BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of task-oriented circuit training on the motor performance of ischaemic stroke patients: a study protocol for randomised clinical trial.","authors":"Farjana Sharmin, Md Forhad Hossain, Mahdi Ul Bari, Abid Hasan Khan, Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Md Ershad Ali, Arnob Datta, Saiba Muhammad Sabrin, Farzana Sharmin, Harun Or Rashid, Md Rezaul Karim","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke is one of the most common causes of disability and death worldwide. With the rapidly growing stroke survivor population, it is crucial to identify an effective method for their healthcare. Recovery from stroke is followed by physiotherapy to promote rehabilitation. Task-oriented circuit training is designed to improve stroke patients' overall functioning during rehabilitation. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of task-oriented circuit training compared with conventional physiotherapy. The investigators have planned an 8-week parallel, two-arm, prospective, randomised clinical study. Participants will be enrolled from eight branches of the centre for the rehabilitation of the paralysed (CRP). We have planned to recruit 506 stroke survivors via a 1:1 random assignment procedure for 24 months. As a main objective, the Action Arm Research Test and the Timed Up and Go will be used to test upper and lower limb motor function. The secondary objectives will include daily living and balance activities, which will be evaluated using the Barthel Index and the Berg Balance Scale. The post-test and follow-up data will be collected after 8 and 12 weeks. The final analysis will include dropouts and treatment side effects. This study has been granted ethical approval by the Ethics Review Committee of the CRP (CRP-R&E-0401-357)). All activities and interventions will be carried out following the Helsinki Declaration of 2020. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at international conferences. Trial registration number: CTRI/2023/09/057907 (21 September 2023) (Prospectively registered).</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12007049/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of school-based interventions on all 24-hour movement behaviours in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","authors":"Javier Rodrigo-Sanjoaquín, Miguel Ángel Tapia-Serrano, José Francisco López-Gil, Javier Sevil-Serrano","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of school-based interventions on all 24-hour movement behaviours.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>Studies published in English, French, and Spanish from four databases from inception to February 2024 were identified.</p><p><strong>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: </strong>Eligible articles were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that targeted and assessed physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep duration among school-aged youth (3-17 years). Risk of bias and quality assessment were assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool 2 and Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies tool, respectively. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool evaluated the certainty of evidence. The study was registered in International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: removed for peer review).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 5141 records initially identified, 41 studies remained for full-text review. After full reading, 7 RCTs, comprising 8234 participants (49% girls), were included. Results indicated no effect in PA-related outcomes (Hedge's <i>g</i>=0.12, -0.05 to 0.28), a small reduction in SB-related outcomes (g=-0.33, -0.51 to -0.16) and a small increase in sleep duration (g=0.30, 0.16 to 0.43) according to Hedges' g (small effects (0≤g ≤0.50)). The GRADE, risk of bias and quality assessment tools indicated that most of the studies have a low risk of bias and are of good quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More school-based interventions promoting all movement behaviours are needed to determine if schools are optimal for encouraging 24-hour movement behaviours among young people.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12007033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making, not breaking the young, aspiring athlete: the development of Prep to be PRO (Nærmere Best) - a Norwegian school-based educational programme.","authors":"Hege Heiestad, Grethe Myklebust, Roald Bahr, Christine Holm Moseid","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The most talented young athletes often face challenges related to sports health problems (ie, injury and illness), largely due to inappropriate training, condensed competition schedules and high demands. Previous preventive measures in Norway have lacked successful integration into young athletes' routines, highlighting the need for a systematic approach to safeguarding their health.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To document the development of Prep to be PRO, an educational module-based programme, designed to support the development and protect the health of young athletes enrolled in sports junior high schools and sports academy high schools. Prep to be PRO aims to empower athletes with the relevant knowledge and skills to prevent health problems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The development process, guided by the Translating Research into Injury Prevention Practice framework, involved extensive collaboration with school leaders, coaches and athletes. From June 2019 to June 2023, the process incorporated multidisciplinary input from more than 40 stakeholders, including health personnel, as well as experts in sports science, nutrition and sports psychology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prep to be PRO consists of 10 modules tailored for both sports Junior high schools and sports academy high schools. The modules cover a range of topics, including performance training, growth and maturation, load progression, recovery, total load, nutrition and sports psychology. The programme is athlete-centred, but coach-driven, including student-active approaches, collaboration, use of digital tools and deep learning. Prep to be PRO is anchored in the National High School Curriculum, ensuring relevance and alignment with educational standards. Specific competence goals and learning objectives from the curriculum are addressed and linked to each individual module.