Europes Journal of Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on Sleep Outcome for Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in a Routine Clinical Service.","authors":"Chotiman Chinvararak, Olivia Sterry, Trudie Chalder","doi":"10.5964/ejop.16669","DOIUrl":"10.5964/ejop.16669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to study the effectiveness of CBT for sleep difficulties in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalitis (CFS/ME).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study at the Persistent Physical Symptoms Research and Treatment Unit, Maudsley Hospital, between 2014 and 2019. The primary outcome was sleep quality and other sleep parameters assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The secondary assessments comprised the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFS), the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), and the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The data were gathered at baseline, discharge, and follow-up periods (3, 6, and 12 months). A paired samples t-test, repeated measures ANOVAs, and the Friedman Test were used to determine the effectiveness of CBT. A linear mixed model was employed to evaluate the effect size of CBT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From all 217 participants (71.4% female; mean age = 39.42 ± 12.32 years), 85.7% experienced poor sleep quality. The associated factors of poor sleep quality at baseline included primary education/secondary education/vocational qualification (OR_adj = 3.74, 95% CI [1.03, 13.64], <i>p</i> = .046), CFS score (OR_adj = 1.08, 95% CI [1.02, 1.15], <i>p</i> = .015), SF-36 score (OR_adj = 0.98, 95% CI [0.96, 0.99], <i>p</i> = .015), WSAS score (OR_adj = 1.06, 95% CI [1.02, 1.11], <i>p</i> = .004) and HADS-A score (OR_adj = 0.80, 95% CI [0.69, 0.93], <i>p</i> = .004). CBT had a substantial positive effect on sleep parameters, fatigue, and physical functioning over a 12-month follow-up period (<i>p</i> < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CBT had a significant positive effect on the sleep parameters. This effect persisted during a 12-month follow-up period. The results suggest CBT is an effective treatment for CFS/ME patients with sleep problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 3","pages":"356-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Exposure to Thin Ideal Bodies Increase Self-Disgust?","authors":"Elisa Rabarbari, Mariarca Ascione, Franck Alexandre Meschberger Annweiler, Maria Teresa Mendoza, Bruno Porras Garcia, Giuseppe Riva, Jose Guitierrez-Maldonado","doi":"10.5964/ejop.18423","DOIUrl":"10.5964/ejop.18423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigates whether exposure to thin-ideal body images, commonly encountered on social networking sites (SNSs), leads to increased body dissatisfaction, body-related anxiety, and self-disgust among young women. While previous research has established a link between SNS use and body dissatisfaction, the role of self-disgust in this context remains underexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 59 healthy young women (<i>M</i> age = 24.49, <i>SD</i> = 3.66) with a normal BMI (<i>M</i> = 22.38, <i>SD</i> = 3.27) participated. Exclusion criteria included current or past eating disorders, psychopathology, or psychiatric medication use. Participants completed pre- and post-exposure measures of body satisfaction (S-BISS), body-related anxiety (PASTAS), and self-disgust (VAS) after viewing 15 thin-ideal images. A non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used due to non-normal data distribution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants showed a significant decrease in body satisfaction (<i>z</i> = -3.017, <i>p</i> = .003). Self-disgust significantly increased for the stomach (<i>z</i> = -2.197, <i>p</i> = .028) and hips (<i>z</i> = -2.622, <i>p</i> = .009). Significant increases in body anxiety were observed for the waist (<i>z</i> = -2.352, <i>p</i> = .019), buttocks (<i>z</i> = -2.000, <i>p</i> = .046), muscular tone (<i>z</i> = -2.668, <i>p</i> = .008), and perceived overweight (<i>z</i> = -3.273, <i>p</i> = .001). No significant changes were found for thighs or legs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Consistent with sociocultural/objectification literature, thin-ideal exposure elicited immediate increases in dissatisfaction and anxiety and extended prior work by documenting state self-disgust as a plausible affective response. These findings underscore the need for media literacy interventions and further exploration of emotional mechanisms in body image disturbance. Generalizability is limited by the all-female and the single-session pre-post design without an active control. Effects should be interpreted as upper-bound estimates of immediate reactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 3","pages":"444-461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive and Emotional Predictors of Decision-Making in Adults: Roles of Cognitive Functions and Emotion Regulation Difficulties.","authors":"Yuzu Yoshimaru, Shinji Okazaki","doi":"10.5964/ejop.17823","DOIUrl":"10.5964/ejop.17823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used measure of decision-making that mimics real-life situations involving uncertainty and reward. While prior research has separately explored the roles of cognitive functions (e.g., intelligence) and non-cognitive factors (e.g., emotion regulation), few have examined their combined and relative influence. This study aimed to clarify how cognitive abilities and emotion regulation difficulties contribute to decision-making under ambiguity and risk, as assessed by the IGT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty healthy adults completed a modified version of the IGT, a battery of cognitive tasks measuring planning, attention, and working memory, and the Japanese version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (J-DERS). Zero-order and partial correlations as well as hierarchical regression analyses were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Zero-order correlations indicated significant positive associations between advantageous IGT performance and both working memory and attention. These associations remained significant after controlling J-DERS scores in partial correlations. However, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that neither cognitive abilities nor emotion regulation difficulties significantly predicted overall IGT performance. Contrary to expectations, emotion regulation difficulties were not significantly related to risky choices, suggesting a weaker role than previously attributed to emotional intelligence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that cognitive functions, particularly attentional control, are more strongly associated with advantageous decision-making, especially during later stages of the task. These findings underscore the primacy of cognitive functions in implicit