Scandinavian Journal of Pain最新文献

{"title":"Coexistence of PTSD symptoms and pain: a network analysis in a trauma-exposed sample with mixed chronic pain complaints.","authors":"Sophia Åkerblom, Linda Nordin, Xiang Zhao","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0003","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Improving treatment outcomes for comorbid chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires a better understanding of how these conditions interact.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined the co-occurrence and interrelations of PTSD symptoms and chronic pain in a trauma-exposed sample recruited from the Pain Rehabilitation Unit at Skåne University Hospital, Sweden. Using a network analysis approach, data from 136 adults with chronic pain and traumatic exposure were analyzed. All DSM-5 PTSD symptoms were assessed at both item and cluster levels, alongside a comprehensive evaluation of chronic pain-covering severity, interference, and extent-as well as common comorbidities, including depression and insomnia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed significant interconnections between specific PTSD symptoms, particularly those related to arousal and reactivity, and pain severity. Negative trauma-related emotions and detachment emerged as central nodes in the PTSD-pain network, suggesting that these symptoms may represent important targets for integrated treatment approaches. In contrast, pain extent showed weak or non-significant associations with PTSD symptoms and other pain-related variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, these findings underscore the need to address both PTSD and chronic pain concurrently in clinical interventions to improve outcomes for individuals with these comorbid conditions. Targeting arousal and reactivity symptoms, identified as potential bridges between the two disorders, could be a promising strategy for enhancing treatment effectiveness. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms linking PTSD and chronic pain and to inform the development of integrated, tailored interventions for this patient population with complex symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147983840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SASP 2026 ABSTRACTS.","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2026-0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breathing therapy as a supplement to opioid management for complex chronic non-cancer pain conditions - a systematic review.","authors":"Lene Moeller Schear Mikkelsen, Sys Weis Loving","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0008","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze whether breathing therapy is effective in reducing pain, improving health-related quality of life, improving physical functioning/activity, and improving sleep quality in patients suffering from complex chronic non-cancer pain conditions (CNCP).</p><p><strong>Content: </strong>An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PEDro, and PsycINFO from inception to October 2024. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials (RCT) examining breathing therapy as a sole or central intervention component in adult patients with CNCP. From 2,369 abstracts, a total of 10 RCTs (n=638) met the inclusion criteria. The population in the selected studies were patients with chronic neck pain, chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia, or tension-typed headache. Breathing therapy significantly improved pain and/or health-related quality of life in six studies. However, the quality of the included RCTs ranged from high to critically low, and substantial heterogeneity in participants, intervention, and methods prevented synthesis of results across studies.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This systematic review highlights breathing therapy as a promising pain management strategy in patients suffering from CNCP. We evaluated two RCTs examining similar daily slow diaphragmatic breathing for 15 min to have a low risk of bias; both demonstrating statistically significant relevant pain reduction up to 37 %. However, the strength of recommendations for clinical practice depends on the level of evidence as indicated by a risk of bias assessment (internal validity), consistency of results between studies, and generalizability (external validity). Based on the findings of this systematic review evidence of breathing therapy invention in patients suffering from CNCP conditions remains sparse.</p><p><strong>Outlook: </strong>Striving to eliminate or minimize opioid management for complex CNCP, high-quality research is needed to reinforce the evidence base for non-pharmacological interventions such as breathing therapy to support modern pain management rather than former traditional pharmacological treatment. Trial registry number: PROSPERO #CRD42023460181.