Journal of Public Transportation最新文献

{"title":"Late train-crew rescheduling: A tabu-search-based approach using restricted DFS","authors":"Liyun Yu,&nbsp;Carl Henrik Häll,&nbsp;Anders Peterson,&nbsp;Christiane Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we reschedule the duties of train drivers one day before the operation. Because several drivers are absent (for example, because of sick leave), some trains have no driver. Thus, duties need to be rescheduled for the day of operation. We start with a feasible crew schedule for each of the remaining operating drivers, a set of unassigned tasks originally assigned to the absent drivers, and a set of standby drivers with fixed start time, end time, start depot, and end depot. Our aim is to generate a crew schedule with as few canceled tasks as possible. We present a tabu-search-based approach with restricted graph search for crew rescheduling. We also adopt a column-generation approach as a benchmark to reflect the same restrictions and objective function as our tabu-search-based approach. We use it to compare the quality of the results, computational time, and other performance indicators. Our tabu-search-based approach needs less computational time than the column-generation approach to compute an acceptable result. We further test the performance of our approach under different settings. One of the datasets used in the experiments originated from a regional passenger-train system around Stockholm, Sweden, and was provided by Mälartåg. The other dataset is generated from the open-source crew scheduling data from the ROMSOC project.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148995285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"City-scale unmet bus demand modeling with passenger reneging behavior","authors":"Pooreumoe Kim,&nbsp;Hyunsoo Yun,&nbsp;Dong-Kyu Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving a balance between transit supply and passenger demand is essential for ensuring reliable and equitable public transportation services. In high-demand urban bus systems, however, capacity constraints frequently lead to boarding failures, where passengers are unable to board and must either wait or abandon their trips. These events represent not only operational inefficiencies but also critical accessibility issues that disproportionately affect transit-dependent users. Despite its importance, unmet demand remains difficult to quantify because it is inherently unobserved in standard transit data. Existing approaches either rely on costly sensing infrastructure or focus on post-hoc analysis, limiting their applicability for city-scale and timely decision-making. Moreover, passenger behavioral responses—such as waiting tolerance and reneging—are rarely incorporated, leading to incomplete representations of demand dynamics. This study proposes a behaviorally grounded model to estimate latent unmet demand using smart card data. The approach explicitly captures passenger reneging as a function of expected waiting time, enabling a more realistic representation of demand propagation under capacity constraints. Using comprehensive smart card data from the Seoul metropolitan bus network, the proposed method improves estimation accuracy and enables real-time, city-scale monitoring. The findings reveal that unmet demand is highly dynamic and spatially dispersed, and that ignoring passenger behavior leads to systematic misestimation of service gaps. The proposed model provides actionable insights for transit operators and policymakers, supporting demand-responsive interventions to improve service reliability and accessibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100175"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148995291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative evaluation of mobile charging pods for electric bus operations","authors":"Mohd Aiman Khan ,&nbsp;Wilco Burghout ,&nbsp;Oded Cats ,&nbsp;Erik Jenelius ,&nbsp;Matej Cebecauer","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in battery technology and the global shift toward sustainable transport have accelerated the adoption of electrified public transit systems. However, the implementation of such systems is often constrained by the need for large battery capacities and the high costs associated with stationary charging infrastructure. This study investigates the potential of Mobile Autonomous Charging Pods (MAPs) which are autonomous mobile charging vehicles as an innovative and cost-effective strategy to support the electrification of high-frequency urban bus lines. Using microscopic simulation for inner-city trunk lines in Stockholm, three charging configurations are evaluated: (i) depot-only charging, (ii) depot charging combined with end-station charging, and (iii) depot charging supported by MAPs. Results show that the MAP-based approach enables a reduction in total battery capacity by up to 67% compared to the depot-only strategy and yields total cost savings of over 7 million USD in total cost of ownership across an 11-year horizon. In addition to reducing capital and grid connection costs, MAPs offer greater operational flexibility and resilience by decentralizing energy delivery and enabling dynamic in-motion or stationary charging. The findings highlight MAPs as a scalable and economically viable solution that complements traditional depot infrastructure, offering a path toward more adaptable and efficient electric public transport networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147397361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclusivity assessment of digitalizing public transportation in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area","authors":"Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo ,&nbsp;Vicka Kharisma ,&nbsp;Meilinda Fitriani Nur Maghfiroh ,&nbsp;Abdul Baits Dehana Padma Swastika ,&nbsp;Almira Hanifa ,&nbsp;Baihaqi Muhammad ,&nbsp;Maya Larasati ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Onoda","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digitalization is reshaping public transport worldwide through apps, real-time updates, and cashless payments. These tools promise efficiency and convenience, but in rapidly growing cities they can also deepen divides if access is uneven. Ensuring equity in this transition is critical for mobility systems already strained by congestion and inequality. This study examines the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Southeast Asia’s largest urban region and a fast adopter of transport digitalization. We surveyed 1000 commuters and interviewed 20 to assess who benefits and who risks exclusion. Most riders reported using digital tools (≈84% used more than one app; ≈49% paid by smartphone), yet exclusion remains: lower-education, lower-income, and commuters in unstable or short-term jobs were more likely to travel 6–7 days a week, pay in cash, and rely on single