decision-making. Study limitations include a small sample size and a lack of neurophysiological data, highlighting the need for future studies with neuroimaging and larger samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 3","pages":"423-443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Distraction to Delay: Unpacking Academic Procrastination.","authors":"Rosa Angela Fabio, Miriam Ricciardello, Giulia Picciotto","doi":"10.5964/ejop.19203","DOIUrl":"10.5964/ejop.19203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Academic procrastination undermines students' academic performance and psychological well-being. This study investigated key psychological and cognitive factors associated with procrastination, including personality traits, need for achievement, inattention, hyperactivity, and social media addiction. A total of 464 Italian university students completed validated self-report questionnaires; a subsample of 80 participants also completed cognitive tasks assessing attention, inhibitory control, and working memory. Predictors of procrastination were examined using multiple regression and a path analysis model (structural equation modeling). Exploratory statistical indirect-effect analyses were also conducted; given the cross-sectional design, these were interpreted as associational rather than causal. Procrastination was negatively associated with conscientiousness and need for achievement, and positively associated with inattention, hyperactivity, and problematic social media use, with inattention emerging as the strongest statistical correlate. Importantly, the integration of self-report and objective performance data revealed that high procrastinators showed poorer executive functioning. These findings highlight the combined role of personal and cognitive factors in academic procrastination. Interventions aimed at enhancing attentional control and strengthening need for achievement may help reduce procrastination and improve students' academic outcomes and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 3","pages":"462-480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Facilitation of Cognitive Procedures is not Dependent on Maintenance of Declarative Memory Elements.","authors":"Michael F S Baranski, Daniel Byrnes, Katelyn L McClure, Phillip Hamrick, Christopher A Was","doi":"10.5964/ejop.17457","DOIUrl":"10.5964/ejop.17457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous research has demonstrated that the cognitive procedure of categorization can be facilitated with practice. That is, practice categorizing exemplars of a particular category results in faster and more accurate categorizing of new exemplars within processed categories compared to non-processed categories. Further, subsequent research using a directed-forgetting paradigm demonstrated that this facilitation of procedural memory can occur without the maintenance of declarative memory elements (i.e., category exemplars). The current research extends these findings by examining if procedural memory can be facilitated in the absence of declarative memory recall of processed category labels. Results demonstrate another replication of the facilitation of procedural memory as well as non-recalled category exemplars being categorized faster and more accurately than non-processed category exemplars. Interestingly, participants more quickly and accurately categorized non-recalled categories compared to recalled categories. The results suggest that the facilitation of exemplar comparisons is not dependent upon category label maintenance in declarative memory.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 3","pages":"405-422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Role of Verbal and Non-Verbal Working Memory Measures in Complex Sentence Comprehension by School-Aged Greek Speaking Children.","authors":"Gavriil Karavasilis","doi":"10.5964/ejop.18071","DOIUrl":"10.5964/ejop.18071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study examines the role of Working Memory (WM), as a cognitive system of limited storage-processing resources, in complex sentence comprehension by typically developing children in both the verbal and non-verbal domain. In particular, the study compares non-verbal and verbal measures of WM in regard to their contribution to complex sentence comprehension.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were 169 children aged 8 to 12 years, native speakers of Greek. A self-paced reading task was used to assess the comprehension of syntactically complex sentences. The sentences tested were object-relatives. Non-verbal short-term memory (nvSTM) and non-verbal working memory (nvWM) was measured by corsi blocks forward and corsi blocks backward, respectively. Forward digit span was used for the measurement of verbal short-term memory (vSTM) and backward digit span for the assessment of verbal working memory (vWM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that the only significant predictor of children's comprehension was backward digit span.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest an important role of vWM in the comprehension of syntactically complex structures, lending support to the view that language comprehension is underpinned by a domain-specific cognitive system specialized to verbal processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 3","pages":"387-404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Unethical Leadership on Employees' Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviour: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mohd Ferdaus Harun, Maisarah Mohd Taib","doi":"10.5964/ejop.16341","DOIUrl":"10.5964/ejop.16341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This meta-analysis examines the relationship between unethical leadership and employees' engagement in unethical pro-organizational behaviours. When leaders lack moral integrity, it can undermine employees' ethical decision-making. By synthesizing evidence across studies, this research aims to clarify the scale and impact of this link, informing interventions to mitigate the harmful effects of unethical leadership on employee behaviour.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A systematic literature search across five online databases identified 129 empirical studies published between 2014 and 2024. These studies investigated the relationship between unethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behaviours, examining constructs such as exploitative leadership, authoritarian leadership, and abusive supervision. Only studies that were rated as having moderate or strong overall quality based on the QATQS risk of bias assessment were included. The meta-analysis employed a univariate random-effects model, with effect sizes calculated using Fisher's Z coefficient.