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nurse-led transitional pain service: opioid tapering and early postoperative screening for neuropathic pain characteristics - an observational cohort study.","authors":"Jacqueline van Dijk, Hedi Walravens, Mienke Rijsdijk","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0012","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Fast-track and outpatient surgery have significantly reduced postoperative hospital stays across many surgical specialties. As a result, patients are increasingly discharged with strong opioid prescriptions, contributing to the global opioid crisis. Careful follow-up and opioid tapering are essential. While multidisciplinary Transitional Pain Services (TPS), involving pain specialists, psychologists, and physiotherapists, have shown promise, their widespread implementation is limited by costs and complexity. To address these barriers, we implemented a nurse-led TPS, supervised by a pain specialist and embedded within a multidisciplinary pain clinic. The aim of this study was to evaluate its effectiveness in clinical practice, including a mechanism-based treatment approach to postsurgical pain aimed at opioid tapering and optimizing the use of adjuvant analgesics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational cohort study included postoperative patients discharged with >20 mg oral oxycodone equivalents and/or those experiencing or at risk for neuropathic pain. Referred patients received telephone consultations by a nurse practitioner (NP) one to two weeks post-discharge. Each consultation included assessment of pain severity, neuropathic characteristics (using the first two items of the DN4 questionnaire), current analgesic use, and willingness to taper opioids. Patient education and motivational interviewing techniques were employed to support opioid tapering. Descriptive statistics and paired <i>t</i>-tests were used to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between June 2019 and July 2025, 243 patients were enrolled in the TPS. Following nurse-led counseling, 73 % of patients discontinued opioid use entirely, 23 % significantly tapered their dosage (from mean 101-43 mg oral oxycodone equivalent), and 4 % continued at the same dose. Anti-neuropathic medications were initiated in 22 % of patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A nurse-led Transitional Pain Service is a feasible and effective approach to support opioid tapering in postoperative patients. In addition, early screening for neuropathic pain allows for targeted treatment. This model offers a scalable alternative to traditional multidisciplinary TPS programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for frequency-dependent neuronal \"wind-up\" origin of temporal summation of pain - an experimental crossover investigation.","authors":"Maximilian Bremer, Henriette Janner, Vasyl Hizhko, Andreas Nowak, Alexandra Busemann, Klaus Hahnenkamp, Taras I Usichenko","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0009","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Repetitive noxious stimulation can increase perceived pain intensity, a phenomenon known as Temporal Summation of Pain (TSP), thought to reflect central sensitization via neuronal \"wind-up\" in the spinal cord. As neuronal wind-up occurs only at stimulation frequencies above 0.2 Hz, we have tested whether TSP also appears at two different frequencies using our recently developed TSP protocol in healthy volunteers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized crossover design, 30 healthy male participants (27±4 years) underwent two experimental sessions involving 90 repetitive heat stimuli applied to the forearm at individually determined pain tolerance temperatures. Stimuli were delivered using a thermode at either 0.4 or 0.15 Hz. Pain intensity was rated using a computerized visual analog scale (0-100). TSP was assessed via linear mixed-effects model (LMM), with pain intensity as the dependent variable.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All participants finished the study. LMM revealed a significant main effect of stimulation frequency (<i>F</i> _{1, 540}=14.20, p<0.001), indicating TSP. Pain intensity was higher at 0.4 Hz compared with 0.15 Hz (β=14.77, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 6.87-22.68, p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presence of TSP at 0.4 Hz but not at 0.15 Hz aligns with previous findings on neuronal wind-up, supporting its reliance to central sensitization. These findings enhance our understanding of the physiological basis of TSP and offer a robust platform for future investigations into pain modulation and therapeutic intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equal access to pain rehabilitation in Swedish tertiary care. Are sociodemographic factors associated with selection to rehabilitation?","authors":"Helene Svensdotter, Jesper Löve, Anke Samulowitz, Lena Sandin Wranker, Anna Grimby-Ekman","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0004","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate if sociodemographic factors are associated with selection to an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program (IPRP) in Swedish tertiary care, in an intersectional perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study involved 39,346 patients referred to tertiary care, who were registered in the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation during 2009-2016. Self-reported sociodemographic data, and data related to pain and its consequences, were registered prior to IPRP (at baseline). Self-reported data on pain and its consequences were also registered directly after the IPRP and at a 12 months' follow-up. Patients not selected for IPRP reported only baseline data. The statistical analyses used logistic regressions including interaction terms, and the results were analyzed in an intersectional framework to emphasize unequal health care.