Scandinavian Journal of Pain最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia according to three fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria: A secondary analysis study.","authors":"Egil A Fors, Knut-Arne Wensaas, Anne-Sofie Helvik","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0143","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) according to different diagnostic criteria in a clinical sample and to explore the clinical characteristics in cases and non-cases by the diagnostic criteria used.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 182 participants, both positive (n = 120) and negative (n = 62) FM individuals according to a clinical, pragmatic classification was used. Their characteristics were explored according to three different FM diagnostic criteria, i.e., the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990, ACR 2016, and APS Pain Taxonomy (AAPT), respectively. Thus, impact of FM (FIQ), symptoms of anxiety and depression (HADS), tender point (TP) counts, and mechanical pressure sensitivity (in kPa) were compared in cases versus non-cases depending on diagnostic criteria of FM used. Descriptive analyses used chi-square statistic for categorical variables and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the clinical positive FM sample (n = 120), n = 99, 108, and 110 persons were diagnosed positive according to the ACR 1990, ACR 2016, and AAPT FM diagnostic criteria, respectively. All these three diagnostic tools discriminated FM positively from diagnostic FM non-cases when measuring TP-counts, mechanical pressures, and most FIQ-items, but they varied for anxiety and depression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of FM differed somewhat with the use of ACR 1990, ACR 2016, and the AAPT as diagnostic tools. The anxiety and depression symptoms differed significantly between cases and non-cases using some but not all the diagnostic criteria. Regarding other FM symptoms, e.g., TPs and most FIQ items, all diagnostic criteria contrasted case from non-case.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142382009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From pain to relief: Exploring the consistency of exercise-induced hypoalgesia.","authors":"Giovanna Laura Neves Antonio Gaban, Maria Ramela Schalch Vivaldini, Luiz Fernando Approbato Selistre","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2024-0024","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2024-0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140866918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare experiences of fibromyalgia patients and their associations with satisfaction and pain relief. A patient survey.","authors":"Sigrid Hørven Wigers, Marit B Veierød, Anne Marit Mengshoel, Karin Øien Forseth, Mina Piiksi Dahli, Niels Gunnar Juel, Bård Natvig","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0141","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The etiology of fibromyalgia (FM) is disputed, and there is no established cure. Quantitative data on how this may affect patients' healthcare experiences are scarce. The present study aims to investigate FM patients' pain-related healthcare experiences and explore factors associated with high satisfaction and pain relief.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An anonymous, online, and patient-administered survey was developed and distributed to members of the Norwegian Fibromyalgia Association. It addressed their pain-related healthcare experiences from both primary and specialist care. Odds ratios for healthcare satisfaction and pain relief were estimated by binary logistic regression. Directed acyclic graphs guided the multivariable analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patients (<i>n</i> = 1,626, mean age: 51 years) were primarily women (95%) with a 21.8-year mean pain duration and 12.7 years in pain before diagnosis. One-third did not understand why they had pain, and 56.6% did not know how to get better. More than half had not received satisfactory information on their pain cause from a physician, and guidance on how to improve was reported below medium. Patients regretted a lack of medical specialized competence on muscle pain and reported many unmet needs, including regular follow-up and pain assessment. Physician-mediated pain relief was low, and guideline adherence was deficient. Only 14.8% were satisfied with non-physician health providers evaluating and treating their pain, and 21.5% were satisfied (46.9% dissatisfied) with their global pain-related healthcare. Patients' knowledge of their condition, physicians' pain competence and provision of information and guidance, agreement in explanations and advice, and the absence of unmet needs significantly increased the odds of both healthcare satisfaction and pain relief.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our survey describes deficiencies in FM patients' pain-related healthcare and suggests areas for improvement to increase healthcare satisfaction and pain relief. (REC# 2019/845, 09.05.19).