Scandinavian Journal of Pain最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacological treatment of pain in Swedish nursing homes: Prevalence and associations with cognitive impairment and depressive mood.","authors":"Linda Rankin, Marie Lindkvist, Annica Backman, Anders Sköldunger, Hugo Lövheim, David Edvardsson, Maria Gustafsson","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2024-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2024-0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Chronic pain is highly prevalent in nursing home residents and often occurs with depression as well as cognitive impairment, which can severely influence and limit the expression of pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of pain, depressive mood, and cognitive impairment in association with pharmacological treatment against pain and depressive symptoms among Swedish nursing home residents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found an overall pain prevalence of 52.8%, a prevalence of 63.1% for being in a depressive mood, and a prevalence of cognitive impairment of 68.3%. Among individuals assessed to have depressive mood, 60.5% were also assessed to have pain. The prevalence of pharmacological treatment for pain was 77.5 and 54.1% for antidepressants. Prescription of pharmacological treatment against pain was associated with reports of currently having pain, and paracetamol was the most prescribed drug. A higher cognitive function was associated with more filled prescriptions of drugs for neuropathic pain, paracetamol, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which could indicate an undertreatment of pain in those cognitively impaired.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is important to further explore the relationship between pain, depressive mood, and cognitive impairment in regard to pain management in nursing home residents.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring pain intensity through physical interaction in an experimental model of cold-induced pain: A method comparison study.","authors":"Elisabeth Ørskov Rotevatn, Mette Engan, Emilie Stensaker, Karl Ove Hufthammer, Lars Jørgen Rygh","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2024-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2024-0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Assessment of pain is challenging given its subjective nature. Standard pain assessment tools have limitations. We aimed to compare the verbal numeric rating scale (NRS) and Grasp, a novel handheld electronic device that reports pain by squeezing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To compare Grasp and NRS, healthy adult volunteers were invited to undergo two subsequent standardised tests of cold-triggered pain using a cold pressor test (CPT) at a temperature of 3°C. Pain intensity was in a randomised manner reported by NRS (scale 0-10) or by squeezing Grasp (0-3 V) during the two CPTs. A third CPT was performed 1 to 14 days later where subjects reported pain by Grasp a second time in order to study the association of repeated Grasp measurements. Acceptable association was <i>a priori</i> considered as mean Kendall's <i>τ</i>-<i>b</i> coefficient (<i>τ</i>-<i>b</i>) ≥ 0.7. The subjects reported their experience of using Grasp in a purpose-made questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 102 subjects were included, and 96 subjects (56 females) completed all three tests. The association of pain intensity reported by Grasp and NRS was moderate with a mean <i>τ</i>-<i>b</i> of 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.58). The association between the repeated Grasp measurements was weak with a mean <i>τ</i>-<i>b</i> of 0.43 (95% CI 0.37-0.48). Most subjects reported that Grasp was intuitive and easy to use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pain intensity reported by squeezing Grasp did not show acceptable association with pain intensity reported by NRS during CPTs. The association between pain intensity reported by Grasp during two CPTs on separate days was weak. Further improvements of the Grasp ball are needed before use in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient-reported pain, satisfaction, adverse effects, and deviations from ambulatory surgery pain medication.","authors":"Iiris Särkilahti, Elina Reponen, Noora Skants","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2023-0133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Addressing the challenges of ambulatory surgery involves balancing effective pain relief with minimizing the side effects of pain medication. Due to the heightened risk of opioid abuse, Helsinki University Hospital (Finland) has had a stringent oxycodone prescription policy. This policy prompts an exploration into whether ambulatory surgery patients experience severe post-surgical pain and whether an increase in prescribed opioids would cause elevation in adverse effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study, with a 1-week follow-up, included 111 adult ambulatory surgery patients (orthopaedics, urology). The patients documented their pain levels within the first postoperative week (using a numerical rating scale [NRS] of 0-10) and pain medication intake up to two days postoperatively. Furthermore, they completed a questionnaire assessing their satisfaction with pain relief, medication-related adverse effects, and adherence to instructions. Medication intake was cross-referenced with the provided instructions and prescriptions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A notable 56% of patients reported experiencing intense pain (NRS ≥5) within a week following