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 20 effect sizes from 12 studies were included, involving 6,892 participants across five countries, four from Asia (i.e., China, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, and Iran) and the United States. The overall effect size was positively significant, indicating that unethical leadership moderately increases employees' unethical pro-organizational behaviours. The substantial heterogeneity suggests variability beyond chance. While the funnel plot and Egger's regression test indicate potential publication bias in the included studies, Duval and Tweedie's trim-and-fill method did not identify sufficient evidence of missing studies to warrant adjusting the effect size.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Unethical leadership demonstrates a moderate positive effect on employees' engagement in unethical pro-organizational behaviours. Leaders' unethical conduct directly shapes this trend. However, potential mediating factors, such as a moral engagement, value-congruence, and moderating factors, such as organizational culture and ethical climate, may also influence these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"194-226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family Factors Associated With Excessive Online Activity Among Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data.","authors":"Anastasios Fotiou, Eleftheria Kanavou, Myrto Stavrou, Maria Christopoulou, Panteleimon Voitsidis, Maria Lappa, Clive Richardson, Anna Kokkevi","doi":"10.5964/ejop.16907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.16907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adolescents' online engagement offers both opportunities and risks: whereas moderate use can foster learning, social connection, and entertainment, excessive use has been associated with sleep problems, lower academic performance, and psychosocial difficulties. The family context plays a central role in shaping adolescents' daily routines, including online behaviours, through support, monitoring, and the quality of parent-child relationships. Despite growing concern about compulsive Internet use, evidence linking family factors to distinct patterns of online activity remains limited. This study examined the association between family characteristics and typologies of adolescent Internet use. Latent class analysis was conducted on data from a nationally representative sample of 3,202 16-year-old students in Greece to determine distinct classes of adolescents based on the frequencies of six online activities. Four classes of Internet users were identified: \"heavy-with-gaming/gambling\", with high probability of very frequent involvement in all Internet-related activities (14.3%, mostly boys); \"heavy-without-gaming/gambling\" (44.1%, mostly girls); \"moderate\" (21.4%, mostly boys); and \"light\" users (20.3%, mostly girls). Compared with the group of \"light\" Internet users, the \"heavy-with\" and \"heavy-without-gaming/gambling\" groups had seven times and twice the odds, respectively, of reporting compulsive Internet use according to the Compulsive Internet Use Scale score. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression testing for associations with family variables showed that low satisfaction with the relationship with the father was associated with membership of the class of \"heavy-with-gaming/gambling\" users. Interventions tailored to the specific needs of adolescents engaging in heavy online activity, particularly when including gaming and gambling, should take into account the adolescent-father relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"266-289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Old Wine in a New Bottle\": Are Different Terminologies on Dual Processing Conceptually the Same?","authors":"C Dominik Güss, Jaden Powell","doi":"10.5964/ejop.18353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.18353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Dual processing theory is among the most influential theories in cognitive psychology. It distinguishes two kinds of human thinking: one that is fast, intuitive, and effortless; and the other that is slow, deliberate, and effortful. Interestingly, these two types of human thinking have been described using many different terms by various researchers. How similar or different are these terms and related constructs?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the dual-processing literature, conducted a thought experiment, and analyses using the machine learning model BERT (SCEPTER) to compare the similarity and difference between the terms and constructs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings show that, though these terms are lexically different, what researchers describe is, at the core, very similar. The various terms are 'old wine in a new bottle.'</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We provide possible reasons for this coinage of terminology and present a rationale for careful deliberation before introducing new terms.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"327-342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Deprivation Can Lead to Increased Physiologically Based Irritability in College Students.","authors":"Jaka Prevodnik, S Elizabeth Rácz-Brunner","doi":"10.5964/ejop.17555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.17555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>While sleep deprivation has been thoroughly researched in association to cognitive and physiological effects, very few have evaluated its association with irritability. This study addresses the relationship between sleep and irritability using physiological data and includes a research model to aid future experiments on irritability and neighboring mood concepts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-four US undergraduate students participated in a physiologically based study on irritability. Participants were separated into two groups based on sleep recommendations adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for college students. The experiment consisted of three cognitive tasks paired with irritable stimuli, all done while undergoing heart rate (HR) measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean length of time participants slept throughout the study was 7.70 hours, which was higher than initially expected. Significant increases seen in HR during periods of the Insoluble Puzzle task possibly indicate that task duration, perceived reward blocking, and participant expectation can play a significant role in inducing irritability when sleep deprived (<i>p</i> = .014, <i>p</i> = .045).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that exposure to an irritating stimulus can have a physiological impact on a sleep-deprived individual. Importantly, this study is also practically applicable to other researchers as it presents a research model that serves as a guideline for future research on irritability and its neighboring concepts.</p>","PeriodicalId":47113,"journal":{"name":"Europes Journal of Psychology","volume":"22 2","pages":"311-326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}