Journal of African History最新文献

{"title":"‘To Satisfy My Savage Appetite’: Slavery, Belief, and Sexual Violence on the Mina (Gold) Coast, 1471–1571","authors":"Kwasi Konadu","doi":"10.1017/S0021853722000287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853722000287","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Scholars of women and girls in African history, focusing on gender and power within religious or colonial (slavery) contexts, have drawn our attention to sexual violence against girls and women. Despite what historians of slavery and imperial violence have noted about their vulnerability and survival strategies in ‘colonial’ and ‘postcolonial’ contexts, questions remain about sexual predation and slavery in earlier periods. In the Mina (Gold) Coast, there is little known about the lived experiences of enslaved and ‘freed’ girls and women in the sixteenth century, and this is especially true for females held captive or in proximity to Portuguese slaving and gold trading bases of operation. Although only three inquisitional trials exist, sources which provide rare African female voices in the Portuguese colonial and evangelical world, their unprecedented baseline evidence for those under Portuguese slaving and religious authority tell us much about sexual violence, slavery, and religious orthodoxy.","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"143 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47524981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Text and Authority in Nineteenth Century Nigeria","authors":"M. Last","doi":"10.1017/s0021853722000378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021853722000378","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"252 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41612510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystal structure of mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate decarboxylase reveals insight into the evolution of decarboxylases in the mevalonate metabolic pathways.","authors":"Mizuki Aoki, Jeffrey Vinokur, Kento Motoyama, Rino Ishikawa, Michael Collazo, Duilio Cascio, Michael R Sawaya, Tomokazu Ito, James U Bowie, Hisashi Hemmi","doi":"10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate decarboxylase is involved in the recently discovered Thermoplasma-type mevalonate pathway. The enzyme catalyzes the elimination of the 3-phosphate group from mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate as well as concomitant decarboxylation of the substrate. This entire reaction of the enzyme resembles the latter half-reactions of its homologs, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase and phosphomevalonate decarboxylase, which also catalyze ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of their substrates. However, the crystal structure of mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate decarboxylase and the structural reasons of the difference between reactions catalyzed by the enzyme and its homologs are unknown. In this study, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate decarboxylase from Picrophilus torridus, a thermoacidophilic archaeon of the order Thermoplasmatales. Structural and mutational analysis demonstrated the importance of a conserved aspartate residue for enzyme activity. In addition, although crystallization was performed in the absence of substrate or ligands, residual electron density having the shape of a fatty acid was observed at a position overlapping the ATP-binding site of the homologous enzyme, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase. This finding is in agreement with the expected evolutionary route from phosphomevalonate decarboxylase (ATP-dependent) to mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate decarboxylase (ATP-independent) through the loss of kinase activity. We found that the binding of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, an intermediate of the archeal isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, evoked significant activation of mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate decarboxylase, and several mutations at the putative geranylgeranyl diphosphate-binding site impaired this activation, suggesting the physiological importance of ligand binding as well as a possible novel regulatory system employed by the Thermoplasma-type mevalonate pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"28 1","pages":"102111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9254496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79024492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Army's Complicated Legacy","authors":"Ushehwedu Kufakurinani","doi":"10.1017/s0021853722000354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021853722000354","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"261 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49324597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaboration, Survival, and Flight: Fulbe Narratives of Guinea-Bissau's War for Independence, 1961–74","authors":"D. N. Glovsky","doi":"10.1017/S0021853722000305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853722000305","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, Bissau-Guineans fought a bloody war for independence. Typical narratives of the war emphasize the ethnic dimension of the liberation struggle, with Balanta freedom fighters opposing Portuguese-allied Fulbe. This dominant narrative is open to question, as it ignores the war as a ‘social condition’, and the role that local circumstances played in determining collaboration with the Portuguese, fighting in liberation militaries, or fleeing to neighboring states for personal safety. Oral and archival evidence suggests a more nuanced perspective that blurs the binary nature of this dominant narrative along ethnic fault lines, viewed as either resistance or collaboration. The argument presented in this article allows us to move past defining the war along ethnic or regional lines, and instead urges a view of the conflict as a complex, fractured experience for all Bissau-Guineans, shaped by the particularities of local circumstances.","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"214 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48536866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of fiducial cephalometric landmarks of growing Class II malocclusion patients: a three-dimensional retrospective study.","authors":"Lucas Garcia Santana, Paula Loureiro Cheib, Henrique Gontijo de Pársia, Lorenzo Franchi, Alexandre Moro, Bernardo Q Souki","doi":"10.2319/090721-692.1","DOIUrl":"10.2319/090721-692.