Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters最新文献

{"title":"Improved prediction skill of winter cold extremes in eastern China from autumntime phase reversal of Kuroshio Extension SST anomalies","authors":"Xiaoqing Ma,&nbsp;Zhicong Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting wintertime cold extremes in China is vital for energy management and disaster preparedness. To the best of our knowledge, multiple tropical and mid–high latitude precursors have been uncovered to understand cold extremes in China. Statistical prediction models have been constructed, but the prediction skill is consistently limited for cold extremes, especially in Northeast China (NEC). The authors’ previous study revealed a strong linkage between autumntime phase reversal of Kuroshio Extension sea surface temperature anomalies (SST_KE-PR) and the dipole pattern of cold extremes in eastern China. Quantitative analysis indicates that the approximately 16 % improvement in model prediction accuracy fundamentally stems from the introduction of the key signal, the SST_KE-PR. By incorporating SST_KE-PR into the statistical model of cold extreme prediction in eastern China, the prediction skill in NEC is significantly improved; the root-mean-square error decreases by 39 % and the correlation coefficient increases by 54 %. Independent forecasts for winter 2025 further confirm the added value of SST_KE-PR, showing it to markedly improve the predictability of cold extremes in NEC without reducing the prediction skill in other regions.</div><div>摘要</div><div>极端低温是中国冬季主要的气象灾害, 提升其预测能力对防灾减灾至关重要. 基于已有研究揭示出的影响中国极端低温的前期因子建立的预测模型对东北的预测技巧有限. 本研究基于黑潮延伸区海温异常前后秋反转是中国极端低温的关键前期驱动因子这一事实, 将这一海温反转因子与已有因子相结合, 构建了一个新的统计预测模型. 结果表明, 新模型对东北地区的预测改进尤为显著, 相关系数提升了54 %, RMSE降低了39 %. 量化分析显示, 模型预测技巧约16 %的改进, 根本上是源于引入了黑潮延伸区海温反转这一关键信号.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State of China’s atmospheric environment in 2025","authors":"Ke Li,&nbsp;Hong Liao,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Jiandong Li,&nbsp;Xu Yue,&nbsp;Chenguang Tian,&nbsp;Xipeng Jin,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Pinya Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2026.100835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2026.100835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The year 2025 experienced appreciable improvements in both PM_2.5 and O₃ air quality over China but with strong regional differences. Relative to 2022–2024, the national PM_2.5 concentration in 2025 was decreased by ∼1 µg m⁻³ due to the spatially opposite changes of a 4–8 µg m⁻³ decrease in the North China Plain (NCP) and a 2–4 µg m⁻³ increase in southern China and northeastern China. In contrast, the MDA8 O₃ concentration in 2025 was decreased by 3.4 µg m⁻³, with extensive decreases in most cities. High-impact air pollution extremes, dust, fire, persistent pollution episodes, and compound events were also reported. The severe PM_2.5 (O₃) pollution was 5–8 days in 28 cities (1–3 days in 6 cities) over northern China. Three major dust episodes were identified, in which the November dust event propagated southeastward and strongly affected southern China. The annual fire PM_2.5 emissions ranked the lowest level in the past two decades. Persistent PM_2.5 pollution episodes accounted for 17% in the NCP and 10% in the Sichuan Basin of total exceedance days and the fraction of persistent O₃ pollution was more pronounced. The frequency of PM_2.5–O₃ pollution compound events (heatwave–O₃ compound events) showed a decreasing (increasing) tendency in 2025. With stricter air quality standards being implemented, significant challenges remain in achieving sustained air quality improvement in China.</div><div>摘要</div><div>本文系统报道了2025年我国的大气环境状况.对比2022–2024年, 2025年全国PM_2.5浓度下降约1 µg m⁻³, 主要是由于不同地区PM_2.5变化存在相反的趋势; O₃浓度则在大多数城市呈现一致的下降. 针对高影响的极端事件: 2025年北方28个城市经历了5天以上的重度PM_2.5污染; 识别出了三次重大沙尘天气, 能够长距离传输影响东南沿海地区; 火灾源PM_2.5排放处于较低水平; 在超标总天数中, 持续性PM_2.5污染事件在华北平原占比17%, 而持续性O₃污染事件占比更高; PM_2.5与O₃复合污染的发生频率呈现出下降态势, 但热浪-O₃复合事件的发生频率呈上升趋势.