BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine最新文献

{"title":"High-intensity exercise for maintained health-enhancing physical activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Annelie Bilberg, Jonatan Fridolfsson, Mats Borjesson, Jan Bjersing, Gunilla Limbäck, Daniel Arvidsson","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002543","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the long-term effects of a high-intensity exercise intervention on physical activity (PA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-seven patients (84% female), mean age 48 (SD 9.66) years, with a mean disease activity of 2.0 (SD 1.04) (Disease Activity Score based on 28 joints) were included and randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) comprising 12-week supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on bicycles ergometric, and strength exercise, or to a control group (CG) receiving counselling on the general recommendations for PA and being provided with a home exercise programme. PA was assessed by both accelerometer and self-reports at baseline, at 6 months and at 12 months from baseline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of the patients (86%) in the exercise group adhered to ≥80% of the 12-week exercise protocol. A significant intervention effect was found for accelerometry-derived ambulatory vigorous PA (4.7 min/day 95% CI 0.82 to 8.51, p=0.0177) at 12-month follow-up, in favour of the IG. The patients in the IG had a higher OR for self-reported PA, including bicycling (6.6 95% CI 1.29 to 34.37, p=0.0239) at 6-month follow-up, and strength exercise at 12-month follow-up (23.1 95% CI 1.64 to 327.13, p=0.0204) compared with the CG. No effects were found for sedentary time and ambulatory moderate PA at 6-month and 12-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this randomised controlled multicentre study show that patients with RA who participated in 12 weeks of supervised HIIT and strength exercise increased and maintained long-term health-enhancing PA to a greater extent than patients in the CG.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of physical fitness and overweight with mental and behavioural diagnoses in a population-based cohort of 156 202 young men.","authors":"Tuomas Tenkanen, Kai Pihlainen, Jani Raitanen, Tuomas Honkanen, Jani P Vaara, Heikki Kyröläinen, Tero Levola, Richard Lundell, Harri Sievänen, Tommi Vasankari","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002921","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Declining physical fitness, rising obesity and mental and behavioural diagnoses are growing public health issues in young adults. This study aimed to examine the associations between cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and waist circumference with mental and behavioural diagnoses in a large, population-based sample of young men.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using data from the Finnish Defence Forces. Cardiorespiratory fitness (12 min running test), muscular fitness (muscular fitness index combining push-ups, sit-ups and standing long jump) and waist circumference were measured at the beginning of compulsory military service. These data were linked with physician-diagnosed mental and behavioural diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision F-diagnoses) in individuals who interrupted their service. The sample consisted of 156 202 men (mean age 19.7 years), representing over two-thirds of the national male age cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 4034 men interrupted service due to mental and behavioural diagnoses. These individuals had lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (2250±390 m vs 2410±380 m, p<0.001) and muscular fitness index scores (10.4±2.5 vs 11.2±2.7, p<0.001) than those who completed their military service. After adjusting for age, body mass index and year of the service, lower cardiorespiratory fitness (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.89) and muscular fitness (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.89) remained significantly associated with service interruption. Greater waist circumference showed no general association, except in cases of hyperkinetic disorders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among young men, lower levels of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are universally associated with mental and behavioural diagnoses during military service. Co-occurrence between physical fitness and mental and behavioural diagnoses suggests that good physical fitness may be an important component of overall mental health in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002921"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the calculation of PAL from physical activity data.","authors":"Faidon Magkos","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2026-003210","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2026-003210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The physical activity level (PAL), defined as the ratio of total daily energy expenditure to resting metabolic rate, is widely used to assess energy requirements in both clinical and research settings. PAL is often not estimated directly-via measurements of total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate-but rather indirectly using self-reported or objectively recorded physical activity data interpreted through the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) system. However, exercise physiology research consistently shows that the conventional value of 1 MET (set at 1 kcal/kg·hour, corresponding to a resting oxygen consumption of 3.5 mL/kg·min) overestimates true resting metabolic rate by 10%-30%. This systematic bias can lead to inaccurate PAL and energy expenditure estimates when relying solely on physical activity data. To address this problem, a simple correction formula is proposed for adjusting PAL values when individual resting metabolic rate is available or can be predicted from demographic and anthropometric data.