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Explorations in Economic History最新文献

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Reassessing the great compression among top earners: The overlooked role of taxation and self-employment 重新评估高收入者的巨大压力：税收和自营职业被忽视的作用
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101651
Miguel Artola Blanco , Victor Manuel Gómez-Blanco
{"title":"Reassessing the great compression among top earners: The overlooked role of taxation and self-employment","authors":"Miguel Artola Blanco ,&nbsp;Victor Manuel Gómez-Blanco","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides new estimates of wage inequality in the United States from 1918 to 1949, leveraging a novel top-income methodology that integrates both tax records and census data. Our analysis reveals no sustained decline in wage inequality before the Second World War but a marked decrease during the war years. This decline was driven primarily by stagnation among the top 1 % of earners and significant wage growth at the lower end of the income distribution. However, the relative underperformance of the top earners was largely influenced by a major compositional shift triggered by unprecedented increases in corporate and personal income tax rates. These tax changes led to a shift in business preferences toward partnerships, resulting in a substantial transition from salaried employment to self-employment. This shift, previously overlooked in inequality studies, resulted in a 30 % overestimation of wage compression, significantly altering the wage distribution dynamics of the 1940s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Aftermath of the February Flood of 1825: Social and Demographic Change in the Krummhörn Region, East Frisia 1825 年二月洪灾的后果：东弗里斯兰克鲁姆霍恩地区的社会和人口变化
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101650
Kai P. Willführ , Josep Sottile Perez
{"title":"The Aftermath of the February Flood of 1825: Social and Demographic Change in the Krummhörn Region, East Frisia","authors":"Kai P. Willführ ,&nbsp;Josep Sottile Perez","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In February 1825, the dikes broke after a spring tide in the Krummhörn region in East Frisia, Germany, causing a severe disaster. Although the flood did not claim many victims, substantial damage was done to the farmland, and the economic crisis that followed permanently changed the social structure in the Krummhörn. We study family reconstitutions of the region linked to information about socioeconomic status, detailed reports of the flood damage, and information on crop prices for the entire study period. We innovate on the literature through our reconstruction of property damage at the parish level, as well as of the economic development in the region, combined with family reconstitutions. We investigate the short-term impact of the flood on marital fertility and child mortality, as well as the long-term impact on age at first childbirth and age at first marriage of individuals who experienced the flood early in life. We use Cox proportional hazard models to study mortality. The timing and the likelihood of transitions are investigated with the help of mixed parametric cure models. We find that child mortality, but not infant mortality, increased in the flood aftermath, but that this increase in mortality was not attributable to the flood-related damage. Furthermore, we find no evidence of changes in the timing of first childbirth or marriage among the affected individuals. These findings contrast with the results of several other studies indicating that external shocks and crisis experience early in life affect life course outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
World War II service and the GI Bill: New evidence on selection and veterans’ outcomes from linked census records 第二次世界大战服务和退伍军人法案：来自相关人口普查记录的选择和退伍军人结果的新证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101649
William J. Collins , Ariell Zimran
{"title":"World War II service and the GI Bill: New evidence on selection and veterans’ outcomes from linked census records","authors":"William J. Collins ,&nbsp;Ariell Zimran","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine new datasets of records linked between the 1940 and 1950 US censuses to characterize selection into military service during World War II and to analyze differences in veterans’ post-war educational and labor market outcomes relative to nonveterans. Motivated by potentially disparate selection into and effects of service, we pay particular attention to groups distinguished by age, pre-war educational attainment, race, and nativity. We find that veterans were positively selected on pre-war educational attainment, but negatively or neutrally selected in terms of own or fathers’ pre-war labor market characteristics. Younger veterans fared better in terms of education and labor market outcomes in 1950 than nonveterans who were observationally similar in 1940. Older veterans exhibited relative gains in education compared to observationally similar nonveterans, but not in labor market outcomes. Black veterans’ relative gains in education were large, but black veterans not in school were less likely to be employed than observationally similar nonveterans in 1950. All groups of veterans were more likely to be government employees after the war and were under-represented in self employment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 101649"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Agglomeration and creativity in early modern Britain 近代早期英国的集聚与创造力
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101644
Gary W. Cox , Valentin Figueroa
{"title":"Agglomeration and creativity in early modern Britain","authors":"Gary W. Cox ,&nbsp;Valentin Figueroa","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When did western cities become the engines of creativity modern theorists envision them to be? We approach this issue by investigating how much elite authors benefited from agglomerating in early modern London. Building a new panel dataset documenting the place of residence and annual publications of 2,026 prolific authors over the period 1482–1800, we conduct longitudinal author-level analyses. Our results suggest agglomeration benefits in London’s knowledge economy reached levels comparable to those documented in modern cities by the late 16th century. Exploring mechanisms, we find that moving to London improved opportunities for collaboration and, relatedly, the quality of books produced. We find similar agglomeration economies (and mechanisms) in the towns leading Britain’s industrial revolution in the 18th century (but not before).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 101644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Are some piece rates better than others? Cross-sectional variation in piece rates at a US cotton factory 有些计件工资率比其他计件工资率高吗？美国一家棉纺厂计件工资的横截面变化
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101631
Joyce Burnette