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rain effect elimination approach using FengYun-3E WindRAD dual-frequency measurements","authors":"Ke Zhao,&nbsp;Ad Stoffelen,&nbsp;Jeroen Verspeek,&nbsp;Anton Verhoef,&nbsp;Zhen Li,&nbsp;Na Xu,&nbsp;Lin Chen,&nbsp;Xiaochun Zhai,&nbsp;Fangli Dou,&nbsp;Yunkai Zhang,&nbsp;Peng Zhang,&nbsp;Tie Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Satellite scatterometers play a vital role in providing sea surface wind observations and can help to understand air–sea interaction. The wind radar (WindRAD) mounted on FengYun-3E (FY-3E) with Ku and C bands enhances the capacity to measure sea surface vector winds globally. However, the current GMFs (geophysical model functions) do not consider rain effects, which leads to local wind field retrieval biases under rainy conditions, especially for Ku-band measurements. A rain conceptual model, which describes the relationship between Ku-band measured normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) biases and the sea surface wind-induced NRCS and rain rates, has been proposed to simulate the rain effects on Ku-band measurements. This paper estimates the model parameters and validates its rain-correction effectiveness based on the near-simultaneous C- and Ku-band observations of WindRAD. The results show that after correction, the Ku-band wind speed biases relative to C-band wind speeds are significantly reduced under low to medium rain conditions. The root-mean-square differences have been reduced by about 0.2 m s⁻¹ for wind speed and about 1.6° for wind direction, respectively. Although some correction issues require further investigation under low wind and high rain-rate conditions when auxiliary rain-rate collocation is available, the model can still contribute to more accurate sea surface wind fields in rainy areas, which enhances the global-wind-observation abilities of the scatterometer constellation.</div><div>摘要</div><div>目前散射计风场反演采用的地球物理模式函数未考虑降雨影响, 导致降雨条件下反演的风场存在偏差. 研究基于风云三号E星WindRAD近同步观测的Ku/C波段数据, 提出了一种降雨概念模型, 描述了降雨引起的Ku波段归一化雷达后向散射截面 (NRCS) 测量偏差与海面风场NRCS及降雨率之间的关系. 通过该模型对Ku波段进行降雨影响校正后, 在3−10 m s⁻¹风速范围内, Ku与C波段间的平均风速偏差接近零; 反演风速和风向的均方根误差相较校正前分别降低约0.2 m s⁻¹和1.6°. 该模型可有效改进散射计风场反演算法, 从而在中低降雨条件下提供更准确的海面风场信息, 增强散射计星座的全球风场观测能力.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State of China’s climate in 2025","authors":"Lin Zhao,&nbsp;Hongling Zeng,&nbsp;Zhihai Zheng,&nbsp;Xukai Zou,&nbsp;Ling Wang,&nbsp;Mingyang Sun,&nbsp;Linhai Sun,&nbsp;Hailing Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2026.100897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2026.100897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2025, China experienced a pronounced warm–wet climate regime. The national annual mean temperature tied with the 2024 record as the highest observed since 1961, while nationwide annual precipitation exceeded the climatological norm. Multiple rainstorm sequences unfolded throughout the year, with record-breaking daily and cumulative rainfall recorded across North China, Northeast China, and Inner Mongolia during summer. The country registered its highest annual count of high-temperature days on record, and central and eastern China experienced their fourth-strongest high temperature process since 1961. Both typhoon genesis and landfall numbers were above average, characterized by complex and variable tracks, with autumn typhoons frequently affecting South China. Meteorological drought was generally mild, though regional droughts showed distinct periodic characteristics. Cold air incursions occurred at near-climatological frequencies, though cold wave outbreaks were anomalously frequent. Severe convective weather processes became more frequent and locally destructive, and national gale-day totals hit a 1991-era high. Spring sand-dust activity also exceeded long-term mean levels. Notably, meteorological disasters in 2025 yielded lower fatalities, missing-person counts, crop-affected area, and direct economic losses relative to the 2015–2024 average.