</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140871977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and measurement error of exercise-induced hypoalgesia in pain-free adults and adults with musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review.","authors":"Vladimir Aron, David Strul, Henrik Bjarke Vaegter, Laurent Pitance, Susan Armijo-Olivo","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0104","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We systematically reviewed the reliability and measurement error of exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) in pain-free adults and in adults with musculoskeletal (MSK) pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched EMBASE, PUBMED, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and PSYCINFO from inception to November 2021 (updated in February 2024). In addition, manual searches of the grey literature were conducted in March 2022, September 2023, and February 2024. The inclusion criteria were as follows: adults - pain-free and with MSK pain - a single bout of exercise (any type) combined with experimental pre-post pain tests, and assessment of the reliability and/or measurement error of EIH. Two independent reviewers selected the studies, assessed their Risk of Bias (RoB) with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) RoB tool, and graded the individual results (COSMIN modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included five studies involving pain-free individuals (<i>n</i> = 168), which were deemed to have an overall \"doubtful\" RoB. No study including adults with MSK pain was found. The following ranges of parameters of reliability and measurement error of EIH were reported: intraclass correlation coefficients: 0-0.61; kappa: 0.01-0.46; standard error of measurement: 30.1-105 kPa and 10.4-21%; smallest detectable changes: 83.54-291.1 kPa and 28.83-58.21%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We concluded, with a very low level of certainty, that the reliability and measurement error of EIH is, in pain-free adults, respectively, \"insufficient\" and \"indeterminate.\" Future studies should focus on people with MSK pain and could consider using tailored exercises, other test modalities than pressure pain threshold, rater/assessor blinding, and strict control of the sources of variations (e.g., participants' expectations).</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140872922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin conductance algesimeter is unreliable during sudden perioperative temperature increases.","authors":"Ulf E Kongsgaard, Robin Johansen Menchini, Stein Gunnar Larsen, Knut Erling Juul-Hansen","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0106","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Pain assessment in anesthetized and non-communicative patients remains a challenge. Clinical signs such as tachycardia, hypertension, sweat and tears, have a low specificity for pain and should therefore ideally be replaced by more specific monitoring techniques. Skin conductance variability has been demonstrated to establish a patients' sensitivity to pain, but may be influenced by temperature changes that leads to profuse sweating. The aim of this pilot study was to test skin conductance changes during sudden temperature changes due to hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) perfusation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated skin conductance algesimeter (SCA) in ten consecutive patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. Results from the SCA was compared to other standard physiological variables at seven time points during the surgical procedure, in particular during the period with hyperthermic intraabdominal perfusion leading to an increase in the patients core temperature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine out of ten patients had an increase in the SCA measurements during the HIPEC phase correlating the increase in temperature.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SCA is unreliable to detect increased pain sensation during sudden perioperative temperature changes in adult patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140869840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paradox pain sensitivity using cuff pressure or algometer testing in patients with hemophilia.","authors":"Pia Ransmann, Fabian Tomschi, Alexander Schmidt, Marius Brühl, Thomas Hilberg","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0128","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pain is a common comorbidity in patients with hemophilia (PwH) due to hemophilic arthropathy. This study aims to explore pain sensitivity in PwH methodologically investigating in cuff pressure testing compared to algometer testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>37 PwH and 35 healthy control subjects (Con) enrolled in this study. Joint health status was assessed. Subjective pain was evaluated using numeric rating scales. Pain sensitivity was measured with pressure algometry and cuff pressure algometry. Pressure pain thresholds of the algometer (PPT_a) were measured at knee, ankle joints, and forehead. Subsequently, thresholds of cuff pressure were measured at the left and right lower legs (PPT_cuff). In both, lower values represent higher pain sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PwH exerted a worse joint health status than Con. Pain sensitivity was higher in PwH compared to Con as PPT_a of the knee and ankle joints were lower in PwH. No difference was observed in PPT_a at the forehead. Contrastingly, lower pain sensitivity was detected in PwH by higher PPT_cuff values compared to Con in both legs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While PPT_a of the knee and ankle joints are lower in PwH, PPT_cuff are higher in PwH compared to Con. This reveals a paradox situation, highlighting that PwH experience