Explorations in Economic History最新文献

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Labor coercion, fiscal modernization, and state capacity: Evidence from colonial Indonesia 劳动胁迫、财政现代化和国家能力:殖民时期印度尼西亚的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632
Mark Hup
{"title":"Labor coercion, fiscal modernization, and state capacity: Evidence from colonial Indonesia","authors":"Mark Hup","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What explains the emergence of centralized fiscal institutions and information-intensive monetary taxation? This is the first study to estimate the effect of state capacity expansion on labor coercion as taxation, a practice known as corvée labor. To do so, I construct a new database covering eighteen Indonesian residencies over thirty-two years (1874–1905) during the period of Dutch colonial rule. I document the wide use of corvée labor and find that national-level policy centralized state finances by gradually replacing corvée with a head tax. At the same time, a residency-level panel data analysis shows that local state capacity expansion, primarily indigenous officials working as agents for the state, slowed the movement away from corvée. These estimates are supported by an IV strategy that uses effective distance to the capital as an instrument for local state capacity. The relationship between state capacity expansion and fiscal modernization therefore depends on what part of the state is expanding and whether interests across types of taxation differ within the state bureaucracy. Opposing interests of different state actors can be key in understanding fiscal modernization and public labor coercion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Family first: Defining, constructing, and applying historical patent families 家族第一:定义、构建和应用历史专利族
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101627
David E. Andersson , Matti La Mela , Fredrik Tell
{"title":"Family first: Defining, constructing, and applying historical patent families","authors":"David E. Andersson ,&nbsp;Matti La Mela ,&nbsp;Fredrik Tell","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article presents a novel method that enables the formation of historical patent families. Patent families are useful for studying the value of inventions and identifying key technologies, as they indicate geographic diffusion and higher patenting costs. The concept of patent family has not been employed in historical contexts as historical sources generally lack information about priority rights. The article provides a definition of a historical patent family, where patent families incorporate patents with the same invention core. The method is applied and evaluated by constructing Swedish patent families in 1885–1914 with historical patent data from Finland and the United States. Moreover, the article introduces the Patent Diffusion Index (PDI), which is an indicator of historical patent families which can be used to study the sequence and pace of market entry. The article exemplifies how historical patent families open novel perspectives on patent value and technology diffusion in contrast to current indicators, such as patent fees, which usually are bound to national contexts. The method is applicable to any national patent data, and patent drawings are suggested as an effective way to form historical patent families.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
(In-kind) Wages and labour relations in the Middle Ages: It’s not (all) about the money (实物)中世纪的工资和劳资关系:不是(全部)为了钱
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101626
Jordan Claridge , Vincent Delabastita , Spike Gibbs
{"title":"(In-kind) Wages and labour relations in the Middle Ages: It’s not (all) about the money","authors":"Jordan Claridge ,&nbsp;Vincent Delabastita ,&nbsp;Spike Gibbs","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the prevalence of in-kind wages in medieval labour markets and the underlying reasons for their use. Using a new dataset of agricultural labourers in medieval England, we demonstrate that, until the late fourteenth century, wages were recorded anonymously and most remuneration was done through in-kind payment. From the 1370s, however, labour remuneration shifted increasingly to cash and workers began to be named individually in the accounts which recorded their wages. We argue that these changes reveal a fundamental shift in labour relations in late medieval England, providing new empirical insights into the ‘golden age of labour’ that followed the Black Death.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Elite persistence and inequality in the Danish West Indies, 1760–1914 1760-1914 年丹麦西印度群岛的精英持续与不平等现象
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101636
Stefania Galli , Dimitrios Theodoridis , Klas Rönnbäck
{"title":"Elite persistence and inequality in the Danish West Indies, 1760–1914","authors":"Stefania Galli ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Theodoridis ,&nbsp;Klas Rönnbäck","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The issue of how elites as a social group form, maintain their position, and influence the society they control is central to the debate on inequality. This paper studies one of the most extremely unequal societies ever recorded — the sugar-based economies in the West Indies — by focusing on the island of St. Croix in the Danish West Indies and examines the emergence and persistence of its economic elite. The study relies on a novel dataset that covers the entire population of the island over 154 years, allowing for a long-run analysis of elite persistence and the effects of significant economic, institutional, and social changes. Our study shows that elite persistence remained high in global comparison throughout the period of interest, despite several 'critical junctures'. These junctures only had a temporary effect. We contend that this result can be attributed to three mechanisms of persistence: inheritance, institutional co-optation and limited franchise. Finally, we find that although the Crucian elite maintained its relative standing, it came at the cost of severe impoverishment in absolute terms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101636"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Access to kin, economic stress, and late-life mortality in North Orkney, Scotland, 1851–1911 1851-1911 年苏格兰北奥克尼的亲属关系、经济压力和晚年死亡率
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622
Julia A. Jennings
{"title":"Access to kin, economic stress, and late-life mortality in North Orkney, Scotland, 1851–1911","authors":"Julia A. Jennings","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper analyzes the effects of kin availability and short-term economic stress on mortality among older adults in North Orkney, Scotland in the mid-19th through early 20th century. The mortality of those aged 60+ is associated with high oatmeal prices lagged by one year, a delayed effect that may suggest that buffering mechanisms are less effective in the longer term or that relative to younger groups, older adults are better able to cope with the immediate effects of stress. Associations between mortality risk and indicators of kin availability vary by individual sociodemographic characteristics, but they are limited to close kin in both the spatial and genealogical sense. Benefits of nearby, but not coresident kin accrue only to ever-married men during times of high food prices. Coresident and nearby kin are associated with complex patterns of mortality risk, suggesting that family relationships may represent a resource in some circumstances, but a liability in others. There is limited evidence for the effects of expansive kin support for aging adults and support flows do not always favor the older generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Skill, race, and wage inequality in British Tanganyika 英属坦噶尼喀的技能、种族和工资不平等