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This educational programme appears to be a notable step forward in the Norwegian sports school's approach. Specifically, it may enhance the focus on overall health, introduce an individualised approach and foster long-term athlete development. The integration into the national curriculum and the involvement of school staff in its delivery is expected to facilitate implementation. Future work will focus on the next phases of implementation, as systematic data collection from coaches and athletes, ongoing stakeholder engagement, continuous adaptation and support for educators to ensure fidelity and relevance. Updates and analyses from all evaluations will examine the programme's effectiveness. Long-term sustainability will be secured by organisational commitment, resource alignment and integrating the initiative into existing structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12067783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving postural stability with proprioceptive rehabilitation in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Kavinda Malwanage, Esther Liyanage, Vajira Weerasinghe, Charles Antonypillai, Indumathie Nanayakkara","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Postural stability (PS) refers to the ability to maintain balance during various movements. Proprioception deficits in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) often lead to significant postural sway and postural unsteadiness during daily activities, increasing fall risk and diminished quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a 12-week proprioceptive rehabilitation programme (PRP) on PS in patients with DPN compared with conventional rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This double-blind randomised controlled trial involved 112 patients with DPN, who were randomly allocated to intervention (n=57) or control (n=55) groups. The intervention group received PRP three times per week for 12 weeks whereas the control group received a conventional balance and strength training programme (BSP) for the same duration. PS scores and anterior-posterior (AP) sway angle were measured under six conditions of the Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction on Balance test at baseline and post intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the 12-week PRP, PS scores significantly improved in the intervention group by 67.31%-187.81% across different platform types and visual conditions under the six test conditions. In the control group, the postural stability scores improved only in the eyes-opened condition by 36.45% and 50.05% on firm and foam surfaces. AP sway angle improved by 42.46%-56.84% across all test conditions in the intervention group, whereas in the control group there was no improvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This novel 12-week PRP had a positive impact on PS of patients with DPN compared with conventional BSP. Future randomised controlled trials may be carried out to examine how PRP affects diverse functional status, varying with difficulty levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12067824/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participation in football and health-related quality of life among middle-aged and older men.","authors":"Ryuichi Sawa, Takayuki Miyamori, Masashi Nagao, Yu Shimasaki, Yoshihiko Ishihara, Nozomu Hasegawa, Junko Imai, Takeshi Ono, Hiroshi Ikeda, Kohzo Tashima, Masafumi Yoshimura","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between participation in football and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in middle-aged and older men in Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a survey with cross-sectional design. Middle-aged and older men who were registered members of the Japan Football Association as players were recruited (Football group). We also performed an online survey of middle-aged and older men and categorised them into two groups based on questions for this survey about their current engagement in sports/exercise activities (none group and individual sports group). HRQOL was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The physical component summary (PCS) score and mental component summary (MCS) score were calculated based on eight SF-36 subscales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total number of participants in this survey was 5761 (none: 1988; individual sports: 1,776; football: 1997). After adjustment for covariates, PCS scores revealed no differences among groups (none: 51.2±11.1; individual sports: 51.9±8.9; football: 52.1±5.6), although the corresponding subscale scores differed significantly among groups. The football group exhibited significantly higher MCS scores compared with the other groups (none: 48.9±10.1; individual sports: 52.2±9.5; football: 56.2±7.2). The corresponding subscale scores of the MCS were significantly higher in the Football group compared with the other groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest that middle-aged and older men who are registered football players had better HRQOL in the mental aspect compared with those without any exercise habits and to those who engage in individual sports, although the cross-sectional design could not establish causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002007"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12001351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National team biathletes' experiences of the menstrual cycle: \"it's something that needs to be heard\".","authors":"Helene Jørgensen, Margie H Davenport, Nicholas L Holt, Tara-Leigh F McHugh","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe national team biathletes' experiences of their menstrual cycle (MC) while training and competing, and to identify factors to be considered in the development of policy and practice to support these athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 18 national team biathletes (ages 17-32 years) who experience the MC. Following a qualitative description design, athletes participated in one-on-one semistructured interviews that were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a content analysis process.