Applied Nanoscience最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis of recoverable Fe3O4-Cu@OPO(OH)2 nanocomposite as photocatalyst for methylene blue decolorization","authors":"Mahsa Hojjati,&nbsp;Esmaiel Soleimani","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02915-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02915-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this report, magnetically separable Fe₃O₄-Cu@OPO(OH)₂ composites were synthesized by green route utilizing <i>Juglans regia L.</i> leaves extract. This synthetic method is non-toxic and safe for the environment. Phenolic compounds present in the extract are responsible for the diminution of copper(II) ions to nano-Cu particles. The innovation of the work is that with the help of the <i>Juglans regia L. leaves</i> extract, a nanocomposite containing copper nanoparticles is created, which is a good conductor for electron transfer in the photocatalytic process. The crystalline phase of Fe₃O₄-Cu@OP(OH)₂ NCs was recognized with the use of XRD patterns. The results of the FT-IR technique confirm the Fe–O bond in the composites and the existence of phenolic compounds in the extract. The morphology of the product was identified by the FE-SEM apparatus. The prepared composites contain elements of copper, iron, oxygen, and phosphorus, and the EDX technique proves the presence of these elements in them. The VSM diagram showed that Fe₃O₄-Cu@OP(OH)₂ is magnetic. The photocatalytic performance of composites synthesized by an environmentally friendly method was investigated in the decolorization of azo dyes such as methylene blue. The kinetics of photocatalytic performance of Fe₃O₄-Cu@OPO(OH)₂ nanocomposites (NCs) against methylene blue was studied using UV–visible spectroscopy. In the absence of this nanocomposite, no measurable reaction could take place. After 4 h of irradiation, it was discovered that a significant proportion of MB was destroyed. The photocatalytic activity performance of Fe₃O₄-Cu@OPO(OH)₂ is 95.0%. Furthermore, the inclusion of copper nanoparticles on the magnetic iron oxide substrate causes the easy recycling of the composite in the suspension solution related to its photocatalytic process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"6341 - 6351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13204-023-02915-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41229157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic paper-based analytical device integrated with Fe@ZnS:MIP for colorimetric detection of antibiotics","authors":"Ahsan Riaz,&nbsp;Iqra Zareef,&nbsp;Anam Munawar,&nbsp;Allah Rakha,&nbsp;Muhammad Farhan Khan,&nbsp;Sareen Akhtar,&nbsp;Amna Anwar,&nbsp;Shahid Nazir,&nbsp;Salah ud Din,&nbsp;Ahtisham Shuja Abbasi","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02920-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02920-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Persistence and misuse of antibiotics eventually give rise to the progression of resistance development in bacteria. Consequently, accurate, fast and cost-effective sensing devices are required to govern the presence of drugs. Herein, we design a microfluidic paper-based device (μPAD) for the detection of Rifampicin. We selected this analyte because of its persistent overuse for the treatment of tuberculosis, among the major causes of death around the world. In this work, we have integrated Fe-reinforced ZnS nanoparticles supported with rifampicin (RIF) imprinted material on the exterior of Whatman filter paper for the fabrication of paper-based microfluidic device (μPAD). In this fabricated μPAD colorimetric detection was performed, and the synergistic effect of Fe and ZnS was recorded as compared to individual nanomaterials. A distinct color indicator was used to quantify the concentration of the targeted substance by the naked eye. The fabricated paper-based sensor possessed high sensitivity for rifampicin detection, recorded linear calibration curve representing 0.1 µM LOD and excellent selectivity, in comparison to other inferring agents present in real samples. The practical application of this designed μPAD was validated by applying a real sample.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"6331 - 6339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13204-023-02920-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41229340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stabilized silver nanoparticles as colorimetric nano-sensor for diazinon detection in water","authors":"Rabia Khatoon,&nbsp;Syed Sibt-e-Hassan,&nbsp;Faiza Anwar,&nbsp;Bilal Jan,&nbsp;Riaz Uddin,&nbsp;Muhammad Abbas Bhutto,&nbsp;Parwaiz Ahmed Baloch","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02903-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02903-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, Polyethylene glycol (PEG₄₀₀) stabilized silver nanoparticles (PEG-AgNPs) were used as a colorimetric nanosensor to detect diazinon selectively. Highly stable PEG-AgNPs were synthesized through the one-pot two-phase procedure. The characterization