BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine最新文献

{"title":"One in three reports pain in a given week: a one-season prospective study on prevalence of pain and analgesic use in amateur female and male football players.","authors":"Sofi Sonesson, Ida Åkerlund, Kalle Torvaldsson, Emmanuel Bäckryd, Hanna Lindblom, Martin Hägglund","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002851","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To study the prevalence of pain and analgesic use in amateur football players and explore sex-based and age-based differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective cohort study of 316 amateur football players (185 females, 131 males), mean age 20 years (range 15-54). Baseline data on demographics and pain history in the preceding season were collected. Players reported training/match participation, pain, analgesic use and injuries every 2 weeks over a 7-month season (April-October 2023).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>2439 weekly reports were analysed. Weekly pain prevalence was 40.7% (95% CI 36.4% to 45.4%) in female players and 37.2% (32.4% to 42.7%) in male players. Moderate to severe pain was more frequently reported in youth females than youth males (weekly prevalence 20.5% (15.8% to 26.8%) vs 13.1% (9.6% to 17.9%), p=0.032). Female players reported more analgesic use than male players (27.6% (23.8% to 32.1%) vs 11.2% (8.4% to 14.8%), p<0.001). Gradual-onset injuries were the predominant cause of pain (47% in females, 50% in males). Over-the-counter paracetamol (female 70%, male 61%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (female 67%, male 44%) were most commonly used. Analgesic use was primarily driven by non-injury-related pain in females and gradual-onset injuries in males.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pain was common among amateur football players, with more than one-third of players reporting pain in a given week. Female youth players reported higher prevalence of moderate to severe pain, and both female youths and female adults used more analgesics than male counterparts. These findings call for sex-specific pain strategies and educational programmes targeting pain and medication management in amateur sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12766771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of rugby injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Juho Laaksonen, Matias Vaajala, Oskari Pakarinen, Rasmus Liukkonen, Ilari Kuitunen","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002787","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To report pooled injury incidence rates stratified by rugby format, level of play, injury outcome and sex, and to identify the most common injury sites and types.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched for inception to October 2024 following registration on PROSPERO.</p><p><strong>Eligibility criteria: </strong>Reports reporting injury incidence per 1000 player hours in rugby were included. Pooled incidence rates with 95% CIs were estimated using a random effects model. Injuries were analysed by exposure type, anatomical location, injury type, rugby format, injury outcome and sex. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, and the PRISMA checklist was utilised. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across 148 reports and 8 384 430 player hours, 96 506 rugby injuries were reported. Injury incidence was 71.6 per 1000 player hours (95% CI 38.5 to 132.9) for time-loss injuries and 138.9 (95% CI 56.8 to 339.2) for medical-attention injuries in Rugby Sevens. In Rugby League, incidence was 24.3 (95% CI 9.1 to 64.4) time loss and 61.9 (95% CI 29.9 to 127.9) medical attention per 1000 player hours. In Rugby Union, incidence was 19.9 (95% CI 14.2 to 27.7) time loss and 33.6 (95% CI 22.2 to 50.8) medical attention per 1000 player hours. Match-related injuries were consistently higher than training-related injuries across all rugby formats. Professional players demonstrated higher injury incidence than amateur players in Rugby Union and Rugby League, whereas the opposite trend was observed in Rugby Sevens. Lower limb injuries were most common, followed by head and upper limb injuries. Sprains were the most frequent injury type.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Injury incidence is high across rugby formats, particularly in Sevens, and most injuries occur during matches. Lower limb injuries and sprains predominate. Findings are limited by heterogeneity in injury definitions and study quality.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration number: </strong>ghttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024599999.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002787"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12766780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coaches' perspectives on the implementation of injury prevention training in youth handball: a qualitative study.","authors":"Karolina Lucander, Arlind Reuter, Alex Donaldson, Jenny Älmqvist Nae, Eva Ageberg","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002783","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Injury prevention programmes can reduce injuries in youth team sports, including handball. However, real-world effectiveness and impact of such programmes are limited due to poor implementation. To address this in Swedish youth handball, the 'Implementing injury Prevention training ROutines in TEams and Clubs in youth Team handball' (I-PROTECT) programme was co-created with end-users, including coaches. Despite tailoring the programme and its strategies to the context and needs of end-users, weekly adherence and programme fidelity remain low. Understanding coaches' experiences of I-PROTECT may provide insights to revise existing and inform new strategies to support the implementation of injury prevention training in youth handball. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore coaches' perceptions of the implementation and usability of I-PROTECT. Six coaches (two women), purposively recruited, participated in a 1.5-hour online workshop, including two group activities. They provided feedback on using I-PROTECT and identified challenges and driving conditions for its implementation. Data were collected via an online whiteboard, and audio and video were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, guided by self-determination theory (SDT). Three themes were developed: (1) Navigating choices and chores, (2) Learning by doing and (3) Sharing is caring. Coaches responded positively to I-PROTECT and suggested strategies to enhance motivation for using injury prevention training, primarily focusing on app improvements, education and organisational support. Strategies that support coaches' autonomy, competence and relatedness could be applied in future studies to support the implementation of injury prevention training in youth sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e002783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12766830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injuries at elite field hockey tournaments: results of a new injury assessment protocol.","authors":"Till-Martin Theilen, Yannick Braun, Bibhu Nayak, Benita Kiat-Tee Tan, Leigh Gordon, Udo Rolle","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002734","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Accurate assessment of injury severity is crucial for effective injury risk management in elite sports. To standardise the documentation of injury severity, the International Hockey Federation (FIH) introduced a new injury assessment protocol (IAP), completed by FIH medical officials. This study aimed to evaluate the application of the IAP, with a specific focus on capturing injury severity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Injury data, including injury site, affected body part, cause and type of injury, were collected during the Olympic Games (2021, 2024), Commonwealth Games (2022) and Women's FIH World Cup (2022). Medical officials classified injury severity based on estimated absence from competition: mild (1-7 days), moderate (8-28 days) and severe (>28 days).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall injury incidence was 39.71 per 1000 player match hours in men and 29.99 in women. Overall, 22 injuries were classified as moderate, representing 8.9% of male and 14.4% of female injuries. Four severe injuries were recorded (3.3% in men, 1.0% in women). The remaining cases were no time-loss injuries and mild injuries (87.8% in men, 84.6% in women). Among female athletes, 64.3% (9/14) of moderate injuries involved the head. Among men, 75.0% (6/8) of moderate injuries affected the upper and lower extremities. Severe injuries included two contusions, one ACL tear and one temporal bone fracture.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The IAP delivered comprehensive injury data, including severity. The introduction of the IAP will contribute to setting a new standard of injury surveillance in (elite) field hockey. Special attention will need to be paid to head injuries in future trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e002734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12730759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-magnitude headers are not associated with structural and functional brain changes in active high-level football (soccer) players.","authors":"Franziska Katharina Mund, Nina Feddermann-Demont, Goetz H Welsch, Carsten Schuenemann, Jens Fiehler, Christian Thaler, Lukas Meyer, Rebecca Reeschke, Claus Reinsberger","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002636","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To date, consistent evidence for consequences of heading in football (soccer) on the structure and function of the brain is lacking, but first studies indicate a potential effect of specific high-magnitude headers. The purpose of this longitudinal, prospective study was to investigate whether potential structural and/or functional alterations within the brain were associated with (high-magnitude) heading.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>3T MRI sequences were obtained from active high-level male players before and after an observation period of 17.2 months (median). Cortical thickness and grey matter (GM) volume were investigated on a whole-brain level. Functional connectivity (FC) was analysed in the default mode network (DMN) and salience network (SN). During the observation period, each training and each match was videotaped and evaluated regarding the heading exposure. Significant structural and functional findings were subsequently correlated with specific header characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>14 included participants (mean age: 20.36±3.34 years) played 5822 headers. GM volume remained unchanged, whereas cortical thickness decreased minimally from pre-measurement to post-measurement in a left precentral region (mean change: 0.048±0.128 mm; clusterwise p=0.0416). Within the SN, FC increased in one cluster (false discovery rate corrected p=0.026). FC remained stable within the DMN and between DMN and SN. Change from pre-measurement to post-measurement for the significant results did not correlate with heading variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings may indicate no cumulative effect of heading during the observation period. As these results contrast with cross-sectional findings, more longitudinal, prospective studies with a greater sample size are urgently needed to understand potential heading effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e002636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12730840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field on training adaptations and detraining responses: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.","authors":"Paulo Roberto Vicente de Paiva, Shaiane Silva Tomazoni, Caroline Dos Santos Monteiro Machado, Amanda Lima Pereira, Neide Firmo Ribeiro, Matheus Marinho Aguiar Lino, Luana Barbosa Dias, Marcelo Ferreira Duarte de Oliveira, Older Manoel de Araújo-Silva, Maurício Pinto Dorneles, Adriane Aver Vanin, Bruno Manfredini Baroni, Jan Magnus Bjordal, Heliodora Leão Casalechi, Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002799","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Although photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field (PBMT-sMF) has demonstrated benefits for enhancing performance and recovery when applied before or after exercise sessions, its effects on adaptations during periods without training after strength training protocols remain unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of PBMT-sMF on the maintenance of muscle strength and structural properties of the quadriceps during a 4-week detraining period following a 12-week resistance strength training programme.