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four descriptive themes represent the findings: (a) 'A very under-rated part of performance and training': Critical impacts of the MC on sport; (b) 'It varies month to month': Fluctuation in occurrence and impact of MC symptoms; (c) 'Block out and get through it': Managing the MC for performance; and (d) 'For the next generation': Improving policy and practice around the MC. Findings from this research outline actionable steps to support athletes who experience a MC, including developing mandatory MC education, increasing knowledge about the management of MC symptoms (eg, MC tracking, leakproof suits), and creating a fair point system of the overall biathlon season ranking allowing elimination of two race results that may have been affected by a health issue, such as adverse MC symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This research outlines the critical need for 'macro' level policies and practices that reduce the perceived impact of MC symptoms on athletes' training and performance. Furthermore, individual variations described in this study highlight the importance of individualised approaches to supporting athletes as they navigate the MC alongside the demands of sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12001359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injuries and illnesses during the 54th FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 in Planica: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Tom Kastner, Pierre-Eddy Dandrieux, Dominik Fohrmann, Florian Frohberg, Matjaz Turel, Maarit Valtonen, Pascal Edouard, Jörg Spörri, Bernd Wolfarth, Astrid Junge, Karsten Hollander","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the incidence and characteristics of injuries and illnesses that occurred during the 54th Nordic World Ski Championships in Planica (Slovenia) 2023, including the disciplines of cross-country skiing, Nordic combined and ski jumping.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective cohort study, national medical teams and the medical team of the local organiser collected data on a daily basis on all new, exacerbated or recurrent injuries and illnesses of the registered athletes using the IOC consensus recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 596 registered athletes (250 women, 346 men), all with access to medical services. The national medical teams covered 347 (58.2%) athletes with a response rate of 77.1%. A total of 24 injuries, corresponding to an incidence rate of 4.0 per 100 athletes (95% CI, 2.5 to 5.6), and 15 illnesses, corresponding to an incidence rate of 2.5 per 100 athletes (95% CI, 1.3 to 3.8), were reported. The lower extremities were the most common injury location (58.3%), and every second injury in this category was a knee injury. The predominant injury types were joint sprains/ligament tears (25.0%) and contusions/bruises (25.0%). A total of three concussions (12.5% of all injuries) were reported, all of them in ski jumping. Among the illnesses, infections (73.3%) were the most common aetiology, and the respiratory system (53.3%) was the most frequently affected organ system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Special attention should be given to knee injuries in all disciplines and concussions in ski jumping. A high proportion of the recorded illnesses were of infectious origin. The reduction in hygiene regulations after the COVID-19 pandemic could have contributed to this.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits and risks of walking football for healthy ageing: a narrative review.","authors":"Alfie G Price, Ruth M James, John Hough, Philip J Hennis, Ali Ahmed, Ian Varley","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global ageing population necessitates public health strategies to address age-related health decline. While physical activity is widely recognised as beneficial, exercise referral schemes often struggle to sustain participation. Walking football, an adapted version of traditional football designed for middle-aged and older adults, offers a unique alternative by harnessing intrinsic motivators such as enjoyment and social interaction to encourage long-term engagement. This narrative review examines walking football's potential as a public health intervention, focusing on its safety and physical and mental health effects. The results reveal that walking football's slower pace and reduced physical contact make it accessible and safe for individuals with various chronic conditions. However, limited evidence on injury rates and the lack of standardised injury surveillance highlight the need for consistent data collection to evaluate long-term safety. Emerging research indicates modest improvements in cardiovascular health and body composition, though findings are constrained by small, predominantly male samples, limiting generalisability. Qualitative studies highlight positive mental health impacts for individuals with mental health conditions, including enhanced social connections, self-confidence and purpose in life. Nonetheless, quantitative evidence on mental