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sex, age, education, and region of birth were found to influence the likelihood of being selected to IPRP. Non-Nordic-born patients with elementary education had the lowest proportion of selection to IPRP, with a similar proportion for men and women. Other subgroups showed a smaller difference between Nordic and non-Nordic countries in the proportion selected to IPRP. For several groups, longer education had a positive impact on the proportion of selection. Selection increased with age to a peak in middle age and then decreased. Unexpectedly, the youngest patients were less likely than middle-aged patients to be selected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Swedish tertiary care, sex, age, education, and region of birth influence selection to IPRP as combinations but not necessarily as single factors. More knowledge is needed to ensure equal, knowledge-based rehabilitation for patients with chronic pain. The regional ethics review board in Uppsala (IRB/REC 2018/036) and the Swedish ethical review authority (IRB/REC 2020-00828) issued ethical approvals.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent pelvic pain in tertiary multidisciplinary pain clinics: a comparative study with non-pelvic pain patients using registry data.","authors":"Cecilie Therese Hagemann, Jeanette Eliesen, Mona Stedenfeldt","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0002","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Persistent pelvic pain (PPP) is often regarded as multifactorial and complex. There is limited knowledge on how patients with PPP resemble and differ from those with persistent non-pelvic pain (PNPP). The specific aims of this study were to compare self-reported background and pain characteristics, affective symptoms, and quality of life at baseline between patients with PPP and those with PNPP at three multidisciplinary pain clinics in Norway, and to explore differences between men and women with PPP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional study, using registry data from three tertiary, multidisciplinary pain clinics. Patients ≥17 years answered web-based questionnaires on background, baseline pain symptoms, mental health, and quality of life. We used <i>t</i>-tests, chi square, and multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 934 consenting patients (71 % of those attending), 30 had missing diagnoses, and 127 (13.6 %) were diagnosed with PPP. PPP patients less often reported widespread pain than PNPP patients (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.2, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.4). We found high prevalence of fatigue, insomnia, and anxiety among all the pain patients, but PPP patients were more likely to report depression (AOR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.0-2.6) and pain catastrophizing (AOR 1.8, 95 % CI 1.2-2.8). All the pain patients had a low health-related quality of life. Women with PPP had higher prevalence of severe fatigue than men with PPP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study confirms that pain clinic patients generally experience high levels of emotional distress and poor health-related quality of life. PPP patients tend to exhibit higher rates of pain catastrophizing, yet less widespread pain. Understanding the specific symptom profile of PPP patients is crucial for effective treatment in pain clinics. The potential underutilization of pain clinics in the treatment of PPP patients warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147822045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Urdu BackPAQ, pain resilience scale, and medical imaging beliefs questionnaire in adults with low back pain.","authors":"Muhammad Naseeb Ullah Khan, Aastha Malhotra, Melainie Cameron","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0001","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Unhelpful beliefs, low pain resilience, and overreliance on imaging contribute to chronicity and poor outcomes. Despite growing recognition of psychosocial influences, culturally adapted assessment tools for Urdu-speaking populations are lacking. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt Urdu versions of the back pain attitudes questionnaire (BackPAQ), pain resilience scale (PRS), and medical scans beliefs questionnaire (MSBQ), and to conduct an initial evaluation of their structural validity and internal consistency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following Beaton's six-step protocol and COSMIN guidelines, the BackPAQ, PRS, and MSBQ were translated and culturally adapted into Urdu. A cross-sectional sample of 461 adults with LBP (mean age=38.5 ± 12.3 years; 66.6 % female) completed the translated instruments. Item distributions, internal consistency, and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were examined. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's α and standard error of measurement (SEM). Associations with established Urdu versions of the oswestry disability index and pain catastrophizing scale, were visually examined using scatter plots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EFA supported a four-factor structure for the Urdu BackPAQ (14 items, 46.0 % variance explained, α=0.69). The PRS retained its original two-factor structure (51.5 % variance explained, α=0.88), and the MSBQ demonstrated a unidimensional structure (46.2 % variance explained, α=0.71). Scatter plots indicated small, directionally consistent associations between the Urdu instruments with disability and catastrophizing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Urdu versions of the BackPAQ, PRS, and MSBQ demonstrated acceptable structural validity and internal consistency, with the PRS showing excellent content validity. Test-retest reliability, responsiveness, and predictive validity should be evaluated in future clinical and longitudinal studies