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e003210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of reducing sedentary behaviour on cardiovascular health, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and functional exercise capacity in sedentary adults: a randomised controlled trial.","authors":"Wouter M A Franssen, Ine Nieste, Katrien Koppo, Peter Joris, Frank Vandereyt, Hans H C M Savelberg, Bert O Eijnde","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002759","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a 12-week intervention using self-monitoring alone and in combination with motivational interviewing to reduce sedentary behaviour (SB) and improve cardiovascular health, as reflected by cardiac autonomic function, endothelial function, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and functional exercise capacity in sedentary adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a three-armed randomised controlled trial, 59 (36% male; age: 53.3±8.7 years) sedentary adults were randomly allocated to a control group, a self-monitoring (consumer wearable activity tracker, CWAT) group or the self-monitoring+motivational (CWAT+) group for 12 weeks. SB and physical activity were assessed using activPAL3 accelerometer. Endothelial function was assessed using non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry with the EndoPAT2000 device and fasting blood samples. Muscle oxidative capacity was evaluated using a submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise test, functional exercise capacity via a 6 min walk test, and cardiac autonomic function through heart-rate variability analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CWAT+group significantly reduced time spent in SB, which resulted in improvements in muscle oxidative capacity (time constant τ: -4.9 s±10.9 s; p=0.010), functional exercise capacity (6 min walking distance: +53 m±36 m; p=0.014) and measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) reflected by the root mean square of successive differences between normal adjacent R-R intervals (112 23 ms; p=0.014), low-frequency component (1178 (11, 2344) ms²; p=0.039) and high-frequency component (471 (18, 960) ms²; p=0.035), compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A reduction in SB results in improvements of HRV, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and functional exercise capacity in sedentary adults, mainly driven by an increase in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>NCT03853018.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002759"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint influence of lifestyle and chronic musculoskeletal pain on all-cause mortality: the HUNT Study.","authors":"Carlos Mesa Castrillon, Emma Kwan-Yee Ho, Katharine Roberts, Hamish Foster, Tom Ivar Lund Nilsen, Anna Marcuzzi, Paulo H Ferreira, Paul Jarle Mork, Eivind Schjelderup Skarpsno","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002956","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the joint association of a composite lifestyle score and the number of chronic musculoskeletal pain sites with all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study included 36 106 participants from the third survey of the Trøndelag Health Survey Study (2006-2008) in Norway, with up to 14 years of follow-up. We estimated HRs with 95% CIs for all-cause mortality associated with the number of chronic pain sites and a composite lifestyle score based on body mass index, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity, alcohol consumption and intake of fruit and vegetables. Each factor was scored from 0 to 2, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating a healthier lifestyle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During an average follow-up of 12.5 years, 4436 (12%) participants died. Compared with individuals without chronic musculoskeletal pain and with the healthiest lifestyle (score 8-10 points), individuals with the poorest lifestyle (score 0-3 points) had an HR for all-cause mortality of 1.78 (95% CI 1.50 to 2.11) if they had no chronic pain and an HR of 1.86 (95% CI 1.48 to 2.33) if they had ≥5 chronic pain sites. In comparison, individuals with the healthiest lifestyle and ≥5 chronic pain sites had an HR of 0.92 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.22).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Individuals with multiple unhealthy lifestyle factors have nearly twice the risk of death from all causes compared with those with the healthiest lifestyle. We found no synergistic effect between multisite pain and the composite lifestyle score on mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002956"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of daily walking exercise on constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Yi-Ping Wu, I-Chien Wu, Ming-Kuei Lu","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002696","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, progressive neurological disorder with motor and non-motor symptoms. Among the non-motor symptoms, constipation severely affects the patients' quality of life. Thus, the effects of a daily walking exercise on constipation and other symptoms were evaluated in patients with PD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>16 patients carried a walking tracker for 1 week to individually measure their daily baseline steps. Subsequently, participants performed random walking exercises and maintained a dietary diary for 3 months, with the goal to increase their daily step count by 3000 from the baseline. Participants recorded their dietary intake for another 3 months after the walking intervention. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms (PAC-SYM) evaluations were conducted thrice during the 6-month trial period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Walking significantly improved constipation and PD severity. PAC-SYM scores decreased at time 2 (immediately after the 3-month walking intervention) (mean difference (MD)=4.38, p=0.001, d=1.23) and time 3 (3 months after the walking intervention) (MD=3.19, p=0.033, d=0.73) compared with time 1 (baseline). UPDRS scores also declined at Time 2 (MD=7.13, p=0.003) and time 3 (MD=6.88, p=0.008), indicating clinically meaningful benefits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A 3-month walking intervention improved constipation and motor and non-motor symptoms in PD, supporting exercise to slow disease progression. Future randomised controlled trials with biomarker assessments are warranted to validate these findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002696"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12993353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147482051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of the clinical exercise physiologist standards in the UK: are they fit for purpose and how could they be developed?","authors":"Anthony Crozier, Connor Osin, Ian Sadler, Lee E F Graves, Joanna Rycroft, Ellen Dawson, Gemma Miller, Daniel J Green, Louise Naylor, Christopher David Askew, Helen Jones","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003066","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Registered clinical exercise physiologists (CEPs) are recognised healthcare professionals in the UK and are registered through the Academy of Healthcare Science (AHCS). Their practice is guided by the Clinical Exercise Physiology UK (CEP-UK) standards outlined in their scope of practice and the accompanying curriculum framework. This study aimed to explore the current CEP standards and understand if they are fit for purpose in the UK. Three phases (1) a scoping review of Medline, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. A survey was phased (2) using a 1-5 rating Likert scale ranking the importance of each component for a UK CEP. Phase (3) consisted of two focus groups to gain a consensus on the current standards and recommendations for future iterations. Overall, academics (n=26), healthcare professionals (n=25), CEPs (n=10), service managers (n=6) and researchers (n=4) were identified through purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Phase (1) identified 24 studies containing relevant knowledge and skills. During phase (2), n=58 (82%) of participants completed the survey and n=25 (35%) attended focus groups in phase (3). All knowledge and skills identified from the scoping review, the CEP-UK scope of practice, curriculum framework and the AHCS standards of proficiency and good clinical practice (n=58) were accepted. For CEP practice, an additional three health conditions were accepted from the previous iteration into the current health condition categories. A knowledge and understanding of nine key health professions was also recommended. The final consensus identified that 58 key knowledge and skills across the current health condition categories were required by CEPs, meaning that the current CEP-UK curriculum framework is fit for purpose with only minimal changes required for the next iteration.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e003066"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12983941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147463775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should we use fat-free mass or body mass and percentage body fat as separate predictors to predict maximum oxygen uptake?","authors":"Alan Nevill, Matthew Harber, Matthew Wyon, Jonathan Myers, Ross Arena, Tony Myers, Leonard A Kaminsky","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003029","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>To assess whether fat-free mass (FFM) or body mass (M) is the more appropriate body size variable to predict maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max, L⋅min^-1).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data (3930 cardiopulmonary exercise tests) were provided from the FRIEND registry. Our prediction equations adopted the well-known allometric/power function model VO_2max (L⋅min^-1)=<i>a</i>·<i>X</i> ^<i>b</i> , using either FFM or M as the predictor variable (<i>X</i>). These models can be linearised with a log-transformation, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) can then be used to estimate the unknown parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initially, when predicting Ln(VO_2max) using only Ln(FFM) adjusted for age and sex, the explained variance was R²=0.718 (Akaike information criterion (AIC)=-1882.5), with the FFM exponent b=0.658. However, when predicting Ln(VO_2max) using M AND bodyfat% separately, the explained variance increased to R²=0.733 (AIC=-2077.4), with the M exponent b=0.636. The difference in R² and AICs confirmed the benefit of predicting VO_2max using separate M and bodyfat% terms. The analysis identified an enlarged negative bodyfat% term that improved the prediction of VO_2max, explained latterly by central adiposity (waist circumference). These final, more inclusive M and FFM exponents were estimated to be b=0.67, suggesting that VO_2max should be normalised using VO_2max (mL·FFM^-2/3·min^-1) or <i>preferably</i> VO_2max (mL·M^-2/3·min^-1) rather than VO_2max (mL·FFM^-1·min^-1). We also found that linear prediction models systematically <i>under-estimate</i> the VO_2max of overweight and underweight individuals, but <i>over-estimate</i> the VO_2max of average-weight individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Incorporating FFM into equations to predict VO_2max fails to explain the negative effect of central adiposity. However, by incorporating M and percentage body fat (BF%) separately into the allometric models, a greater/enlarged negative BF% term explains this apparent omission/absence.