local, joint- and hemophilic arthropathy-related pain, whereas pain sensitivity of non-affected soft tissue structures is lower. The reasons explaining the PPT_cuff results remain elusive but might be explained by coping strategies counteracting chronic joint pain, resulting in lower sensitivity at non-affected structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140868565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation is more effective than pregabalin in controlling nociceptive and anxiety-like behaviors in a rat fibromyalgia-like model.","authors":"Vanessa Silva de Souza, Liciane Fernandes Medeiros, Dirson João Stein, Camila Lino de Oliveira, Helouise Richardt Medeiros, Jairo Alberto Dussan-Sarria, Wolnei Caumo, Andressa de Souza, Iraci L S Torres","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0038","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Despite the fact that fibromyalgia, a widespread disease of the musculoskeletal system, has no specific treatment, patients have shown improvement after pharmacological intervention. Pregabalin has demonstrated efficacy; however, its adverse effects may reduce treatment adherence. In this context, neuromodulatory techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be employed as a complementary pain-relieving method. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregabalin and tDCS treatments on the behavioral and biomarker parameters of rats submitted to a fibromyalgia-like model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control and reserpine. Five days after the end of the administration of reserpine (1 mg/kg/3 days) to induce a fibromyalgia-like model, rats were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle or pregabalin (30 mg/kg) along with sham or active- tDCS treatments. The evaluated behavioral parameters included mechanical allodynia by von Frey test and anxiety-like behaviors by elevated plus-maze test (time spent in opened and closed arms, number of entries in opened and closed arms, protected head-dipping, unprotected head-dipping [NPHD], grooming, rearing, fecal boluses). The biomarker analysis (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) was performed in brainstem and cerebral cortex and in serum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>tDCS reversed the reduction in the mechanical nociceptive threshold and the decrease in the serum BDNF levels induced by the model of fibromyalgia; however, there was no effect of pregabalin in the mechanical threshold. There were no effects of pregabalin or tDCS found in TNF-α levels. The pain model induced an increase in grooming time and a decrease in NPHD and rearing; while tDCS reversed the increase in grooming, pregabalin reversed the decrease in NPHD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>tDCS was more effective than pregabalin in controlling nociception and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model-like fibromyalgia. Considering the translational aspect, our findings suggest that tDCS could be a potential non-pharmacological treatment for fibromyalgia.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140337219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Painful differences between different pain scale assessments: The outcome of assessed pain is a matter of the choices of scale and statistics.","authors":"Elisabeth Svensson, Iréne Lund","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0113","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Perceived pain is a multi-factorial subjective variable, commonly measured by numeric rating scales, verbal descriptive scales (VDS), or by a position on an analogue line (VAS). A major question is whether an individual's VAS and VDS pain assessments, on the same occasion, could be comparable. The aim was to compare continuous and discretized VAS pain data with verbal descriptive pain datasets from the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the European Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) in paired pain datasets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The measurement level of data from any type of scale assessments is ordinal, having rank-invariant properties only. Non-parametric statistical methods were used. Two ways of discretizing the VAS-line to VAS-intervals to fit the number of the comparing VDS-categories were used: the commonly used (equidistant VAS,VDS)-pairs and the (unbiased VAS,VDS)-pairs of pain data. The comparability of the (VAS,VDS)-pairs of data of perceived pain was studied by the bivariate ranking approach. Hence, each pair will be regarded as ordered, disordered, or tied with respect to the other pairs of data. The percentage agreement, PA, the measures of disorder, <i>D</i>, and of order consistency, MA, were calculated. Total interchangeability requires PA = 1 and MA = 1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The wide range of overlapping of (VAS,VDS)-pairs indicated that the continuous VAS data were not comparable to any of the VDS pain datasets. The percentage of agreement, PA; in the (equidistant VAS,ODI) and (equidistant VAS, EQ-5D) pairs were 38 and 49%, and the order consistency, MA, was 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. Corresponding results for the (unbiased VAS,VDS)-pairs of pain data were PA: 54 and 100%, and MA: 0.77 and 1.0.