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this triple-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, 48 healthy men were randomised to one of four groups: PBMT-sMF during both training and detraining, PBMT-sMF during training and placebo during detraining, placebo during training and PBMT-sMF during detraining or placebo throughout. All participants completed 12 weeks of unilateral resistance training (leg press and leg extension, twice weekly), followed by 4 weeks of detraining. PBMT-sMF or placebo was applied bilaterally to the anterior thigh prior to each session of exercise and two times per week during detraining. Outcomes included maximal voluntary contraction (MVC, primary outcome), as well as one-repetition maximum (1RM), muscle volume and anatomical cross-sectional area, measured at baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PBMT-sMF significantly preserved muscle strength (MVC and 1RM) and structural features (volume and anatomical cross-sectional area) during detraining compared with placebo (p<0.05). The group that received PBMT-sMF during both the training and detraining phases demonstrated the greatest preservation across all outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PBMT-sMF significantly attenuated strength loss and structural muscle changes during the detraining period after a resistance training programme.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>NCT03858179.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e002799"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12699604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145757921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International elite Para athletes' perspectives on anti-doping: what works, what doesn't and what's next?","authors":"Anna Qvarfordt, Göran Svedsäter, Kristina Fagher, Anna Bjerkefors, Sven Blomqvist","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002788","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Para athletes may face unique challenges in the anti-doping system, including issues of privacy, implementation, comprehension and accessibility. While previous studies have examined non-disabled athletes' views, little is known about how international elite Para athletes perceive anti-doping procedures. The aim of this study was to increase the understanding of elite Para athletes' experiences and perceptions of anti-doping procedures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a cross-sectional observational study design, data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed during major international Para competitions. A total of 109 elite Para athletes from 25 countries, representing three impairment groups-physical, visual and intellectual impairments-participated in the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric analytical tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among elite Para athletes, 27% had never received anti-doping education during their sports careers, while those who had received such education felt more confident in staying updated on the prohibited list. Over half had never undergone doping testing, and over 70% had never submitted whereabouts information. Most athletes who had been tested found the procedure respectful and adapted to their impairment. However, 25% could not provide a urine sample without assistance from a doping control officer or another person. Furthermore, 40% of those who had submitted whereabouts information said updating it reduced their enjoyment of being an elite athlete.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that many Para athletes, even at the elite level, have limited experience with key anti-doping procedures, highlighting a need for more inclusive, prioritised and accessible anti-doping efforts tailored to the needs of Para athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e002788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12706202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145775885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of mountain biking on adolescent well-being: a scoping review.","authors":"Gila Zarbiv, Saritte Perlman, Ortal Slobodin, Or Duek, Moriah E Ellen","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002688","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine the existing literature on the impact of outdoor, non-electric mountain biking on adolescent well-being, focusing on behavioural, emotional and social outcomes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Scoping review conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (2020 update) and the framework by Arksey and O'Malley, with methodological guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Six databases, Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and SCOPUS, were systematically searched in November 2024 and July 2025, supplemented by citation tracking and grey literature review. The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/7CVWD).