surgery. Of these, 52% received a single dose of slow-release oxycodone (5-20 mg) at discharge for use on the night of surgery. Predominantly prescribed pain medications included a combination of paracetamol and codeine (64%) or ibuprofen (62%). Satisfaction rates were high, with 87% expressing satisfaction with pain medication given at hospital discharge and 90% expressing contentment with the prescribed medication. The most common adverse effects were tiredness/grogginess (45%), sleep disturbances (38%), nausea (37%), and constipation (27%). Also, 24% of patients self-reported deviations from medication instructions. A comparison of self-reported and instructed medications revealed that 14% exceeded prescribed dosages, and 28% opted for preparations different from those prescribed. Notably, patients who self-reported deviations from instructions differed from those objectively deviating from instructions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although 56% of patients had intense pain, the majority expressed satisfaction with the provided pain relief. Instances of non-adherence to medication instructions were prevalent, often going unnoticed by the patients themselves.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary examination of the effects of childhood abuse and resilience on pain and physical functioning in patients with knee osteoarthritis.","authors":"JiHee Yoon, Ayeong Jenny Kim, Jenna M Wilson, Jolin B Yamin, Kristin L Schreiber, Robert R Edwards, Marise C Cornelius, Claudia M Campbell, Michael T Smith, Jennifer A Haythornthwaite, Christine B Sieberg, Samantha M Meints","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0122","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We examined associations of a self-reported history of childhood abuse with pain and physical functioning in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) awaiting total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We also explored the potential moderating effects of positive childhood experiences (PCEs), an index of resilience, on these associations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prior to TKA, participants with KOA awaiting surgery (<i>N</i> = 239) completed self-report measures of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), PCEs, pain, and physical functioning. We evaluated associations of pain and physical functioning (Brief Pain Inventory [BPI] and Western Ontario and McMaster University of Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]) based on the experience of ACEs (childhood abuse), with PCEs (childhood happiness and supportive parental care) as potential moderators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Greater exposure to childhood abuse was positively correlated with BPI pain interference as well as WOMAC pain and functioning scores. Additionally, childhood happiness and supportive parental care moderated the positive associations of childhood abuse with pain and physical functioning; though, surprisingly, the adverse effects of childhood abuse on these outcomes were more pronounced among participants with high levels of childhood happiness and supportive parental care.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, results show an association between a self-reported history of childhood abuse and pain and functioning in patients with KOA awaiting TKA. However, PCEs did not protect against the negative consequences of childhood abuse in our cohort. Further research is needed to validate these associations and gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between childhood abuse and PCEs and their potential influences on pain experiences in adults with chronic pain conditions, including KOA.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11245962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141262656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making sense of pain in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A qualitative study.","authors":"Adela Kacorova, Amanda C de C Williams","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2024-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2024-0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, gastrointestinal tract condition, in which pain is one of the most widespread and debilitating symptoms, yet research about how individuals make sense of their IBD pain is lacking. The current study aimed to explore how individuals with IBD understand their pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty participants, recruited via the Crohn's & Colitis UK charity, were interviewed about their understanding of their IBD pain using the Grid Elaboration Method that elicits free associations on which it invites elaboration. Thematic analysis was used to organise transcribed verbatim data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three related themes - <i>making sense of my pain, navigating my care and support</i> and <i>it takes its toll</i> - comprising seven sub-themes, illustrated the ways in which participants made sense of pain experientially, multi-dimensionally, and in the broader context of IBD and its symptoms. The psychological impact of pain was evident across all interviews.