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100897"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative attribution analysis of dynamical and radiative processes to the record-breaking western Russian heatwave","authors":"Lianlian Xu,&nbsp;Aihui Wang,&nbsp;Tuantuan Zhang,&nbsp;Song Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A record-breaking heatwave struck western Russia in summer 2010, accompanied by the warmest surface temperature anomalies during 1980–2022. Utilizing an updated climate feedback-response analysis method, this study quantitatively attributes the 2010 western Russian surface warming to various dynamical and radiative processes. Results show that the 2010 surface warming can primarily be attributed to the effects of surface dynamics (95 %), followed by atmospheric dynamics (49 %), clouds (19 %), and water vapor (6 %), which are partially counterbalanced by aerosol-induced cooling (−64 %). Further investigation demonstrates that the total aerosol effect is governed by the organic carbon (78 %), black carbon (36 %), and sulfate (−21 %) processes. The contributions from surface albedo, carbon dioxide, solar irradiance, ozone, and methane to the surface warming are relatively small and negligible. The surface dynamic process emerges as the dominant positive contributor, exerting an overall warming effect through positive feedback mechanisms involving surface heat fluxes and temperature. Conversely, the aerosol process acts as the primary negative factor, inducing a cooling effect driven by the increased aerosol concentrations during summer 2010. This study provides a new quantitative perspective on the record-breaking western Russian heatwave.</div><div>摘要</div><div>2010年夏季一场破纪录的热浪侵袭了俄罗斯西部, 伴随出现了1980–2022年间最暖的地表温度异常. 本研究基于改进后的气候反馈-响应分析方法, 对此次热浪期间俄罗斯西部的地表增温进行了定量归因分析. 结果表明: 地表增温主要归因于地表动力过程 (95 %), 其次为气溶胶 (−64 %) , 大气动力过程 (49 %) , 云 (19 %) 和水汽 (6 %) 的贡献. 进一步分析表明, 气溶胶的总效应主要由有机碳 (78 %) , 黑碳 (36 %) 和硫酸盐 (−21 %) 的变化所驱动.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100724"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interannual variability of the summer precipitation over the East China Sea","authors":"Xinyu Li,&nbsp;Riyu Lu,&nbsp;Bo Sun,&nbsp;Shengze Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well-known that the East Asian subtropical rainy belt, stretching from the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin eastward to southern Japan, is modulated by the zonal shift of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH). However, this study found that the interannual variability of precipitation over the East China Sea (ECS), a region between the Yangtze River basin and southern Japan, is not significantly affected by the WNPSH. Instead, large-scale circulation anomalies that favor enhanced precipitation over the ECS manifest as a local cyclonic anomaly in the lower troposphere, which promotes lower-tropospheric convergence and thus favors upward motion and enhanced precipitation. The lower-tropospheric cyclonic anomaly is favored by an extratropical cyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia in the upper troposphere, in association with the southward shift of the East Asian westerly jet. These vertically aligned anomalies exhibit a northward tilt with height, suggesting that the precipitation over the ECS is primarily driven by extratropical circulation anomalies. Further results suggest that the local cyclonic anomaly tends to concur with a wave train over the North Pacific. These results contrast sharply with other segments of the rainy belt that are greatly affected by the zonal shift of the WNPSH.</div><div>摘要</div><div>夏季东亚副热带雨带从长江中下游地区向日本南部延伸, 显著受到西太平洋副热带高压 (副高) 纬向变动的影响. 然而, 本研究发现, 位于长江中下游和日本南部之间的东海地区, 其降水的年际变化并未受到副高的显著影响. 影响东海降水的大尺度环流表现为对流层低层的局地气旋异常, 该气旋异常随高度向北倾向, 并受到高空西风急流经向偏移的调控, 说明东海降水的年际变化主要与热带外环流有关. 此外, 该气旋异常还常常与北太平洋的一支波列同时出现.