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate three-dimensionally (3D) the stability of Nasion (Na), Sella (S), Basion (Ba), Porion (Po), and Orbitale (Or) in different age groups of growing Class II malocclusion patients and, additionally, to assess rotational changes of the S-Na and Ba-Na lines and the Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (FHP).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Cone-beam computed tomography studies of 67 Class II division 1 malocclusion patients, acquired at baseline (T0) and 1 year later (T1), were retrospectively assessed. Anterior cranial fossa was used for volumetric superimposition. Subjects were grouped according to their age at T0: group 1 (G1) (8-10 years), G2 (11-13 years), and G3 (14-17 years). Quantitative assessments of the 3D linear displacements (Euclidean distance) in the position of Na, S, Ba, Po, and Or were performed. Displacement in the X, Y, and Z projections and the rotation of S-Na, Na-Ba, and FHP were also quantified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All cephalometric landmarks showed 3D displacement (P = .001) in the three age groups. Orbitale remained stable in the vertical and sagittal dimension from 8 to 17 years (P > .05). S-Na, Na-Ba, and the FHP showed statistically significant angular rotation (P < .05) in younger patients (G1), while in older individuals (G2 and G3) they were stable (P > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Na, S, Ba, and Po showed vertical and sagittal positional changes relative to the anterior cranial fossa during the growth of Class II individuals. After age 11, S-Na, Na-Ba, and FHP did not show rotation and, thus, are valid parameters for angular cephalometric analysis in Class II growing patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9374362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78891779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migrants and the Black Atlantic in Liberia","authors":"Quito Swan","doi":"10.1017/s0021853721000700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021853721000700","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"279 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42158858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"African Art in an Imperial Center","authors":"Sarah Van Beurden","doi":"10.1017/S0021853722000081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853722000081","url":null,"abstract":"edge and reputation’ (14) by writing several books based on Dɔnkɔ’s lexica of herbal remedies. Konadu’s language then becomes checkered with commentary about Warren’s ‘interracial’ marriage (166), and the implication that some of the records of Dɔnkɔ’s interaction with Warren went purposely missing (172). There is evident bitterness here, as Konadu uses Warren’s work to argue that Dɔnkɔ, like other citizens of the newly independent nation of Ghana, was ‘still exposed to the exploits of capitalists, neocolonialists, and the coming-of-age-of African Studies’ (165). Such complications aside, the section on Warren appropriately problematizes the harvesting of anthropological knowledge in the postcolony. It is also worth noting that the Dɔnkɔ/Warren encounter, despite what might have been waylaid, did leave a trove of field notes that enabled Konadu to provide a beautiful reflection on Kofi Dɔnkɔ’s daily healing activities. The Dɔnkɔ/Warren records bear witness to the modest blacksmith as someone in full control of his clinical practice and spiritual world, healing a wide array of illnesses in patients from Takyiman and abroad. There is no getting around the intellectual intensity that the author has invested into Our Own Way in this Part of the World. There are some side arguments going on that I can’t cover here, and perhaps wouldn’t be able to even if I tried. And at times, the book gets dense, making it a tough ethnographic slog in parts, especially when the author drags the reader a bit too far into the weeds of everyday Bono life. But there are also some lovely passages too, such as when Konadu thoughtfully suggests that the caricature of ‘fetishism’ might be reframed as a ‘broader agreement between the spiritual forces of nature and the world created by human culture’ (92). The most important thing is that Konadu’s thesis holds. Kofi Dɔnkɔ represents the type of bounded personhood that ‘stretched across two empires, national borders, ecologies, polities, and racial and religious ideologies, signaling a non-national decolonized possibility’ (232). By revealing Dɔnkɔ’s story, Konadu has accomplished something innovative, a book worth reading for anyone who wants to challenge themselves to rethink the field of African Studies.","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"125 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49313181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running on Empty: Fossil Fuels, Local Fuels, and Entangled Infrastructures in Colonial Senegal, 1885–1945","authors":"J. Cropper","doi":"10.1017/S0021853722000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853722000214","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the history of energy use in colonial Senegal from 1885 to 1945, and it considers how African populations and French colonial officials built a colonial energy economy through overlapping and competing infrastructures of local and imported fuels, labor, and networks of transportation. As the colonial state constructed a new system of infrastructure, from railways and roads to trains and trucks, the French extended their reach into the interior and increased the production of cash crops. At the same time, peasant farmers, migrant workers, and urban merchants incorporated colonial infrastructures into their own regimes of energy use while also fashioning an infrastructure of locally produced fuels. Through the entanglement of local and colonial infrastructures and labor, as well as the appropriation of various forms of technology, Africans and their colonizers forged a hybrid colonial energy economy — not organic, not industrial — specific to the context of colonialism.","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"19 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42096871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AFH volume 63 issue 1 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0021853722000299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021853722000299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47244,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African History","volume":"63 1","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48504434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}