of nano-sensor was performed via UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). After adding the analyte to the PEG-AgNPs solution, the color of the PEG-AgNPs changed from yellow to pinkish-red, followed by a redshift of the Localized Surface Plasmon (LSPR) absorption band in the UV–Vis range. This behavior was only seen with diazinon molecules due to the presence of π-conjugated pyrimidine nitrogen and sulfur moieties, and the unique orientation of diazinon molecules facilitated non-covalent interactions with PEG-AgNPs. Synthesized nanosensor was able to detect and quantify diazinon in a linear range of (5–90 µM) 0.001–0.03 gL⁻¹ with a lower limit of detection of 0.006 gL⁻¹. The prepared nanosensor successfully identified diazinon in the presence of various interfering pesticides and displayed great potential for detection in water.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 8","pages":"5467 - 5476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4901049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on flow past an accelerated parabolic steep plate with existence of thermal radiation on incompressible nanofluid","authors":"S. Mullai Venthan,&nbsp;Gayathri Rangasamy,&nbsp;M. S. Nisha,&nbsp;I. Jayakaran Amalraj","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02884-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02884-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study examines the hall current effect and the MHD effect with the inclusion of thermal radiation in an unstable viscous convection flow with heat and mass transfer, it is an infinite uncompressible nanofluid past with a parabolic accelerated vertical plate in a variable temperature and also in uniform mass diffusion. The non-Newtonian nanofluid has been used as an incompressible fluid for the investigation. Titanium dioxide <span>({mathrm{TiO}}_{2})</span> has been taken and dissolved with water and mixed with non-Newtonian fluid. The provision of a homogenous magnetic field is perpendicular to the flow direction. The adimensional governance expressions have been derived by employing the Laplace transform approach. Analytical solutions have been found for the velocity field and temperature concentration dispensations. The outcomes for several emergent criteria are reviewed, including the Prandtl number <span>(left({mathrm{Pr}}right),)</span> Grashof number <span>(({mathrm{Gr}}))</span> and modified Grashof number <span>({(mathrm{Gm}}))</span>, Schmidt number <span>(({mathrm{Sc}}))</span>, and Hall parameter <span>((m))</span>. Graphs have been used to demonstrate how problems are measured with many parameters affecting the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"5983 - 5991"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13204-023-02884-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41229439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) pyrolysis utilizing a thermogravimetric analyzer with presence of nano-catalyst: kinetic and thermodynamic study","authors":"Hazim F. Abbas,&nbsp;Salam A. Mohammed,&nbsp;Mohammed AbdulHakim ALssadi,&nbsp;Aisha Rashid,&nbsp;Emad Yousif","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02901-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02901-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a commonly used plastic in the industry, but it is difficult to recycle due to its tendency to produce a range of gaseous products during catalytic cracking. The current research aimed to study the effectiveness of nano-nickel oxide and nano-vanadium oxide as catalysts for the cracking of PET utilizing a thermogravimetric analyzer. The doping of the catalysts and subsequent hydrogen treatment led to a significant reduction in their sizes, with reductions of at least 50%. Of the tested catalyst–PET combinations, the V₂O₅-doped NiO reduction had the best activation energy at 183.8 kJ/mol and the lowest residual weight percent at 0.12 wt%. Neat PET without a catalyst was found to have a higher activation energy, ranging from 248 to 292 kJ/mol. The PET mixed with V₂O₅-doped NiO using the reduction method had the highest conversion rate with a maximum derivative weight percent of 19.2%, while PET mixed with V₂O₅-doped NiO and PET mixed with nano-V₂O₅ using the reduction method had a lower conversion rate of 15%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"6319 - 6329"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13204-023-02901-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41228945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation study of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels with BMI, age, and gender and determination of the risk of anaemia in adult residents of Iraq","authors":"Hanan Shihab Ahmad,&nbsp;Saja Jamal Noman","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02878-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02878-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The goal of this study, which was conducted with the patients' prior informed consent, was to determine the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit in adult patients treated at Salah Aldin Teaching Hospital (SUTH)City, Iraq, from December 2021 to February 2022. There were 61 blood samples collected from the finger pad, and they were all used. Haematocrit and hemoglobin's biochemical composition were determined using the cyanmethemoglobin method and centrifugation. According to the findings, women accounted for 83.6% of the total number of patients, while men made up the remaining patients. Only 11.5% of all patients have low hemoglobin levels, while 83.6% have normal hemoglobin levels. As a result, it is also specified that 90.2% of all patients have normal hematocrit values, while 1.6% of all patients have lower-than-normal hematocrit values. Furthermore, it was discovered that 3.3% of people are overweight. The <i>χ</i>² statistical test was used to determine whether there is a significant relationship between the variables BMI, age, and gender. The test results revealed no significant relationship between these variables (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). It can be concluded that age, gender, and BMI have no effect on hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 8","pages":"5357 - 5364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4827519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach of using TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles and hydrocarbon refrigerant R600a in retrofitted vapour compression refrigeration system for environment protection and system performance enhancement","authors":"Navdeep Kumar,&nbsp;Pardeep Kumar,&nbsp;Khushdeep Goyal","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02897-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02897-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The environment effect of conventional refrigerants can be improved by adopting eco-friendly hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants in a vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) system. In this work, various factors such as neutral ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP), use of a lesser quantity of refrigerant, power saving, and retrofitting to the existing VCR system, are encouraged by opting for the HC refrigerant R600a. The mono and the hybrid nano-lubricants prepared by dispersing different concentrations of metallic oxide (TiO₂) and non-metallic oxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles in POE oil were used as the compressor lubricant. The morphology and crystal structure of each nanoparticle were analysed with the FE-SEM and XRD analysis. The performance parameters of the VCR system were analysed to study the effect of different nano-lubricants. In contrast to the better performance of TiO₂ in mono form, a combination of 25% TiO₂ and 75% SiO₂ in hybrid form performed better amongst all the tested lubricant samples. As compared to the base lubricant (POE oil). This hybrid nano-lubricant combination reduced the compressor power consumption by about 8% and enhanced the refrigeration effect by more than 13%. It resulted in the enhancement in COP by more than 23%. The compressor suction and delivery characteristics (such as pressure) and the pull-down temperature were also studied to evaluate the effect of different nano-lubricants. Furthermore, the viscosity and thermal conductivity analysis at various temperatures were also conducted to observe the tribological and thermo-physical property influence of the mono and hybrid forms of nano-lubricants on VCR system performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"6299 - 6317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13204-023-02897-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41229246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of solvothermal experimental parameters to control the size of KMgF3 nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy","authors":"R. Keuchkerian,&nbsp;L. Suescun,&nbsp;C. Crisci,&nbsp;I. Aguiar,&nbsp;W. Martínez-López,&nbsp;M. E. Pérez Barthaburu,&nbsp;M. Rodríguez Chialanza","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02865-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02865-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photodynamic therapy has advantages over conventional cancer superficial tumor therapies, such as insignificant side effects, minimal cumulative toxicity, excellent functional and cosmetic results, precise target treatment minimizing damage to neighboring normal tissues, and optimum long-term tumor regression. Upconversion nanoparticles have been proposed to extend photodynamic therapy for treating non-superficial tumors. In particular, compounds with low phonon energy, like KMgF₃, with an optimal synthesis design and a suitable doping system, could be used for this therapy application. This particular matrix allows the incorporation of dopants as transition metals ions (as Mn²⁺) besides rare-earth elements, minimizing the use of the former. To obtain nanoparticles of suitable size for nanomedicine, we used a factorial experimental design to determine statistical synthesis conditions