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of the eastern Guangdong shelf to the sub-inertial oscillations induced by far-field Typhoon Khanun (2023): A Lagrangian perspective","authors":"Guang Zhang,&nbsp;Zhengyu Deng,&nbsp;Pengpeng Hu,&nbsp;Chaochao He,&nbsp;Jieshuo Xie,&nbsp;Suan Hu,&nbsp;Wenping Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The destructive wind field of a typhoon can affect areas far from the typhoon and this impact is transmitted through coastal trapped waves (CTWs). CTWs are a common sub-inertial oscillation phenomenon on the continental shelf with relatively long periods. They are crucial for coastal ecosystems (including upwelling/downwelling and material transport) and for low-lying areas susceptible to flooding. In this study, numerical simulation experiments were used to analyze the propagation of CTWs induced by the far-field Typhoon Khanun (2023) over the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea from a Lagrangian perspective. The results show that CTWs have nearly the same impact on the movement of particles at both the sea surface and bottom, while the surface wind field dominates the influence on surface particles. During the crest and trough phases of CTWs, the movement of particles differs. In the crest phase, particles move southwestward, while in the trough phase, particles move northeastward. Compared to the crest phase, in the trough phase, the wind field, background circulation, and CTWs all have a consistent effect on the direction of particle movement, allowing particles to disperse over greater distances.</div><div>摘要</div><div>台风的破坏性风场可对远离其中心的区域产生影响, 这种影响主要通过沿岸陷波进行传递. 沿岸陷波是大陆架上常见的亚惯性振荡现象, 具有相对较长的周期, 对近海环流和生态系统 (包括上升流/下降流及物质输送) 以及易受洪涝灾害的低洼地区具有重要影响. 本研究基于数值模拟实验, 从拉格朗日视角分析了2023年远场台风“卡努”在南海北部大陆架激发沿岸陷波的传播特征. 结果表明: 沿岸陷波对海表与底层粒子运动的影响近乎一致, 而海表粒子主要受表面风场主导. 在沿岸陷波的波峰与波谷阶段, 粒子运动呈现显著差异: 波峰阶段粒子向西南方向运移, 波谷阶段则向东北方向运移. 与波峰阶段相比, 在波谷阶段, 风场, 背景环流与沿岸陷波对粒子运动方向的影响趋于一致, 使粒子能够扩散至更远距离.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate state of the Three Gorges Region in the Yangtze River Basin in 2025","authors":"Tong Cui,&nbsp;Xianyan Chen,&nbsp;Yuyan Chen,&nbsp;Yundi Jiang,&nbsp;Hongling Zeng,&nbsp;Xukai Zou,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang,&nbsp;Shuai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2026.100870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2026.100870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2025, the annual average temperature in the Three Gorges Region (TGR) of the Yangtze River basin was 1.1°C higher than the 1991–2020 climatological average, being the second warmest year since 1961. Temperatures in parts of the northwest and central-eastern regions of the TGR were significantly higher than normal, particularly during the summer when the region experienced prolonged heatwaves. The number of high temperature days this year was ranked as the third highest since 1961. In 2025, the annual precipitation in the TGR was recorded at 1234.2 mm, representing a 3.7% increase above the 1991–2020 climatological average. Precipitation in the eastern part of the TGR was significantly above normal. Moreover, precipitation exhibited significant seasonal variation, with frequent heavy rainfall events occurring earlier than usual in spring, intense rainstorms in summer, and the longest rainy spell since 1983 in autumn. Further analysis indicated that the frequent weak cold air processes affecting the TGR in September and October, together with abundant warm, moist air from the South China Sea, resulted in prolonged and widespread overcast and rainy weather in the region.</div><div>摘要</div><div>2025年, 长江三峡地区的年平均气温较常年偏高1.1°C, 成为1961年以来的第二暖年, 高温日数位居1961年以来第三高. 西北局部和中东部气温比常年偏高明显, 特别是夏季遭遇持续高温热浪. 全年降水量为1234.2毫米, 较常年偏多3.7%, 其中东部地区偏多明显. 降水季节变化明显: 春季强降水事件出现较常年偏早且频繁, 夏季暴雨强度强, 秋雨持续时间为1983年以来最长. 分析表明, 9月至10月, 冷空气过程虽弱但频繁影响三峡地区, 与来自南海的丰沛暖湿空气结合共同造成导致该地区出现长时间, 大范围阴雨天气.