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625
Sascha Klocke
{"title":"Skill, race, and wage inequality in British Tanganyika","authors":"Sascha Klocke","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High racial disparities between Europeans and Africans and high skill premiums are recurrent themes in the literature on inequality in colonial Africa. However, their determinants and effects on inequality remain underexplored. This paper investigates wage inequality, skill premiums, and racial discrimination in British Tanganyika from c. 1920 to 1960. It provides first estimates for wage inequality and race premiums in Tanganyika and extends the coverage of earlier skill premium estimates. Initially, wage inequality in Tanganyika was comparable to neighbouring Kenya and Uganda, but it remained higher in the late colonial period. A primary driver of wage inequality was racial wage disparity, which was partly caused by racial discrimination. Skill premiums also played an important and increasing role and were higher than previously thought. The Tanganyikan administration's failure to expand African education to meet skilled labour demand significantly contributed to racial income differences and wage inequality within the African labour force.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Colonial legacies and wealth inequality in Kenya 肯尼亚的殖民遗产与财富不平等
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623
Rebecca Simson
{"title":"Colonial legacies and wealth inequality in Kenya","authors":"Rebecca Simson","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article discusses the evolution of Kenya's wealth distribution from the late 1950s to the present. Utilizing previously untapped probate and administration sources, it measures the share of Kenyans leaving estates at death, and maps how this wealth-owning strata has changed over time. It shows a growth in African estates after independence, and by the 1980s roughly 8 % of Kenyans left estates at death, largely a consequence of land titling and land reform. Meanwhile, European estates dwindled as settlers divested. Since the 1990s, Nairobi-based estate-holders are growing in share, reflecting the importance of urban property to the portfolios of the wealthy. Measures of top wealth shares suggest high wealth inequality in both the late colonial period and the present, but today's wealth inequality is driven by the uneven distribution of housing wealth, more so than by agricultural land. These findings illustrate how a variety of colonial legacies influenced wealth accumulation in postcolonial Kenya.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corporations and partnerships: Factory productivity in late Imperial Russia 公司与伙伴关系:帝国晚期俄罗斯的工厂生产力
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621
Nikita Lychakov
{"title":"Corporations and partnerships: Factory productivity in late Imperial Russia","authors":"Nikita Lychakov","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using factory-level data from an official manufacturing census, I examine productivity among two forms of enterprise in the Russian Empire from around 1908. I find that despite having 60 times more financial capital, factories owned by corporations did not outperform those owned by ordinary and limited partnerships. Although corporations were more mechanized per worker, both enterprise forms attained equal capital and labor productivity and total factor productivity. Corporations attained higher labor productivity than partnerships only in the metals and machinery industry. These findings suggest that Russian factories used the corporate form's unique advantages in a rather limited way: to build larger factories and undertake larger projects, but not to enhance productivity beyond the level of the partnership form. I also find that there were fewer accidents per worker at partnership-owned factories than at corporations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethnic wealth inequality in England and Wales, 1858–2018 英格兰和威尔士的种族财富不平等,1858-2018 年
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617
Neil Cummins
{"title":"Ethnic wealth inequality in England and Wales, 1858–2018","authors":"Neil Cummins","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using surnames from the universe of death and wealth-at-death records in England and Wales, from 1858 to 2018, I document the emergence of a modern ethnic wealth gradient. Historically, Non-British ethnicities have average wealth 2–5 times that of the English. However, this premium has decreased over the 20th century. By 1980, non-British ethnicities have no advantage over the British. However, this masks considerable heterogeneity within the non-British ethnicity group. Europeans typically die significantly richer than the English whereas the Pakistani and Swedish die significantly poorer. Some groups always have lower wealth. The Irish, have wealth around 50% of the average English throughout. Surprisingly, the most egalitarian measure of wealth is representation within the top 1%. Most ethnicities have an equal, or greater, representation in the top 1% than the English, 1980–1992. Despite large differences in average wealth between ethnicities, the vast majority of variation, 97.5% is between individuals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000433/pdfft?md5=f9f06f75618f045bc73419d02a79b0c1&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000433-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fertility responses to short-term economic stress: Price volatility and wealth shocks in a pre-transitional settler colony 生育率对短期经济压力的反应:过渡前殖民地的价格波动和财富冲击
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620
Jeanne Cilliers , Martine Mariotti , Igor Martins
{"title":"Fertility responses to short-term economic stress: Price volatility and wealth shocks in a pre-transitional settler colony","authors":"Jeanne Cilliers ,&nbsp;Martine Mariotti ,&nbsp;Igor Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the effects of short-term economic stress, captured by general price volatility and a negative wealth shock on short-run fertility behavior in the rural pre-transitional society of the Cape Colony. First, we link complete birth histories of settler women from the South African Families database to consumer price index data to examine the effect of price volatility on conceptions. Next, we link the same birth histories to slave owner and slave emancipation data to examine the effect of a negative wealth shock on conception. Upon slave emancipation in 1834, former slave owners received on average only between 40 and 50 % of the market value of their slaves as compensation, resulting in a substantial reduction in their wealth. Relying on event history models that look simultaneously at stopping and spacing, we do not find strong evidence in support of fertility control in response to general price volatility. We do find greater variance in birth interval lengths for former slaveholding households during and immediately after emancipation, suggesting that a negative wealth shock is associated with increased fertility limitation through postponement in this context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000469/pdfft?md5=0d49afd2c88aedfbe9f006be89c51f3c&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000469-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142058019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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