's behavior rating scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Audio-visual distraction may help to reduce dental anxiety in children with intellectual disability. However, there is inconsistent evidence, and further well-designed studies need to be conducted to establish their effectiveness more clearly.</p>","PeriodicalId":47470,"journal":{"name":"Special Care in Dentistry","volume":"46 4","pages":"e70225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13392581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148563407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}