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Explorations in Economic History最新文献

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Access to kin, economic stress, and late-life mortality in North Orkney, Scotland, 1851–1911 1851-1911 年苏格兰北奥克尼的亲属关系、经济压力和晚年死亡率
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622
Julia A. Jennings
{"title":"Access to kin, economic stress, and late-life mortality in North Orkney, Scotland, 1851–1911","authors":"Julia A. Jennings","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper analyzes the effects of kin availability and short-term economic stress on mortality among older adults in North Orkney, Scotland in the mid-19th through early 20th century. The mortality of those aged 60+ is associated with high oatmeal prices lagged by one year, a delayed effect that may suggest that buffering mechanisms are less effective in the longer term or that relative to younger groups, older adults are better able to cope with the immediate effects of stress. Associations between mortality risk and indicators of kin availability vary by individual sociodemographic characteristics, but they are limited to close kin in both the spatial and genealogical sense. Benefits of nearby, but not coresident kin accrue only to ever-married men during times of high food prices. Coresident and nearby kin are associated with complex patterns of mortality risk, suggesting that family relationships may represent a resource in some circumstances, but a liability in others. There is limited evidence for the effects of expansive kin support for aging adults and support flows do not always favor the older generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Skill, race, and wage inequality in British Tanganyika 英属坦噶尼喀的技能、种族和工资不平等
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625
Sascha Klocke
{"title":"Skill, race, and wage inequality in British Tanganyika","authors":"Sascha Klocke","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High racial disparities between Europeans and Africans and high skill premiums are recurrent themes in the literature on inequality in colonial Africa. However, their determinants and effects on inequality remain underexplored. This paper investigates wage inequality, skill premiums, and racial discrimination in British Tanganyika from c. 1920 to 1960. It provides first estimates for wage inequality and race premiums in Tanganyika and extends the coverage of earlier skill premium estimates. Initially, wage inequality in Tanganyika was comparable to neighbouring Kenya and Uganda, but it remained higher in the late colonial period. A primary driver of wage inequality was racial wage disparity, which was partly caused by racial discrimination. Skill premiums also played an important and increasing role and were higher than previously thought. The Tanganyikan administration's failure to expand African education to meet skilled labour demand significantly contributed to racial income differences and wage inequality within the African labour force.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Colonial legacies and wealth inequality in Kenya 肯尼亚的殖民遗产与财富不平等
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623
Rebecca Simson
{"title":"Colonial legacies and wealth inequality in Kenya","authors":"Rebecca Simson","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article discusses the evolution of Kenya's wealth distribution from the late 1950s to the present. Utilizing previously untapped probate and administration sources, it measures the share of Kenyans leaving estates at death, and maps how this wealth-owning strata has changed over time. It shows a growth in African estates after independence, and by the 1980s roughly 8 % of Kenyans left estates at death, largely a consequence of land titling and land reform. Meanwhile, European estates dwindled as settlers divested. Since the 1990s, Nairobi-based estate-holders are growing in share, reflecting the importance of urban property to the portfolios of the wealthy. Measures of top wealth shares suggest high wealth inequality in both the late colonial period and the present, but today's wealth inequality is driven by the uneven distribution of housing wealth, more so than by agricultural land. These findings illustrate how a variety of colonial legacies influenced wealth accumulation in postcolonial Kenya.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Corporations and partnerships: Factory productivity in late Imperial Russia 公司与伙伴关系：帝国晚期俄罗斯的工厂生产力
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621
Nikita Lychakov
{"title":"Corporations and partnerships: Factory productivity in late Imperial Russia","authors":"Nikita Lychakov","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using factory-level data from an official manufacturing census, I examine productivity among two forms of enterprise in the Russian Empire from around 1908. I find that despite having 60 times more financial capital, factories owned by corporations did not outperform those owned by ordinary and limited partnerships. Although corporations were more mechanized per worker, both enterprise forms attained equal capital and labor productivity and total factor productivity. Corporations attained higher labor productivity than partnerships only in the metals and machinery industry. These findings suggest that Russian factories used the corporate form's unique advantages in a rather limited way: to build larger factories and undertake larger projects, but not to enhance productivity beyond the level of the partnership form. I also find that there were fewer accidents per worker at partnership-owned factories than at corporations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethnic wealth inequality in England and Wales, 1858–2018 英格兰和威尔士的种族财富不平等，1858-2018 年
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617
Neil Cummins
{"title":"Ethnic wealth inequality in England and Wales, 1858–2018","authors":"Neil Cummins","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using surnames from the universe of death and wealth-at-death records in England and Wales, from 1858 to 2018, I document the emergence of a modern ethnic wealth gradient. Historically, Non-British ethnicities have average wealth 2–5 times that of the English. However, this premium has decreased over the 20th century. By 1980, non-British ethnicities have no advantage over the British. However, this masks considerable heterogeneity within the non-British ethnicity group. Europeans typically die significantly richer than the English whereas the Pakistani and Swedish die significantly poorer. Some groups always have lower wealth. The Irish, have wealth around 50% of the average English throughout. Surprisingly, the most egalitarian measure of wealth is representation within the top 1%. Most ethnicities have an equal, or greater, representation in the top 1% than the English, 1980–1992. Despite large differences in average wealth between ethnicities, the vast majority of variation, 97.5% is between individuals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000433/pdfft?md5=f9f06f75618f045bc73419d02a79b0c1&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000433-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fertility responses to short-term economic stress: Price volatility and wealth shocks in a pre-transitional settler colony 生育率对短期经济压力的反应：过渡前殖民地的价格波动和财富冲击
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620
