{"title":"Assisted Selection of Biomarkers by Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) in Microbiome Data.","authors":"Fang Chang, Shishi He, Chenyuan Dang","doi":"10.3791/61715","DOIUrl":"10.3791/61715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is growing attention toward closed biological genomes in the environment and in health. To explore and reveal the intergroup differences among different samples or environments, it is crucial to discover biomarkers with statistical differences among groups. The application of Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) can help find good biomarkers. Based on the original genome data, quality control, and quantification of different sequences based on taxa or genes are carried out. First, the Kruskal-Wallis rank test was used to distinguish between specific differences among statistical and biological groups. Then, the Wilcoxon rank test was performed between the two groups obtained in the previous step to assess whether the differences were consistent. Finally, a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was conducted to evaluate the influence of biomarkers on significantly different groups based on LDA scores. To sum up, LEfSe provided the convenience for identifying genomic biomarkers that characterize statistical differences among biological groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88056575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2063867
Hyemin Han, Kelsie J. Dawson, D. Walker, Nghir Nguyen, Youn-Jeng Choi
{"title":"Exploring the association between character strengths and moral functioning","authors":"Hyemin Han, Kelsie J. Dawson, D. Walker, Nghir Nguyen, Youn-Jeng Choi","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2063867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2063867","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We explored the relationship between 24 character strengths measured by the Global Assessment of Character Strengths (GACS), which was revised from the original VIA instrument, and moral functioning comprising postconventional moral reasoning, empathic traits and moral identity. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was employed to explore the best models, which were more parsimonious than full regression models estimated through frequentist regression, predicting moral functioning indicators with the 24 candidate character strength predictors. Our exploration was conducted with a dataset collected from 666 college students at a public university in the Southern United States. Results showed that character strengths as measured by GACS partially predicted relevant moral functioning indicators. Performance evaluation results demonstrated that the best models identified by BMA performed significantly better than the full models estimated by frequentist regression in terms of AIC, BIC, and cross-validation accuracy. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications of the findings for future studies addressing character strengths and moral functioning.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"286 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47748205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2065635
Yu-Chih Sun
{"title":"How effectively do journal author guides communicate issues regarding plagiarism? A study of graduate students in Taiwan","authors":"Yu-Chih Sun","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2065635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2065635","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of the current study was to explore how effectively journal author guides communicate with graduate students learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Taiwan. A 10-item three-tier test was developed to explore the participants’ (1) confidence level in their reading comprehension of excerpts from author guides, (2) their actual comprehension, and (3) their understanding, if any. The test consisted of 10 excerpts from author guides that covered a variety of topics related to plagiarism. The test was administered to 46 EFL graduate students. The findings revealed that the selected excerpts from the author guides caused confusion, which led to misunderstanding by the readers. Among the 10 types of plagiarism, citation issues and copying of methods sections were the the most understood, whereas self-plagiarism was the least understood type.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"304 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48815001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2059757
J. O’Neill
{"title":"A lesson from MMR: is choice of vaccine the missing link in promoting vaccine confidence through informed consent?","authors":"J. O’Neill","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2059757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2059757","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A recent study suggests that vaccine hesitancy amongst key demographics – including females, younger individuals, and certain ethnic groups – could undermine the pursuit of herd immunity against COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. At the same time, the UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization (JVCI) indicated that it will not facilitate the choice between available COVID-19 vaccines. This paper reflects upon lessons from the introduction of the UK’s combined Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine strategy of the 1980s when Member of Parliament Miss Julie Kirkbride argued that had parents been allowed to choose between vaccine variants, then the crisis of low herd immunity – and subsequent outbreaks – could have been avoided. This paper explores this argument, as applied to the COVID-19 vaccination strategy, by considering how three key elements of informed consent – disclosure of risk, benefit, and reasonable alternatives – may be employed to tackle vaccine hesitancy and build vaccine confidence.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"272 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45286597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-03-14DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2050726
Shai Lederman, G. Shefler
{"title":"Ethical dilemmas in psychotherapy with older adults: A grounded theory analysis","authors":"Shai Lederman, G. Shefler","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2050726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2050726","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study explores how therapists deal with ethical dilemmas in psychotherapy with older adults. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 therapists and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Findings clustered around three themes: (i) respecting autonomy when interacting with family of vulnerable and dependent older patients; (ii) prioritizing respecting autonomy in risk situations and in suspected financial abuse without impaired judgment; and (iii) prioritizing protecting the patient in risk situations of patients with dementia and of suspected physical abuse or neglect. These findings highlight several important issues regarding the management of ethical dilemmas in psychotherapy with vulnerable and dependent older adults.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"101 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42447286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-03-06DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.2018319
H. Tsai