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification and mechanisms for different types of marine heatwaves in the western Indian Ocean during the past three decades","authors":"Yue Yu,&nbsp;Zhaohui Lin,&nbsp;Ning Liu,&nbsp;Ruibin Ding,&nbsp;Lisuo Hu,&nbsp;Hua Zheng,&nbsp;Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Jing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the western Indian Ocean (WIO) have become more intense and frequent since the 1990s, but the underlying mechanisms driving different types of MHWs have not yet been investigated. In this study, a self-organizing map–based clustering method is applied to classify the boreal summer WIO MHW events from 1993 to 2024, and four clusters are identified from the total of 92 MHW events, according to the first three leading EOF principal components. It is found that the first three clusters of MHW events are all triggered by the suppression of evaporative cooling related to weak wind, but their underlying mechanisms exhibit substantial differences. The occurrence of Cluster 1 events is accompanied by the strengthening of advective heat transport, and the warming trend is dampened due to the deepening of the Great Whirl. For the Cluster 2 events, the warming effects by positive anomalous air–sea fluxes become more pronounced due to the shallow mixed layer. However, the warm center of Cluster 3 events locates over the central Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere. As for Cluster 4 events, they are strongly associated with the long-term suppression of upwelling over the western boundary caused by the positive Indian Ocean Dipole. These findings have significant implications for discerning the features of MHWs in the WIO and improving their predictability through the identification of precursor signals.</div><div>摘要</div><div>本文采用了基于自组织映射的聚类方法, 将1993至2024年间发生于西印度洋的92次夏季海洋热浪 （MHW） 事件分为四种类型. 前三类事件均伴随因风速下降导致的蒸发冷却被抑制. 但后续发展机制存在差异: 第一类事件随平流热输送增强; 第二类事件因混合层变浅促使增温加剧; 第三类事件的暖中心发生区域较为特殊, 位于南半球. 而第四类事件则由印度洋偶极子正位相导致的上升流受抑制引起. 这些发现对理解西印度洋MHW特征及揭示其可预报性具有重要意义.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 6","pages":"Article 100729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149330697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observation of Typhoon Trami (2024)-induced energy cascade from near-inertial waves to diurnal internal tides","authors":"Letian Chen,&nbsp;Ze Zhang,&nbsp;Yifei Jiang,&nbsp;Xiaojiang Zhang,&nbsp;Jiagen Li,&nbsp;Weimin Zhang,&nbsp;Huizan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aosl.2025.100712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy transfers among internal waves in the northern South China Sea are not well characterized, particularly during typhoons, owing to the lack of in situ observations. Based on high-resolution mooring data collected during Typhoon Trami (2024), this study reveals the occurrence of robust vertical energy redistribution among diurnal internal tides (D1 ITs) and near-inertial waves (NIWs). Strikingly, the typhoon not only amplified the NIW energy but also triggered an unexpected surge in the D1 IT energy. The observed average net energy transfer rate of 1 × 10⁻⁷ W kg⁻¹ from typhoon-forced NIWs to D1 ITs occurred at water depths of 120–170 m. Further bispectral analysis indicated that the energy transfer is driven by nonlinear wave–wave interaction. These results reveal the existence of a new energy transfer pathway—from atmospheric forcing to D1 ITs—and redefine the redistribution of the internal wave energy during extreme weather events.</div><div>摘要</div><div>台风期间内波间的能量传递特征及机制尚未得到清晰揭示. 本研究利用 2024 年南海北部“潭美”台风期间获取的高分辨率潜标观测数据, 发现全日内潮与近惯性内波之间存在显著的垂直能量串级现象. 台风作用下, 观测发现在近惯性波能量显著增强的同时, 全日内潮能量亦出现激增; 在 120–170 米深度范围的水层, 观测到台风强迫下近惯性波向全日内潮的平均净能量传递率达 1 × 10⁻⁷ W kg⁻¹. 双谱分析结果进一步证实, 这一能量传递过程由非线性波-波相互作用主导驱动. 上述结果揭示了“大气强迫至全日内潮”这一全新的内波能量传递路径, 进而重新界定了极端天气事件作用下内波能量的再分配规律.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47210,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters","volume":"19 2","pages":"Article 100712"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}