health outcomes remains sparse, emphasising the need for robust studies with validated pre-post intervention measures. Overall, walking football shows promise as a safe strategy to promote physical and mental health among diverse populations. Further research is crucial to better understand its benefits, limitations and safety profile, enabling its effective integration into exercise referral schemes and social prescribing initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity and well-being in middle-aged and older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002438"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No additive effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on balance exercises for brain activity and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic ankle instability: a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Zivar Beyraghi, Roya Khanmohammadi","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study explored whether adding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to balance exercises enhances preparatory brain activity and clinical outcomes in individuals with chronic ankle instability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>30 participants were randomised into two groups: balance exercises with real tDCS and balance exercises with sham tDCS. Neurophysiological measures, including late contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude, peak amplitude and peak time, served as primary outcomes, while biomechanical (anticipatory postural adjustment duration) and clinical (dynamic balance and perceived ankle instability) outcomes were secondary. Both groups completed 12 sessions, each lasting 60 min.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed no significant group-by-time interaction for late CNV amplitude, CNV peak amplitude, perceived ankle instability scores or dynamic balance, indicating no added benefit of real tDCS over sham. However, both groups demonstrated significant post-treatment improvements in late CNV amplitude (C3, Cz, C4: p≤0.017, η²=0.177-0.276) and CNV peak amplitude at the C3 electrode (p=0.026, η²=0.158), reflecting enhanced preparatory brain activity. Similarly, dynamic balance improved significantly in the anterior, posterior-medial and posterior-lateral directions (p≤0.010, η²=0.204-0.350) and perceived ankle instability scores increased notably, indicating reduced instability (p<0.001, η²=0.391), regardless of the tDCS condition. Furthermore, significant correlations (r=0.381-0.553) were observed between treatment-induced changes in neurophysiological variables and biomechanical and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although tDCS did not show a distinct advantage, the improvements in neurophysiological and clinical outcomes suggest that balance exercises effectively target central mechanisms. Additionally, relationships were found between enhancements in neurophysiological outcomes and other measures, emphasising the pivotal role of central mechanisms in driving these positive effects.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>IRCT20210604051488N1.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Ski and Snowboard Federation consensus statement on warm-up and cool-down in competitive alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders.","authors":"Jörg Spörri, Lisa Beck, Oriol Bonell Monsonís, Marine Alhammoud, Roald Bahr, Sheree Bekker, Dave Collins, Lars Engebretsen, Julie Harvey, Hubert Hörterer, Gerald Mitterbauer, Johannes Scherr, Wolfgang Schobersberger, Jan Seiler, Maarit Valtonen, Karlheinz Waibel, Tina Weirather, Vincent Gouttebarge, Caroline Bolling, Evert Verhagen","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In diverse sports, warm-up (WUP) and cool-down (CD) activities are highly effective at improving performance-relevant factors and reducing the risk of injury when applied systematically; however, scientific evidence is widely lacking in snow sports. Similarly, there is a lack of international harmonisation with current best practices; this especially applies to prevention efforts targeting younger athletes. This International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) consensus statement aims to develop and promote recommendations regarding physical and psychological WUP&CD in competitive alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders. The selected panel members represented a group of experts diverse in terms of gender, expertise/background, level of competition and skiing and snowboarding discipline. They included researchers, officials, physicians, physiotherapists, coaches or former athletes with extensive experience in the subject area. However, there was a gender imbalance in the composition of the panel (7 women and 13 men) and certain freestyle disciplines (eg, aerials and moguls) were under-represented. Most importantly, there was a strong over-representation of European members (85%) on the consensus panel. For the consensus process, the RAND-UCLA Appropriateness Method was used. The panellists were asked to rate, discuss and rerate statements derived from the literature or expert/panellist opinions. The process was based on three online consensus sessions with different preparatory and follow-up tasks and three rounds of an online survey to vote on the statements. The final version of the FIS consensus statement was developed and approved after two iterative rounds of manuscript revision by the panel members. It is intended to guide athletes, coaches, medical staff of international and national federations and other entities who can promote and support appropriate WUP&CD practices for competitive alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders by providing support, resources or infrastructure.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"11 2","pages":"e002351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11987162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}