before broader clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of spinal pain on family members' burden: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Casper Nim, Pernille Platz Skrubbeltrang, Peter Måhr, Henrik Hein Lauridsen","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0005","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2026-0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Spinal pain is highly prevalent and associated with substantial individual burden. Qualitative studies suggest that family members of individuals with spinal pain may also experience burden; however, quantitative data on family-member burden remain limited. This study had two linked objectives. First, we conducted a pragmatic cognitive debriefing study to evaluate the content validity of the Family-Reported Outcome Measure-16 (FROM-16) in a spinal pain context. Second, we conducted an exploratory cross-sectional survey using FROM-16 to estimate family-member burden in a Danish secondary-care hospital department and explore associations with family-member and patient characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Content validity of FROM-16 was assessed by semi-structured interviews of family members to patients with spinal pain at The Spine Center of Southern Denmark. The burden of spinal pain was assessed in a cohort of family members to spinal pain patients using FROM-16. Family members were asked about descriptive characteristics, and patient characteristics were extracted from a clinical registry. Summary statistics were reported, and regression modeling was used to explore associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>12 family members were interviewed and raised concerns about some item relevance (e.g., spare time, work and study, sex life). The cohort study included 291 family members, revealing varying burdens, with the highest burden in the emotional domain. However, some items had low response rates. The multivariable model indicated that the burden was highest among younger partners with poor self-rated health and was associated with clinical characteristics, notably disability and pain duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The burden of spinal pain on family members varied greatly and was predominantly related to the emotional domain of younger partners with poor self-rated health. However, FROM-16's generic nature may underestimate this burden. Developing a more tailored questionnaire could better capture the impact of spinal pain on family members and inform improved care and support interventions for informal caregivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain sensitivity following a standardized two-hour cycling session: a randomized controlled crossover Study.","authors":"Fabian Tomschi, Joschua Wiese, Holger Stephan, Thomas Hilberg","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2025-0045","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2025-0045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Exercise induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is characterized by an acute reduction in pain perception following exercise. However, lack of knowledge exists regarding the effects of long duration exercise on EIH. This study aims to explore (1) the effect of a 120 min exercise on EIH in trained male cyclists, and (2) whether the potentially observed EIH results differ between local loaded and unloaded central landmarks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized controlled crossover design, 20 trained male cyclists conducted a bicycle ergometer session of 120 min at 70 % of the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) and a control session in addition to a pre-experimental session (including medical anamnesis, incremental exercise test, IAT determination) with pauses of ≥2 days in between the respective visits. Heart rate (bpm), lactate concentrations (mmol/l), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE; 6-20) were documented. Pre and post, pain sensitivity was measured employing pressure pain thresholds (PPT [N/cm²]) at local muscular (rectus femoris, tibialis anterior), local articular (knee, ankle), and central landmarks (sternum, forehead).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exercise resulted in an average heart rate of 141.2 ± 9.4 bpm, an average lactate concentration of 1.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, and RPE scores of 14.9 ± 2.9. Regarding PPT, no 'time' × 'session' interaction effects were observed for local muscular (p=0.588), local articular (p=0.588), or central landmarks (p=0.910), with these PPT (N/cm²) values observed: local muscular (exercise: pre=81.0 ± 19.5, post=83.0 ± 18.4, relative change: 4.5 ± 16.6 %; control: pre=85.1 ± 22.9, post=85.3 ± 22.5, relative change: 0.7 ± 10.8 %), local articular (exercise: pre=81.9 ± 21.0, post=80.8 ± 21.5, relative change: -0.7 ± 12.2 %; control: pre=81.7 ± 20.9, post=79.2 ± 23.3, relative change: -3.2 ± 12.8 %), and central (exercise: pre=47.9 ± 13.7, post=45.9 ± 11.7, relative change: -1.1 ± 19.8 %; control: pre=48.8 ± 13.0, post=47.1 ± 13.5, relative change: -3.3 ± 16.1 %).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings suggest that long duration exercise of a standardized moderate intensity may not be effective to induce EIH in trained male cyclists, while also no hyperalgesia is observed. These results are not different between loaded and unloaded body parts.</p><p><strong>Ethical committee number: </strong>SK/AE 221026 (University of Wuppertal, Germany).</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}