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e003029"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12983784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147463958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knee health and associations with female-specific health, physical, psychological and social-gendered factors in women runners: the TRAIL-W cohort study protocol.","authors":"Melissa J Haberfield, Benjamin F Mentiplay, Danilo De Oliveira Silva, Melanie Hayman, Jodie Dakic, Deirdre E McGhee, Taliesin E Ryan-Atwood, Jane S Thornton, Anthea Clarke, Andrew D Govus, Joshua P Hill, Indiana Cooper, Fernanda Serighelli, Brooke Patterson, Andrea Bruder, Michael A Girdwood, David Carey, Stephanie Tamer, Connie Briggs, Jenna Schulz, Lari Trease, Richard T R Johnston, Thomas J West, Stuart Warden, Richard Souza, Regina Belski, Matthew B Cooke, Anne Julia Smith, Tara Binnie, Kay M Crossley","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003132","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-003132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Running is a popular recreational activity worldwide, with women's participation growing rapidly over the past decade. Compared with men, women runners are more likely to sustain a running-related injury, such as bone stress and knee injuries. Following a serious knee injury and subsequent surgery, women also experience worse knee and health-related outcomes than men. However, little is known about the intersection of female-specific health, physical, psychological and social-gendered factors with knee health in women runners with and without a history of knee surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>Building on the established 'TRAjectory of knee heaLth in runners' (<i>TRAIL</i>) prospective cohort study and designed with patient and content-expert partners, the nested <i>TRAIL-W</i> study will comprehensively explore the associations of multiple factors (ie, female-specific health, physical, psychological and social gendered) with knee health (symptoms and structural features), device-measured running load and running-related pain in women runners. Where appropriate, we will explore sex and/or gender differences. Alongside their scheduled <i>TRAIL</i> 6-monthly data collection, all active <i>TRAIL</i> female and male participants will be invited to complete a once-off '<i>TRAIL-W</i> survey' and attend an additional laboratory-based assessment. The survey will include questionnaires measuring psychological, social gendered and, for women only, female-specific health factors. The laboratory assessment will measure body composition, bone mineral density and blood biomarkers. A subset of women will be invited to participate in qualitative interviews to understand women runners' experiences of female-specific health factors and their association with running behaviour.</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>Findings from TRAIL-W, approved by the La Trobe University Human Ethics Committee, will address critical research gaps by describing and exploring the diverse factors that may influence women runners' knee health.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e003132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12983689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147463798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributors to negative biopsychosocial outcomes in rugby players (CoNBO): part 1 the systematic review.","authors":"James Parmley, Sarah Whitehead, Daniel Weaving, Kevin Till, Stephen W West, James Brown, Matt Cross, Phil Davies, Éanna C Falvey, Sharron Flahive, Andrew J Gardner, Sharief Hendricks, Rich Johnston, Simon P T Kemp, Stephen D Mellalieu, Cameron Owen, Gemma Phillips, Carlos Ramirez, Sean Scantlebury, Lindsay Starling, Joshua Stein, Keith Stokes, Dane Vishnubala, Ben Jones","doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002549","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review aimed to establish the contributors to negative biopsychosocial outcomes in rugby, defined as unexpected adverse changes in players' physical, psychological, social or health status.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL.</p><p><strong>Eligibility criteria: </strong>Studies were eligible if they investigated a physical, psychological or social factor which results in a negative biopsychosocial outcome in men's or women's rugby union, league or sevens. Studies were excluded if they did not differentiate outcome measures between rugby and other sports or did not differentiate outcome measures (ie, positive or negative) between physical/psychological/social factors and other factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>9165 studies were identified in the initial search and two studies were identified from reference lists, 151 of which met the inclusion criteria (104 rugby union, 46 rugby league, 6 rugby sevens; 141 men, 16 women; 37 youth populations). 29 contributor groups and eight negative biopsychosocial outcome groups were identified. Previous injury (n=26), physical characteristics (n=32), training and match load (n=30) and factors within the contact event (n=22) were the most identified contributor groups. The negative biopsychosocial outcome of injury was investigated by 84% of studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the systematic review summarises the contributors to negative biopsychosocial outcomes within the current evidence base. There is a focus on previous injury, physical characteristics, training and match load and factors within the contact event as contributors to negative biopsychosocial outcomes. Eight studies investigated women's cohorts independently from men; this underrepresentation within the literature could lead to the potential omittance of women-specific contributors.</p><p><strong>Prospero registration: </strong>https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42022346751.</p>","PeriodicalId":47417,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"e002549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12983903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147463792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}