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings are consistent with other research in IBD pain, demonstrating the importance of pain in IBD. Sense-making underpins both emotional and practical responses to pain and ideally is constructed as an integral part of clinical care of IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer-related pain experienced in daily life is difficult to communicate and to manage - for patients and for professionals.","authors":"Tine Ikander, Mette Raunkiær, Cecilie Voetmann, Caroline V Pedersen, Lene Jarlbaek","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2023-0107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to gain qualitative insight into cancer patients' experiences, explanations, and management strategies regarding their cancer-related pain (CP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventeen patients with CP were interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method was used to analyze the transcribed interviews. The patients all participated in cancer rehabilitation courses arranged by the research clinic at The Danish Knowledge Centre for Rehabilitation and Palliative Care.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three themes were identified: (1) <i>Explaining CP:</i> Patients found it difficult to explain how they experienced their pain. They lacked words, and they frequently used invasive metaphors such as \"<i>Pain feels like a heart attack\"</i> (2). <i>Strategies and barriers to the management of CP</i>: Initiatives provided by healthcare professionals (HCPs) were perceived as insufficient, and the patients missed guidance in both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to pain management. Several saw medicine as unnatural for their body, and they focused on side effects and the medicine affecting their quality of life. (3) <i>Responsibility for managing CP:</i> A lack of responsiveness from the HCPs and taking on responsibility for pain management were experienced by several of the patients. The patients expressed uncertainty about whom to contact for help with the management of their CP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The patients' difficulties in explaining, understanding, and communicating their pain and pain management contributed to insufficient pain management. They were also uncertain about who had the responsibility to help them to achieve pain relief. These results share the evidence drawn from studies on patients with chronic non-cancer pain. This qualitative study highlights the need for having more focus on a common language and shared understanding between patients and HCPs. It also underpins the importance of HCPs to assume their responsibility to help patients manage their pain conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which patients with chronic low back pain respond favorably to multidisciplinary rehabilitation? A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Claus Kjærgaard, Anne Mette Schmidt, Josefine Beck Larsen, Trine Bay Laurberg, Inger Mechlenburg","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0139","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to identify prognostic variables at baseline associated with being responding favorably to multidisciplinary rehabilitation in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A responder analysis was conducted based on data from a randomized controlled trial with 26-week follow-up including 165 patients with CLBP treated at a Danish multidisciplinary rehabilitation center. Patients were dichotomized into responders and non-responders based on the outcome of a minimal clinically important difference of six points on the Oswestry Disability Index. The associations between prognostic variables and responders were analyzed using logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 139 patients completed the study, of which 42% were classified as responders. Sex and employment status were statistically significant, with a decreased odds ratio (OR) of being a responder found for males compared to females (OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.02-0.48) and for being on temporary or permanent social benefits (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.10-0.75) compared to being self-supporting or receiving retirement benefits. Statistically significant interaction (OR = 8.84, 95% CI = 1.11-70.12) was found between males and being on temporary or permanent social benefits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with CLBP, female patients as well as patients who were self-supporting or receiving retirement benefits were significantly more likely than male patients or patients on temporary or permanent social benefits to be a responder to multidisciplinary rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140909539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity with person-centered guidance supported by a digital platform or with telephone follow-up for persons with chronic widespread pain: Health economic considerations along a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Hanna Gyllensten, Anette Larsson, Anna Bergenheim, Emmelie Barenfeld, Kaisa Mannerkorpi","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0131","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim was to investigate the resource use and costs associated with the co-creation of a physical activity plan for persons with chronic widespread pain (CWP) followed by support through a digital platform, compared to telephone follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this 12-month cost comparison study following up results after a randomized controlled trial, individuals with CWP, aged 20-65 years, were recruited at primary healthcare units in Western Sweden. All participants developed a person-centered health-enhancing physical activity plan together with a physiotherapist. Participants were then randomized to either an intervention group (<i>n</i>  =  69) who had a follow-up visit after 2 weeks and was thereafter supported through a digital platform, or an active control group (<i>n</i>  =  70) that was followed up through one phone call after a month. Costs to the health system were salary costs for the time recorded by physiotherapists when delivering the interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reported time per person (2.8 h during the 12 months) corresponded to costs of SEK 958 (range: 746-1,517) for the initial visits and follow-up (both study groups), and an additional 2.5 h (corresponding to a mean SEK 833; range: 636-1,257) for the time spent in the digital platform to support the intervention group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After co-creation of a physical activity plan, it was more costly to support persons through a digital platform, compared to telephone follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140877647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tramadol-paracetamol for postoperative pain after spine surgery - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","authors":"Emma Lappalainen, Jukka Huttunen, Hannu Kokki, Petri Toroi, Merja Kokki","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0105","DOIUrl":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Multimodal pain management is one component in enhanced recovery after surgery protocol. Here we evaluate the efficacy of tramadol-paracetamol in acute postoperative pain and pain outcome at 12 months after spine surgery in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We randomized 120 patients undergoing spine surgery to receive, for add-on pain management, two tramadol-paracetamol 37.5 mg/325 mg (<i>n</i> = 61) or placebo tablets (<i>n</i> = 59) twice a day for 5 postoperative days. In the hospital, multimodal pain management consisted of dexketoprofen and oxycodone. After discharge, patients were prescribed ibuprofen 200 mg, maximum 1,200 mg/day. Pain, analgesic use, and satisfaction with pain medication were followed up with the Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire before surgery and at 1 and 52 weeks after surgery. The primary outcome was patients' satisfaction with pain medication 1 week after surgery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 1 week after surgery, patients' satisfaction with pain medication was similarly high in the two groups, 75% [interquartile range, 30%] in the placebo group and 70% [40%] in the tramadol-paracetamol group (<i>p</i> = 0.949) on a scale: 0% =  not satisfied, 100% = totally satisfied. At 1 week, ibuprofen dose was lower in the placebo group 200 mg [1,000] compared to the tramadol-paracetamol group, 800 mg [1,600] (<i>p</i> = 0.016). There was no difference in the need for rescue oxycodone. Patients in the tramadol-paracetamol group had more adverse events associated with analgesics during the first postoperative week (relative risk = 1.8, 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.6).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Add-on pain treatment with tramadol-paracetamol did not enhance patients' satisfaction with early pain management after back surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140852942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social determinants of health in adults with whiplash associated disorders.","authors":"Lisa Jasper, Ashley D Smith","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2023-0118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Although it is well-known that chronic diseases need to be managed within the complex biopsychosocial framework, little is known about the role of sociodemographic features in adults with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) and their association with health outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between various sociodemographic features (age, sex, ethnicity, education, working, marriage, caring for dependents, and use of alcohol and drugs) and health outcomes (pain, disability, and physical/mental health-related quality of life) in WAD, both through their individual relationships and also via cluster analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Independent <i>t</i>-tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests (with Mann-Whitney tests where appropriate) were used to compare data for each health outcome. Variables demonstrating a significant relationship with health outcomes were then entered into two-step cluster analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>N</i> = 281 participated in study (184 females, mean (±SD) age 40.9 (±10.7) years). Individually, level of education (<i>p</i> = 0.044), consumption of non-prescribed controlled or illegal drugs (<i>p</i> = 0.015), and use of alcohol (<i>p</i> = 0.008) influenced level of disability. Age (<i>p</i> = 0.014), marriage status (<i>p</i> = 0.008), and caring for dependents (<i>p</i> = 0.036) influenced mental health quality of life. Collectively, two primary clusters emerged, with one cluster defined by marriage, care of dependents, working status, and age >40 years associated with improved mental health outcomes (<i>F</i> _1,265 = 10.1, <i>p</i> = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Consistent with the biopsychosocial framework of health, this study demonstrated that various sociodemographic features are associated with health outcomes in WAD, both individually and collectively. Recognizing factors that are associated with poor health outcomes may facilitate positive outcomes and allow resource utilization to be tailored appropriately.</p>","PeriodicalId":47407,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Pain","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140866264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}