modes. Socio-economic effects on digital adoption were generally weak (Cramér’s V &lt; 0.2), but spatial disparities were more pronounced, with long commutes concentrated among Bogor residents (V = 0.341). Interviews highlighted persistent barriers such as fragmented payments, inaccurate app functions, and limited accessibility for older users. To prevent digitalization from widening inequalities, we recommend three priorities: unify multimodal payments, simplify digital platform integration, and strengthen digital literacy and accessibility support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147750689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing urban bus operations during fleet electrification: A mixed fleet scheduling model with a column generation algorithm","authors":"Chung-Cheng Lu,&nbsp;Yun-Chia Yen,&nbsp;Yu-Shyun Chien","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric buses play a critical role in advancing urban green transportation. However, in the transition period remaining before full conversion to electric buses is achieved, it is essential to address the scheduling challenges associated with operating mixed fleets of electric and diesel buses. To support decision-making for city bus operators, this study develops a mixed-integer linear programming model based on a multi-layer time-space network, aiming to minimize total operational cost. This study contributes to the literature by incorporating partial charging strategies and time-of-use electricity pricing, thereby capturing real-world constraints imposed by battery capacity limits and power grid restrictions, which are largely absent in prior research. To address the computational complexity inherent in this NP-hard problem, a column generation algorithm coupled with a vehicle-based network decomposition heuristic is developed to enhance solution efficiency. Computational experiments using real-world instances are conducted to evaluate algorithmic performance. The results demonstrate that the solution approach outperforms the Gurobi commercial solver in both solution quality and computational time, proving that the proposed framework can generate robust analytical outputs. A set of scenarios and sensitivity analyses is then conducted to evaluate how variations in key operational parameters, such as charger locations, fleet electrification shares, energy-consumption efficiency, fixed-cost subsidies, and electricity-price subsidies, affect the objective value and decision variables. These findings provide critical decision support for managing the operational and charging complexities associated with scheduling in the transition to city bus fleet electrification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149051102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open source Digital Twin development pipeline for Public Transport: A case study in Stockholm","authors":"Jonas Jostmann,&nbsp;Tong Mo,&nbsp;Haoyan Wang,&nbsp;Zhenliang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital Twins (DTs) offer a wide range of functionalities including retrospective analyses of past conditions, real-time monitoring and control, as well as the evaluation of future scenarios. These capabilities make DTs a valuable tool in the Public Transport (PT) domain. To enable the functionalities demanded by traffic planners and operators, DTs rely on the integration of aggregated and disaggregated data from real-world sources and simulations. Informative visualizations of these data sources within the street network, combined with 3D representations of the built environment, provide the necessary contextualization to facilitate decision-making. However, since DTs integrate this large set of different components, their development is typically time- and resource-intensive which represents a barrier for their adoption. To make DTs more widely accessible and promote their use in the PT field, we propose and implement a DT development pipeline that integrates real-world data collection and processing, simulation, and 3D visualization in a unified framework. The pipeline is based on open data and open source software to enable the implementation of PT DTs with low barriers while allowing for extensibility to other urban-related applications. We demonstrate the DT’s functionalities with a prototypical implementation for the region of Kista in Stockholm, and discuss the potential as well as the limitations of PT DTs for practical use cases from a conceptual perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the performance of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) station using local measurements and microsimulation","authors":"Oscar Julián Camargo ,&nbsp;Gonzalo Mejía ,&nbsp;Alfonso T. Sarmiento ,&nbsp;Miguel Angel Uribe-Laverde","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is an efficient public transportation system used worldwide. BRT systems are complex networks of bus routes with a myriad of operational parameters that are difficult to optimize. In particular, high occupancy stations often experience bus queueing issues, resulting in reduced performance and user dissatisfaction. Most BRT performance improvement methods ignore bus interactions at docking bays, which limits their applicability to systems where bus queues are common. In this paper, we introduce a local method based on cellular automata aimed at enhancing performance at a single BRT station. The proposed method aims to find the docking bay assignments that both minimize the bus delays and improve the passenger experience at the station. Our method was tested with real data from the Calle 100 station of the Transmilenio BRT system in Bogotá, Colombia. We show that a reduction of 55% in the average delay per bus can be achieved by modifying the docking bay assignment at the station. Our findings indicate that the bus delays are minimized when last sub-stop is the busiest one and the middle sub-stop is the least occupied. This asymmetry is a direct consequence of bus interactions and can only be reproduced by microsimulation methods. Further improvements in the user experience can be attained by incorporating the line similarity as a second optimization objective. This score evaluates the similarity between the next stops of the routes assigned to the same sub-stop. Maximizing this score enables the grouping of similar lines, facilitating passengers’ journey initiation. With the inclusion of this factor in the decision-making process, a Pareto front is proposed to yield a set of optimal solutions from which the system’s operator can choose, depending on their interest. Notably, even when the line similarity score is maximized in the Pareto front, the average bus delay is still reduced by 42% compared to the implemented docking bay configuration. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the optimal solutions are effectively modified by changes in the coefficient of variation of both dwell times and headways, however, the proposed optimal solutions are still close to the optimal and in all cases correspond to significant performance improvements. A better understanding of the distribution of dwell times and headways for all lines allows a closer approximation to the optimal solutions. The proposed methodology can readily be applied to any busy BRT station to look for performance improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148241162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Willingness to adopt mobility as a service in a pre-deployment context: Evidence from Bangladesh using a dual-method framework","authors":"Mahbub Hassan,&nbsp;Pretom Sarkar,&nbsp;Md Kamrul Islam,&nbsp;M M Hafizur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines prospective willingness to adopt Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Bangladesh, where no integrated MaaS platform was operational during the study period. A scenario-based online survey of 518 respondents across all eight administrative divisions was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The conceptual model builds on UTAUT2 and incorporates platform trust, perceived risk, and privacy concern. The PLS-SEM model explained 70.8% of the variance in willingness to adopt MaaS and demonstrated favorable out-of-sample predictive performance. Performance expectancy and platform trust showed the strongest positive associations with willingness, whereas perceived risk and privacy concern were negatively associated with it. The fsQCA results further revealed multiple configurations associated with both high and low willingness, indicating that prospective MaaS acceptance is configurational rather than driven by a single condition. Overall, the findings suggest that prospective MaaS acceptance in Bangladesh depends on both anticipated mobility benefits and confidence in platform operation. From a policy perspective, the results support staged real-world experimentation rather than immediate large-scale deployment, with early pilots emphasizing service interoperability, reliable payment and problem-resolution mechanisms, transparent data governance, operator coordination, and inclusive access. Such evidence can help policymakers assess whether prospective willingness can be translated into sustainable MaaS implementation under actual operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148995295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Car, bus, or metro? Evaluating mode shift dynamics through the introduction of mass rapid transit in an emerging city","authors":"Zahid Hasan Prince ,&nbsp;Adeeba Naz ,&nbsp;Md Hadiuzzaman ,&nbsp;Sk. Md Mashrur","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An efficient public transit (PT) system is essential to handling commuters' transportation demands. Yet, many growing cities' PT fails to meet commuters’ expectations and cannot capture riders. Dhaka faced similar issues, with buses offering inferior service, which was further worsened by congestion. To address this, the city introduced its first Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), intending to attract private vehicle (PV) users. However, it primarily shifted bus riders and failed to reduce PV dependency, motivating this study. A home interview survey collected data from 1513 commuters at four MRT stations, representing diverse land uses, focusing on their travel behavior, perceptions of transit services, and socio-economic characteristics. Factor analysis, Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC), and Discrete Choice Models were used to understand the heterogeneity of prior PT and PV users in their decision-making processes. Demographic and household characteristics significantly influenced mobility shifts, with Rapid-Pass ownership being the key factor, increasing likelihood of prior PT users changing by 15.31 times and prior PV users by 2.60. Social media influences decision-making, especially among females. The study explored how global inflation concerns affect users' mobility decisions, focusing on their trade-offs between time and money. The study also found that parallel alignment of MRT and bus induces unwanted competition between PT modes and causes buses to lose ridership. However, when destinations were within comfortable walking distance from MRT stations, PT and PV users strongly preferred MRT. Overall, the study provides policymakers with insights into balancing PT and PV use to build an efficient urban transport network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating origin-destination matrices with sparse seed matrices","authors":"Elisa Maria Tirindelli ,&nbsp;Daniel J. Reck","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jpubtr.2026.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Origin-destination matrices of traveller flows are a key ingredient to transport planning. In public transport planning, most agencies conduct origin-destination surveys to extract line-level origin-destination matrices. These matrices, however, only partially represent ridership, as only a fraction of travellers are surveyed. Hence, they need to be scaled to real ridership, typically by using automatic passenger counts (APC) and algorithms such as iterative proportional fitting (IPF). This procedure works well for busy lines, where seed matrices present few or no zeros (i.e., absence of observations for a given origin-destination pair), however it becomes less reliable on sparsely used lines, where seed matrices present a high percentage of structural and sampling zeros. It is currently unknown, up to which percentage of zeroes IPF can be reliably used, and how to handle zeroes more generally. In this paper, we apply IPF to simulated (ground truth) and real origin-destination seed matrices to quantify the reliability of IPF and to test different replacement values for zeroes. We work with matching data from automatic passenger counters and a large origin-destination survey with 26,000 + participants on 70 + public transport lines that was conducted in 2022 in Geneva, Switzerland. We find that the reliability of IPF measured by the estimation error exponentially correlates with the percentage of zeros in the seed matrix. We test replacement values of zeroes between 0 and 10 and find that 1 is the best replacement for sampling zeros in the seed matrix to minimize the estimation error and simultaneously improve convergence. Practitioners and academics can use these results to maintain the advantages of IPF in practice (computational lightweight, simplicity, implementation in most common software) yet improve its reliability on sparsely used lines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47173,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Public Transportation","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147397360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}