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What Makes a Military Professional? Evaluating Norm Socialization in West Point Cadets 什么是军事专业人士?西点军校学员规范社会化评价
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-06-20 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211026355
Risa A. Brooks, Michael A. Robinson, Heidi A. Urben
{"title":"What Makes a Military Professional? Evaluating Norm Socialization in West Point Cadets","authors":"Risa A. Brooks, Michael A. Robinson, Heidi A. Urben","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211026355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211026355","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars have contended that norms of professionalism are critical to understanding how militaries interact with civilian leaders and when they intervene in politics. Yet, few studies have directly examined the normative structures of military officers. Through a survey of 1468 US Military Academy cadets, this study evaluates cadets’ views toward professionalism, and in particular what is often presumed to be the dominant framework of those norms based on Samuel Huntington’s The Soldier and the State. We identify five patterns of normative beliefs based on cadets’ views of civil–military interaction and the nonpartisan ethic: orthodox, unorthodox, inconsistent, non-committal, and motivated norms. Cadets fall into each of these categories, but approximately one-quarter demonstrate motivated norms, adhering when convenient, and otherwise dispensing with them when the rules they prescribe clash with their partisan identities. These findings, especially our novel conceptualization on norm adherence, contribute to a greater understanding of military culture and professionalism.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"48 1","pages":"803 - 827"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79348868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Is There a Public–Military Gap in the United States? Evaluating Foundational Foreign Policy Beliefs 美国是否存在公共-军事鸿沟?评估基本外交政策信念
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-06-13 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211022738
Zachary Zwald, Jeffrey D. Berejikian
{"title":"Is There a Public–Military Gap in the United States? Evaluating Foundational Foreign Policy Beliefs","authors":"Zachary Zwald, Jeffrey D. Berejikian","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211022738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211022738","url":null,"abstract":"The presumed “gap” in fundamental foreign policy beliefs between what Huntington (1957) described as “liberal society” and the “conservative military mind” lies at the core of research on civil–military relations. However, we still know surprisingly little about the precise nature of differences between the two groups’ core foreign policy orientations. This study presents the first empirically grounded evaluation of the public–military gap. We deployed a unique survey to directly compare the views of 470 active-duty US military officers against a representative sample of the American public. Our study included beliefs concerning the appropriate role of military force and of US engagement in global affairs, the likely direction of US national security in the coming decade, and the causes and costs of future military conflicts. While we confirm aspects of Huntington’s dichotomy, we also observe critical differences between the two groups that diverge from the traditional conceptualization of a “civil–military gap.”","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"5 1","pages":"982 - 1002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82856889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
STEM Degrees and Military Service: An Intersectional Analysis STEM学位与兵役:交叉分析
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211022999
Sela R. Harcey, Christina R. Steidl, Regina Werum
{"title":"STEM Degrees and Military Service: An Intersectional Analysis","authors":"Sela R. Harcey, Christina R. Steidl, Regina Werum","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211022999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211022999","url":null,"abstract":"Given that the U.S. military uses science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) exposure as a key recruitment tool, one should expect that military service is associated with STEM outcomes. While research demonstrates this pattern for women veterans, we know little about racialized and intersectional patterns. This article uses the American Community Survey data (2014–2018) to examine the association between military service, race/ethnicity, and gender to STEM degrees earned. We find that military service operates contingently: White men’s plus white, Hispanic, and multiracial/other women’s predicted probability of earning a STEM degree increases with military service. In contrast, for other minority groups, military service is not associated with a higher predicted probability of earning a STEM degree. Indeed, for groups typically overrepresented in STEM fields (i.e., Asian veterans), a negative association exists. These findings inform extant research on the long-term impact of military service on civilian reintegration, including educational and occupational outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"142 1","pages":"780 - 802"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88979037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Professional Socialization During Restructuring: A Study of Workload and Career Time 重组过程中的职业社会化:工作量与职业时间的研究
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-06-10 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211022225
Joel Nilsson, J. Österberg
{"title":"Professional Socialization During Restructuring: A Study of Workload and Career Time","authors":"Joel Nilsson, J. Österberg","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211022225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211022225","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the experiences of newly graduated officers and specialist officers, as they recently entered employment in the Swedish Armed Forces. Building on 35 interviews, this article illustrates the dynamics of excessive workload and an unstructured working environment, and how embedded strategies for mentoring and guidance can reduce negative outcomes associated with the workload. The article introduces the concept of career time, reflecting the participant’s propensity to perform unpaid work to pursue a career in the organization. This study reveals tensions between organizational and employee interests, and experiences of exclusion from the officer profession, contextualized drawing on classical theorists Foucault and Habermas. When restructuring organizations, the quest for efficiency can outweigh professional values, such as esprit de corps and taking pride in work and professional identity.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"129 1","pages":"872 - 891"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91101615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Why Nurses Are Leaving Veterans Affairs Hospitals? 为什么护士离开退伍军人事务医院?