Jeanne Cilliers , Martine Mariotti , Igor Martins
{"title":"Fertility responses to short-term economic stress: Price volatility and wealth shocks in a pre-transitional settler colony","authors":"Jeanne Cilliers ,&nbsp;Martine Mariotti ,&nbsp;Igor Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the effects of short-term economic stress, captured by general price volatility and a negative wealth shock on short-run fertility behavior in the rural pre-transitional society of the Cape Colony. First, we link complete birth histories of settler women from the South African Families database to consumer price index data to examine the effect of price volatility on conceptions. Next, we link the same birth histories to slave owner and slave emancipation data to examine the effect of a negative wealth shock on conception. Upon slave emancipation in 1834, former slave owners received on average only between 40 and 50 % of the market value of their slaves as compensation, resulting in a substantial reduction in their wealth. Relying on event history models that look simultaneously at stopping and spacing, we do not find strong evidence in support of fertility control in response to general price volatility. We do find greater variance in birth interval lengths for former slaveholding households during and immediately after emancipation, suggesting that a negative wealth shock is associated with increased fertility limitation through postponement in this context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000469/pdfft?md5=0d49afd2c88aedfbe9f006be89c51f3c&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000469-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142058019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transportation, decentralization, and path dependence: How did the old tramway shape Shanghai, China? 交通、分散化和路径依赖：老式有轨电车如何塑造了中国上海？
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101619
Mingxi Li
{"title":"Transportation, decentralization, and path dependence: How did the old tramway shape Shanghai, China?","authors":"Mingxi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article studies the short- and long-run economic consequences of the now-extinct Shanghai tramway. Tramway was the primary mode of transportation in Shanghai between 1908 and the 1930s, continuing to operate until 1975. With the geolocation of the tramway lines on both historical cadastral maps and current Google maps, the article finds that after the arrival of the tramway, land lots close to the tramway lines experienced a larger increase in land value relative to those far away from the tramway lines, and that the reduction in transportation costs led to a flattening land value gradient with respect to distance from the central business district (CBD). It also finds that the tramway still influences the current pattern of urban land value, even nearly fifty years after the removal of the last tramway track. Such persistent influence can be largely explained by the follow-on amenities near the tramway lines. The evidence found in this article suggests that the tramway in Shanghai promoted decentralization by enhancing accessibility to the CBD from distant locations in its heyday, and influences modern behaviors through the mutually reinforced private and public coordination of economic activities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141998430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Land reform and agrarian socialism in interwar Europe: Evidence from 1930s Spain before civil war 战时欧洲的土地改革和农业社会主义：内战前 1930 年代西班牙的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101618
Jordi Domènech , Ilona Lahdelma , Pablo Martinelli
{"title":"Land reform and agrarian socialism in interwar Europe: Evidence from 1930s Spain before civil war","authors":"Jordi Domènech ,&nbsp;Ilona Lahdelma ,&nbsp;Pablo Martinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper studies the effects of various types of land reform on the voting of the rural poor in a developing, largely agrarian economy such as 1930s Spain. Using municipal-level electoral results in a region with intense but heterogeneous land-related interventions, we find that permanent transfers of land had the greatest positive impact on voting for leftist candidates, followed by temporary transfers of land aimed at alleviating the problem of seasonal unemployment. Poorly planned temporary transfers of land without adequate funding for beneficiaries made the landless more vulnerable to landowner control and had the opposite result. Our results show that the secret ballot might be insufficient to guarantee the free vote of economically dependent landless laborers. They also show that land reforms with poor support for beneficiaries might backfire.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000445/pdfft?md5=165fa7addbdbc2f2a02e799e193a5c00&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000445-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bank failures and economic activity: Evidence from the progressive era 银行倒闭与经济活动：进步时代的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101616
Marco del Angel , Gary Richardson , Michael Gou
{"title":"Bank failures and economic activity: Evidence from the progressive era","authors":"Marco del Angel ,&nbsp;Gary Richardson ,&nbsp;Michael Gou","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the Progressive Era (1900–29), economic growth was rapid but volatile. Boom and busts witnessed the formation and failure of tens of thousands of firms and thousands of banks. This essay uses new data and methods to identify causal links between failures of banks and bankruptcies of firms. Our analysis indicates that bank failures triggered bankruptcies of firms that depended upon banks for ongoing access to commercial credit. Firms that did not depend upon banks for credit did not fail in appreciably larger numbers after banks failed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141909652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Institutional discrimination and assimilation: Evidence from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 制度性歧视与同化：来自 1882 年《排华法案》的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101615
Shuo Chen , Bin Xie
{"title":"Institutional discrimination and assimilation: Evidence from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882","authors":"Shuo Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 marked a pivotal moment in U.S. immigration policy, effectively prohibiting Chinese immigration while institutionalizing discrimination against Asians within American society. This study investigates the repercussions of such institutional discrimination on the assimilation process of Asian immigrants, leveraging the timing of the enactment of the Act and the regional variation in the intensity of discrimination. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that discrimination posed significant obstacles to the labor market integration of Asian immigrants during the Exclusion Era (1882–1943), and Asian immigrants responded to discriminatory practices by investing in human capital, enhancing English proficiency, and adopting Americanized names. Furthermore, the triple-difference estimates reveal that these effects are more pronounced in regions characterized by heightened discrimination against Asians.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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