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results confirmed that perceived pain is the individual's subjective experience, and possible scale-interchangeability is only study-specific. The pain experience is not possible to be measured univocally, but is possible for the individual to rate on a scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140177135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between cognitive test scores and pain tolerance: The Tromsø study.","authors":"Tonje Anita Melum, Ólöf A Steingrímsdóttir, Henrik B Jacobsen, Bente Johnsen, Audun Stubhaug, Henrik Schirmer, Ellisiv B Mathiesen, Christopher S Nielsen","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0082","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Previous studies have suggested that experimental pain sensitivity is associated with cognitive function. The aim of this study is to assess this relationship in a large population-based sample.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 5,753 participants (aged 40-84 years) from the seventh wave of the population-based Tromsø Study who had been examined with cognitive tests and experimental pain assessments, and for whom information on covariates were available. Cox regression models were fitted using standardized scores on cognitive tests (12-word immediate recall test, digit symbol coding test, and Mini-Mental State Examination [MMS-E]) as the independent variable and cold pressor or cuff pressure pain tolerance as the dependent variables. Statistical adjustment was made for putative confounders, namely, age, sex, education, smoking, exercise, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, symptoms indicating anxiety or depression, analgesic use, and chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In multivariate analysis, cold pressor tolerance time was significantly associated with test scores on the 12-word immediate recall test (hazard ratio [HR] 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-0.97, <i>p</i> < 0.001), the digit symbol coding test (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.98, <i>p</i> = 0.004), and the MMS-E (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.90-0.96 <i>p</i> < 0.001). Tolerance to cuff pressure algometry was significantly associated with 12-word immediate recall (HR 0.94-0.97, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and Digit Symbol Coding test scores (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89-0.96, <i>p</i> < 0.001) while there was no significant association with Mini Mental State Examination test score (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-1.00, <i>p</i> = 0.082).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower pain tolerance was associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140144337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent validity of dynamic bedside quantitative sensory testing paradigms in breast cancer survivors with persistent pain.","authors":"Vincent Haenen, Mira Meeus, Nele Devoogdt, Bart Morlion, Lore Dams, Amber De Groote, Anthe Foubert, An De Groef","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0093","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies on the concurrent validity of clinically applicable testing protocols for conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and temporal summation of pain (TSP) in breast cancer survivors (BCS) with persistent pain are lacking.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigated the concurrent validity of two bedside protocols for CPM and TSP in comparison to a respective reference protocol. The participants' preferences for bedside CPM and TSP protocols were assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty BCS experiencing persistent pain were included in this study. Each participant underwent a reference test along with two bedside alternatives for assessing both TSP and CPM. For CPM, a cold pressor test (CPT) and blood pressure cuff (BPC) were used as conditioning stimulus. The test stimulus was elicited in parallel by pressure pain threshold after 45 and 90 s of conditioning at the lower limb. The CPM reference test consisted of parallel heat stimuli at the forearms using a two-thermode system. TSP was elicited using a von Frey monofilament (256 mN) and an algometer (98 kPa) at the affected site and opposite lower limb. The TSP reference test consisted of heat stimuli at the affected site and opposite lower limb. Participants' testing preference was examined using a purpose-designed questionnaire. Spearman's rank test examined the correlation between protocols.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The two bedside CPM protocols were strongly correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.787-0.939, <i>p</i> < 0.005). A strong correlation was found between the BPC protocol and reference test using the relative effect magnitude (<i>r</i> = 0.541-0.555, <i>p</i> < 0.005). The bedside TSP protocols were moderately correlated with each other only at the lower limb using absolute change scores (<i>r</i> = 0.455, <i>p</i> = 0.012). No significant correlation was found between the bedside and reference TSP protocols.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The significantly moderate to very strong correlations between the bedside protocols validate their interchangeability. Researchers and clinicians should be able to choose which bedside protocol they utilize; however, participants favored the use of a BPC and algometer for the evaluation of CPM and TSP, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140159299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}