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-06-10 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211023851
D. Oh, Keon-Hyung Lee
{"title":"Why Nurses Are Leaving Veterans Affairs Hospitals?","authors":"D. Oh, Keon-Hyung Lee","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211023851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211023851","url":null,"abstract":"An aging veteran population with a median age of 65, their inferior health status, and the rapidly growing number of women veterans propel veterans affairs (VA) hospitals to provide a wide range of nursing services. However, despite the significant roles of nurses and chronic nurse shortages in VA hospitals, there has been little research on the determinants of nurse turnover in the VA healthcare system. This study analyzed registered nurse turnover rates at a panel of 118 VA hospitals from 2015 through 2017 and found that nurse turnover is significantly influenced by patient mortality, job satisfaction, annual salary level, and preventable hospitalizations. These findings suggest that VA hospitals should maintain proper nurse workloads and implement programs that can improve nurses’ stress level and job satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"7 1","pages":"760 - 779"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88349898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
War and Commitment to Military Service: Deployment and Combat Experiences Associated With Retention Among Army National Guard Soldiers 战争和服兵役的承诺:在陆军国民警卫队士兵中与保留相关的部署和战斗经验
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211017281
J. Griffith
{"title":"War and Commitment to Military Service: Deployment and Combat Experiences Associated With Retention Among Army National Guard Soldiers","authors":"J. Griffith","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211017281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211017281","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined career intentions in two samples—home-based or garrison (N = 12,583 soldiers in 180 companies) and deployed and recently returned soldiers (N = 4,551 in 50 companies). Proportionally, fewer deployed soldiers than home-based garrison soldiers intended to stay in reserve military service. Among deployed soldiers, those who reported having experienced combat trauma, having had wounded or killed someone, and having had a friend killed in combat were less likely to plan to continue military service; reservists more likely to continue military service had returned to the same civilian job after deployment. Among deployed and garrison soldiers, fewer financial difficulties were associated with higher likelihood of continuing reserve military service. Examples from the social constructionist perspective of reserve military service are used to elaborate on mechanisms in these associations.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"19 2 1","pages":"735 - 759"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82564721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Book Review: Fighting for peace in Somalia—A history and analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM) 2008–2017 书评:为索马里和平而战——2008-2017年非盟特派团的历史与分析
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-05-28 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211013724
Paul R. Camacho
{"title":"Book Review: Fighting for peace in Somalia—A history and analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM) 2008–2017","authors":"Paul R. Camacho","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211013724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211013724","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"37 10","pages":"730 - 732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72552417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Troop Crime in Peacetime: Criminality and Accountability of U.S. Troops Worldwide During the Cold War 和平时期的部队犯罪:冷战期间美国军队在世界各地的犯罪和责任
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-05-07 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211011578
A. Efrat
{"title":"Troop Crime in Peacetime: Criminality and Accountability of U.S. Troops Worldwide During the Cold War","authors":"A. Efrat","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211011578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211011578","url":null,"abstract":"U.S. forces abroad have often faced complaints about crimes committed by troops, yet we lack systematic quantitative information on such crimes. Based on newly discovered data compiled by the Army, this article presents a comprehensive and detailed picture of American troops’ criminal activity worldwide during the Cold War (1954–1970). The data show that troops engaged in significant criminality, with a particularly high rate of violent crime—homicide, rape, and robbery—and a relatively low rate of property crime. Host countries treated offending troops leniently: Prison sentences were rare, and they averaged less than 2 years in duration. The data presented here hold far-reaching implications for our understanding of the relations between U.S. forces and host countries and the legacy of U.S. military deployments.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"39 1","pages":"657 - 678"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87534488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Civil–Military Relations and Human Rights 军民关系与人权
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-04-28 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211006835
Sam R. Bell, K. Clay, G. Kiyani, Amanda Murdie
{"title":"Civil–Military Relations and Human Rights","authors":"Sam R. Bell, K. Clay, G. Kiyani, Amanda Murdie","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211006835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211006835","url":null,"abstract":"Do civil–military relations influence human rights practices? Building on principal–agent theory, we argue that civilian–military relations, instead of having an effect on mean levels of repression, will be associated with the dispersion in human rights practices. States where there is less control of the military or more conflict between civilian and military leadership will see a wider range of human rights practices. We test our hypotheses quantitatively on a global sample of countries, using updated data on civil–military relations and find evidence that civil–military conflict and lack of control increase the variance in human right practices.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"97 1","pages":"701 - 722"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86037066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
“Our One Great Hope”: The Interdependence of the Woman’s Relief Corps and the Grand Army of the Republic “我们唯一的希望”:妇女救济团与共和国大军的相互依存
IF 1.4 3区 社会学
Armed Forces & Society Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.1177/0095327X211001536
Adam Chamberlain, Alixandra B. Yanus
{"title":"“Our One Great Hope”: The Interdependence of the Woman’s Relief Corps and the Grand Army of the Republic","authors":"Adam Chamberlain, Alixandra B. Yanus","doi":"10.1177/0095327X211001536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X211001536","url":null,"abstract":"The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) played a critical role in the lives of many Union veterans after the Civil War. Its efforts were supported by its women’s auxiliary, the Woman’s Relief Corps (WRC). Yet scholars do not know much about the evolution of the relationship between the rising WRC and the slowly declining GAR, whose members were dying away in the early 20th century. Here, we evaluate state-level membership and local group data for both associations to determine the nature of their connection from 1884 to 1924. The evidence reveals that the WRC’s auxiliary role helped sustain the GAR while providing an organizational structure that allowed women to chart an independent course.","PeriodicalId":47332,"journal":{"name":"Armed Forces & Society","volume":"20 1","pages":"679 - 700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77596739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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