{"title":"Exploring missing links between ethical leadership and multidimensional work behavior: the mediating role of multidimensional psychological ownership","authors":"H. Tsai","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2021.2018319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2021.2018319","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We investigated how employees’ perceptions of ethical leadership affects different facets of work behavior. We also explored the effects of psychological ownership on this relationship. Data were collected from 456 workers from various industries in Taiwan over three time periods. Ethical leadership positively related to both psychological ownership of the job and organization. Specifically, we found that psychological ownership of the job positively predicted contextual performance and was negatively associated with counterproductive work behavior. Additionally we found psychological ownership for the organization to be negatively associated with counterproductive work behavior for the organization.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"32 1","pages":"729 - 739"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42247929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2034504
Á. Lleó, P. Ruiz‐Palomino, M. Guillen, E. Marrades-Pastor
{"title":"The role of ethical trustworthiness in shaping trust and affective commitment in schools","authors":"Á. Lleó, P. Ruiz‐Palomino, M. Guillen, E. Marrades-Pastor","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2034504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2034504","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of school principal trustworthiness components (i.e., ability, integrity, benevolence) in helping shape teacher trust and affective commitment within schools. Using data from 1,026 teachers in Spain and structural equation modeling (via EQS 6.3), this study establishes how a principal’s integrity and benevolence are key in determining, both directly and indirectly (via trust in the principal), teachers’ affective commitment to their school. It also reveals that the perceived ability of a principal is not effective in generating trust or affective commitment to the school in teachers. As a contribution to the literature, these findings reveal that the ethical trustworthiness (benevolence, integrity) of principals is key in engendering trust and affective commitment to schools. Thus, to shape work environments that are high in trust and commitment, principals should focus on behaving in ways that make their integrity and benevolence manifest to their teachers.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"151 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42576507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-02-20DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2039151
Macey Arnold, Tess M. Palmateer, T. Petrie
{"title":"Sexual attractions and boundary crossings among sport psychology graduate students and professionals","authors":"Macey Arnold, Tess M. Palmateer, T. Petrie","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2039151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2039151","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The training relationship between sport psychology professionals (SPPs) and their students is a critical aspect of graduate training. Maintaining ethical, appropriate boundaries within training relationships is imperative, as boundary crossings can have deleterious effects on students. SPPs (N = 152) and Sport Psychology graduate students (N = 165) completed The Survey of Applied Sport Psychologists to explore their experiences and perceptions of sexual attractions and boundary crossings within training relationships. Nearly 30% of SPPs acknowledged sexual attractions toward their students, yet few students (8.5%) perceived such attractions. Compared to the SPPs, the students reported higher levels of anxiety regarding the SPP’s attraction toward them; both groups reported infrequent use of supervision for this attraction. Nine students and 13 SPPs reported engaging in sexual behaviors (e.g., kissing, dating, intercourse) with the other. Within the larger sample, the three most common nonsexual boundary crossings were becoming social friends, attending social gatherings, and the SPP initiating nonsexual touching. Both groups are advised to engage in ongoing monitor their behaviors, receive training specific to ethics within training relationships, and seek consultation/supervision to ensure appropriate boundaries remain intact.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"115 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49074017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-01-27DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2026775
Talia Waltzer, Audun Dahl
{"title":"Why do students cheat? Perceptions, evaluations, and motivations","authors":"Talia Waltzer, Audun Dahl","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2022.2026775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2022.2026775","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Academic cheating, a common and consequential form of dishonesty, has puzzled moral psychologists and educators for decades. The present research examined a new theoretical approach to the perceptions, evaluations, and motivations that shape students’ decisions to cheat. We tested key predictions of this approach by systematically examining students’ accounts of their own cheating. In two studies, we interviewed undergraduates in psychology (n = 68) and engineering (n = 123) classes about their past experiences with plagiarism or other cheating. Interviews assessed students’ perceptions of whether they were cheating, their evaluations of whether their actions were okay, and their motivations for doing what they did. Most students did not initially recognize their acts as cheating. While students generally thought cheating was wrong, they often judged the exceptional cases in which they cheated to be acceptable, citing concerns such as assignment goals and task feasibility. The findings suggest that perceptions, evaluations, and competing motivations play a key role in students’ decisions to cheat.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"130 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48828698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethics & BehaviorPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.2020118
Meagan E. Brock Baskin, T. A. Hart, A. Bajaj, R. Gerlich, Kristina D. Drumheller, Emily S. Kinsky
{"title":"Subjective norms and social media: predicting ethical perception and consumer intentions during a secondary crisis","authors":"Meagan E. Brock Baskin, T. A. Hart, A. Bajaj, R. Gerlich, Kristina D. Drumheller, Emily S. Kinsky","doi":"10.1080/10508422.2021.2020118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2021.2020118","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When firms face crisis, the instant and open channels of social media communication create a double-edged sword. While corporations can more quickly communicate with stakeholders, any missteps will have drastic and nearly immediate repercussions. What are the relationships among social media, subjective norms, attitudes, and intentions during corporate crisis? We explore this phenomenon via a study of a crisis faced by Lowe’s, an international home improvement store, and how current and potential customers reacted. By utilizing a structural equations model to examine an integrated model of multiple constructs, we find that Facebook usage is associated with behavioral intent, perceptions of ethicality, and attitudes toward the organization. Counter intuitively, we find that an increase in participant Facebook usage is negatively related to felt subjective norms. Our findings indicate that beyond the traditional relationships examined by the Theory of Reasoned Action (e.g., norms, attitudes, and behavioral intent), that social media and subjective norms have a strong relationship with general attitudes and ethical attitudes toward an organization.","PeriodicalId":47265,"journal":{"name":"Ethics & Behavior","volume":"33 1","pages":"70 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47082235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}