that significantly affect particles’ size. With the proposed synthesis method, it was possible to obtain KMgF₃ nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 13.46 ± 0.30 nm to 32.18 ± 0.60 nm, values estimated with the XRD technique and with size distribution suitable for photodynamic therapy. We proved the good correlation between the particle size estimated from transmission electron microscopy images and powder X-ray diffraction measurements. According to the statistical analysis, the temperature and the interaction of temperature with MgCl₂ concentration significantly affect the particle size (significance level of 0.05). The present work describes the influence of solvothermal synthesis parameters on the KMgF₃ nanoparticle size for the first time. The results are particularly interesting for further doping the system and its functionalization, foreseeing the final application in cancer treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"6271 - 6279"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41228812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Catharanthus roseus and its antibacterial properties","authors":"Sonali Priyadarshini,&nbsp;Sanghamitra Pati","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02900-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02900-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The antibiotics have been used since ages for treating pathogenic bacteria and fungus. However, biofilm formation and multi-drug resistance has compelled the scientific community to come up with an alternative antimicrobial agent that acts against pathogens without triggering microbial resistance. Our work has attempted to study the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from <i>Catharanthus roseus</i> leaves. The leaves were extracted and subjected to nanoparticle synthesis. The UV–Vis spectral analysis showed the peak at 392.4 nm. Scanning electron microscope showed well dispersed and spherical nanoparticles ranging from 20 to 30 nm. The Atomic Force Microscope further confirmed uniform distribution and size less than 100 nm. Fourier Transform Infra-Red indicated the presence of phenols, alcohols, alkenes and other functional groups. Zeta Potential revealed negative charge and Dynamic Light Scattering showed 0.290 polydispersity index. The antibacterial properties were seen best against <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> ATCC 27562, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> ATCC 27853 and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae</i> ATCC 4352 with zone of inhibition of 21, 21 and 19 mm, respectively while 33 mm inhibition zone was seen in case of <i>Candida albicans</i> ATCC 10231. The nanoparticle and ampicillin synergistically act against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> ATCC 25923 strain and <i>E. coli</i> ATCC 25922 showing 15, 11 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. The hemo-compatibility and antibiofilm property make the silver nanoparticles safe for future In vivo studies. Further Methyl orange degradation proved that the nanoparticles have scope for future environment remediation and Bio-informatics tools helped to study drug-ability scope of secondary metabolites of <i>C. roseus.</i></p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"6281 - 6298"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41228856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the physical properties of saline wastewater in a solar pond with nanozinc oxide and nanoaluminum oxide flooring","authors":"Khadejeh HaghParast,&nbsp;Farshad Farahbod,&nbsp;Alison Zamanpour","doi":"10.1007/s13204-023-02894-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13204-023-02894-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research, the efficiency of a solar distillation system as a passive technique in the process of water distillation from wastewater was investigated. The solar distillation process is proposed as a desalination process with zero discharge (ZD), in order to prevent salt water from entering to the sea and using salt water. In this study, three solar ponds with three different floors were used. Laboratory data show that the density of wastewater varies between 1.09 and 1.27 g/cm³ when using simple flooring. The amount of density changes when using floor covering made of nanozinc oxide is between 1.05 and 1.21 g/cm³. Laboratory data show that changes in density when using flooring made of nanoaluminum oxide are between 1 and 1.17 g/cm³. The laboratory results show that heat capacity of the wastewater decreases with increase in the depth of the effluent. Results show that flooring made of nanoaluminum oxide increases the rate of evaporation by about 17% and flooring made of zinc oxide by about 11%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":471,"journal":{"name":"Applied Nanoscience","volume":"13 9","pages":"6259 - 6269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.674,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41229273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}