土地不平等与人口结果:19世纪托斯卡纳乡村土地获取与人口制度的关系

IF 2.6 1区 历史学 Q1 ECONOMICS
M. Manfredini , A. Fornasin , M. Breschi
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在工业化前的意大利农村,小农、佃农和日工之间的差异明显体现在他们获得土地的不平等上,这极大地影响了他们的生活水平、家庭结构和社会经济条件。本文使用1819年至1859年的名义数据,首先探讨了不同农民类别如何根据他们与土地的联系调整他们的人口行为,然后在短期压力因素(如价格上涨和/或流行病)改变现有均衡时,他们如何可能被修改。结果显示,与完全依赖市场获得基本食物供应的日工相比,拥有土地的群体不那么脆弱,也不容易受到经济危机的影响。在高物价时期,日工的经济状况迅速下降,导致死亡率上升、移民和婚姻推迟。然而,获得土地也与旨在控制家庭消费和使男性劳动力最大化的人口结构有关。这包括严格控制婚姻、提高生育率和选择性流动,所有这些都可能在危机和物价上涨时期加剧。这些调查结果强调了对有地群体和无地群体进行简单分类的不足之处,强调有必要根据家庭与土地的关系和联系对家庭进行更复杂的了解。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Land Inequality and Demographic Outcomes: The Relationship between Access to Land and the Demographic System in 19th-century Rural Tuscany
In pre-industrial rural Italy, the disparities among smallholders, sharecroppers, and day laborers were starkly defined by their unequal access to land, which significantly influenced their living standards, family structures, and socioeconomic conditions. This paper uses nominative data from 1819 to 1859 to first explore how the different peasant categories adjusted their demographic behaviors according to their tie to the land, and then how they were possibly modified when short-term stressors, such as price increase and/or epidemics, altered the existing equilibrium.
The results reveal that the groups with access to land where less vulnerable and less susceptible to economic crises compared to day laborers, who relied entirely on the market for essential food supplies. During periods of high prices, day laborers experienced a rapid decline in their economic situation, leading to increased mortality, migration, and postponement of marriages. However, access to land was also associated with a demographic pattern aimed at both controlling household consumption and maximizing the male labor force. This included strict control over marriages, increased fertility, and selective mobility, all of which could intensify during crises and periods of rising prices.
These findings underscore the inadequacy of the simplistic classification of landed versus landless groups, emphasizing the necessity for a more sophisticated understanding of households based on their relationship and connections with the land.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.50
自引率
8.70%
发文量
27
期刊介绍: Explorations in Economic History provides broad coverage of the application of economic analysis to historical episodes. The journal has a tradition of innovative applications of theory and quantitative techniques, and it explores all aspects of economic change, all historical periods, all geographical locations, and all political and social systems. The journal includes papers by economists, economic historians, demographers, geographers, and sociologists. Explorations in Economic History is the only journal where you will find "Essays in Exploration." This unique department alerts economic historians to the potential in a new area of research, surveying the recent literature and then identifying the most promising issues to pursue.
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