{"title":"Are some piece rates better than others? Cross-sectional variation in piece rates at a US cotton factory","authors":"Joyce Burnette","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While piece rates were a common form of payment in manufacturing, historians have rarely tried to understand the cross-sectional structure of piece-rate prices. This paper examines piece rates paid to weavers at a US cotton factory and demonstrates that in most cases expected daily earnings were constant across different piece rates. While some rates did result in higher daily earnings, there is no evidence of gender discrimination in the assignment of such rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reservoirs of power: The political legacy of dam construction in Franco’s Spain 权力水库：佛朗哥时期西班牙大坝建设的政治遗产
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101628
Gema Lax-Martinez
{"title":"Reservoirs of power: The political legacy of dam construction in Franco’s Spain","authors":"Gema Lax-Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper delves into infrastructure projects initiated during the dictatorship in Spain, particularly the construction of reservoirs and dams. These projects were instrumental in bolstering support for right-wing factions advocating for Franco’s regime over the years. However, our research reveals a notable trend: areas where dams were erected by the regime demonstrate diminished political backing for right-wing parties in the post-dictatorship era. We present evidence suggesting that this phenomenon is driven by the use of forced labor in dam construction by the regime, as inferred from the proximity to concentration camps. To address endogeneity concerns, we instrument dam construction with river gradient suitability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wealth and history: A reappraisal 财富与历史：重新评估
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101624
Daniel Waldenström
{"title":"Wealth and history: A reappraisal","authors":"Daniel Waldenström","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study revisits trends and drivers of wealth inequality and accumulation since the onset of industrialization. Empirical analysis reveals that Western countries are both wealthier and more equal today than a century ago. Wealth concentration has declined in all countries over the past century, remaining at historically low levels in Europe, while rising in the United States. These trends are largely driven by new wealth accumulation among the lower and middle classes, primarily through housing and pension savings, rather than a decline in the fortunes of the affluent. The findings challenge the view that unregulated capitalism inevitably leads to extreme wealth concentration and question the idea that wealth equalization requires shocks to capital, such as wars or progressive taxation. Instead, the evidence emphasizes the equitable effects of economic and political institutions that enable ordinary individuals to build personal wealth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Black–white lifetime earnings gap 黑人与白人终生收入差距
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101629
Ezra Karger , Anthony Wray
{"title":"The Black–white lifetime earnings gap","authors":"Ezra Karger ,&nbsp;Anthony Wray","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The average white male born in 1900 earned 2.6 times more labor income over their lifetime than the average Black male. This gap is nearly twice as large as the more commonly studied cross-sectional Black–white earnings gap because 48% of Black males born in 1900 died before the age of 30 as compared to just 26% of white males. We calibrate a model of optimal consumption in a world with mortality risk to data describing the life-cycle earnings and survival probabilities of Black and white males born between 1900 and 1970. We find that convergence in Black and white mortality rates led to a 50% reduction in Black–white welfare gaps between the 1900 and 1920 birth cohorts, even as cross-sectional Black–white income gaps for those cohorts remained relatively constant. However, the Black–white welfare gap stagnated for the 1920 to 1970 birth cohorts as gaps in Black–white life expectancy and income remained stable and large.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Speed of convergence in a Malthusian world: Weak or strong homeostasis? 马尔萨斯世界的趋同速度：弱平衡还是强平衡？
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101634
Arnaud Deseau
{"title":"Speed of convergence in a Malthusian world: Weak or strong homeostasis?","authors":"Arnaud Deseau","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Malthusian trap is a well recognized source of stagnation in per capita income prior to industrialization. However, previous studies have found mixed evidence about its exact strength. This article contributes to this ongoing debate by estimating the speed of convergence for a panel of 9 preindustrial European economies over a long period of time (14th–18th century). The analysis relies on a calibrated Malthusian model for England and <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>-convergence regressions. I find evidence of significant differences in the strength of the Malthusian trap between preindustrial European economies. The strongest estimated Malthusian trap is in Sweden, with a half-life of 20 years. The weakest estimated Malthusian trap is in England, with a half-life of about 230 years. This implies that some preindustrial economies were able to experience prolonged variations in their standards of living after a shock, while still being subject to Malthusian stagnation in the long run.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Labor coercion, fiscal modernization, and state capacity: Evidence from colonial Indonesia 劳动胁迫、财政现代化和国家能力：殖民时期印度尼西亚的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632
Mark Hup
{"title":"Labor coercion, fiscal modernization, and state capacity: Evidence from colonial Indonesia","authors":"Mark Hup","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What explains the emergence of centralized fiscal institutions and information-intensive monetary taxation? This is the first study to estimate the effect of state capacity expansion on labor coercion as taxation, a practice known as corvée labor. To do so, I construct a new database covering eighteen Indonesian residencies over thirty-two years (1874–1905) during the period of Dutch colonial rule. I document the wide use of corvée labor and find that national-level policy centralized state finances by gradually replacing corvée with a head tax. At the same time, a residency-level panel data analysis shows that local state capacity expansion, primarily indigenous officials working as agents for the state, slowed the movement away from corvée. These estimates are supported by an IV strategy that uses effective distance to the capital as an instrument for local state capacity. The relationship between state capacity expansion and fiscal modernization therefore depends on what part of the state is expanding and whether interests across types of taxation differ within the state bureaucracy. Opposing interests of different state actors can be key in understanding fiscal modernization and public labor coercion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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