</p><p><strong>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: </strong>Included studies focused on adolescents aged 10-18 years, examined outdoor, non-electric mountain biking as the primary intervention, reported at least one well-being outcome and published in the last decade. Both qualitative and quantitative designs were eligible. Excluded were adult populations, e-biking, indoor cycling and studies without relevant well-being outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five studies met inclusion criteria. Programmes were associated with improved self-esteem, resilience, emotional regulation and social connection. Mentorship, peer engagement and nature exposure emerged as key facilitators. Quality appraisal using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool indicated moderate to high methodological rigour.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preliminary evidence suggests mountain biking may contribute to adolescent well-being, particularly in self-confidence, social connection and resilience. Its combination of physical challenge, social support and green exercise makes it a potentially valuable youth mental health strategy. Further research should examine long-term impacts and comparative effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e002688"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12699577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145757915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-pitch concussion management: a view of healthcare professionals in elite football.","authors":"Ryan Baker, Jac Palmer, Gareth Irwin, Sean Connelly, Genevieve Williams","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002805","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collecting an account of practitioners' lived experiences of on-pitch concussion management in football provides real-world insight into areas for improvement, and future research direction. Previous research suggests that healthcare professionals (HCPs) in football are confident with on-pitch concussion recognition; however, some players are still returned to the field to later be removed with a concussion.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study is to understand the on-pitch assessment procedure of HCPs and factors that may influence whether or not a player is removed following a suspected head injury in football based on semistructured interviews.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>10 elite-level pitch-side HCPs participated in a semistructured interview. Recorded interview transcripts were analysed via reflexive thematic analysis. This process generated four key themes: time, formalised procedure for identifying concussion, interpretation of behaviour and stakeholder actions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study provides evidence that HCPs in football feel that they do not have enough time to conduct a thorough concussion assessment. Assessments are currently subjective and rely on the sideline healthcare staff's relationship with the player to determine if they are acting normally. The HCPs value seeing the mechanism of injury and advocate the use of video replays. Temporary concussion substitutes would allow more time for assessment and for the use of assessment tools such as the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the current findings, research should focus on developing multimodal testing batteries to detect concussion on-pitch, while football should consider implementing video analysis at all levels and temporary concussion substitutes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e002805"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12666214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145662247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular adaptations to resistance training with different set configurations in postmenopausal women: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (CARE project).","authors":"Jessica Rial-Vázquez, María Rúa-Alonso, María Gabriela Enriquez-González, Iván Nine, Sonia Liliana Rivera-Mejía, Borja Revuelta-Lera, Juan Fariñas, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003052","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short set configurations attenuate cardiovascular responses, reduce perceived exertion and allow for greater mechanical performance compared with longer sets. Mid-term to long-term adaptations to resistance training across set configurations remain unexplored in postmenopausal women. This study will explore cardiovascular, metabolic, neuromuscular and perceptual adaptations to 12-week resistance training programmes differing in set configuration. Forty physically active postmenopausal women will participate. After medical screening, they will complete four pretest assessments measuring cardiovascular, metabolic, neuromuscular and body composition variables. Participants will then be randomly assigned to a control group or one of two experimental groups. Each session, experimental groups will complete 36 repetitions per exercise (leg press, bench press, leg curl and lat pull-down) with a 12-repetition maximum load. The 4S group will complete nine sets of 4 reps with 45 s of rest, while the 9S group will do four sets of 9 reps with 120 s of rest. The intervention will span 12 weeks with 24 training sessions. Afterwards, all participants will repeat the initial assessments. Experimental groups will return 3 months later for follow-up evaluations of cardiovascular, metabolic and body composition outcomes. A 3×3 repeated-measures analysis of variance will be used to analyse the effects of set configuration (4S, 9S, control) over time (pretest, post-test, follow-up). The study was approved by the Galician Regional Government Ethical Committee. All participants will receive detailed oral and written information before providing informed consent. Results will be widely disseminated, including through outreach events to promote knowledge transfer. Trial registration number: NCT05544357; registration date: 7 December 2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 4","pages":"e003052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12666100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145661914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}