Anthropologie最新文献

{"title":"Le site de Batanga centrale 2, dans la province de l’Ogooué-maritime (Gabon) : approche typo technologique du matériel lithique récolté en surfaces","authors":"Stecy Meyono-Ilougou","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>La province de l’Ogooué-maritime est véritablement connue du domaine de l’archéologie dès les années 1980 par les chercheurs du LANA, sous l’impulsion de Lazare Digombé, Michel Locko et leur (s) équipe (s). Un peu plus de 30 ans après, les premières missions de recherches, des ramassages de surface non loin de la centrale de traitement des hydrocarbures de la société Perenco, Batanga centrale 2 ont livré la documentation archéologique retenue pour ce travail. Cette étude technologique a permis de déterminer une chaîne opératoire adaptée à la production d’éclats à partir de plaquettes de silex roulées et de rares galets ovoïdes. Le débitage est essentiellement représenté avec différents schémas opératoires (unipolaire, bipolaire et centripète). L’analyse des nucléus atteste d’un caractère particulièrement déterminant pour les processus de débitage en raison de la morphologie, de la texture et des modules des blocs. L’étude typologique signale une forte présence d’éclats corticaux ou non, de petites dimensions, assez larges et assez épais, de nucléus et de blocs ayant rarement servi de percuteurs. Les éclats en présence semblent caractériser les objectifs du débitage. Aucun outil typologiquement identifiable n’a été relevé. La céramique est attestée par quelques tessons également récoltés en surface. Des éléments liés à l’alimentation ont également pu être approchés par quelques restes de coquilles probablement des huîtres. Au regard des objets en présence, ce site peut être attribué à la fin du <em>Late Stone Age</em>.</p></div><div><p>The province of Ogooué-Maritime has been known to the field of archaeology since the 1980s by LANA researchers, under the impetus of Lazare Digombé, Michel Locko and their team(s). A little more than 30 years after the first research missions, surface collections not far from the Perenco company's hydrocarbon processing plant, Batanga Centrale 2, provided the archaeological documentation selected for this work. This technological study made it possible to determine a chain of operations adapted to the production of flakes from rolled flint plates and rare ovoid pebbles. The debitage is essentially represented with different operating schemes (unipolar, bipolar and centripetal). The analysis of the nuclei shows that the morphology, texture and moduli of the blocks are particularly decisive for the debitage processes. The typological study indicates a strong presence of cortical or non-cortical flakes, of small dimensions, fairly wide and fairly thick, of nuclei and of blocks that were rarely used as strikers. The flakes present seem to characterise the objectives of the debitage. No typologically identifiable tools were found. Ceramics are attested by a few shards also collected on the surface. Elements related to food could also be approached by some remains of shells, probably oysters. In view of the objects present, this site can be attributed to the Late Stone Age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rock art of Caraculo, Namibe province, Angola","authors":"Benjamim Fernandes ,&nbsp;Sara Garcês ,&nbsp;Luiz Oosterbeek","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The province of Namibe, in south-western Angola, is rich in rock art, which is distributed throughout the region, from the municipality of Camucuio, with its Cipopilo sites, to the Caraculo area, which has the largest number of shelters with rock art. The distribution extends throughout the region, including the municipality of Virei, where the Citundu-Hulu shelter stands out, and the commune of Iona, with the Monte Negro rock art site. To date, the Caraculo region has the largest number of rock art sites identified in Angola. In this paper, we will discuss the general state of rock art studies in Namibe province and, of the various shelters found in the region. We will focus our study on four new sites firstly published in this paper, as they are a good illustration of the diversity of rock art in the region: Muliolila, Múcua II, Kandombolo and Cikotoue. These four shelters were subjected to a digital documentation protocol that is fundamental to the preservation and understanding of these archaeological sites<span>. The methodology involved the application of a digital documentation protocol that included digital photography of the site, panels, figures and surrounding landscape, digital image processing, enhancement of the visualisation and interpretation of the rock art images using DStretch® software, and digital tracing using Adobe Photoshop© software. This documentation protocol will be used not only to provide accurate and up-to-date information about the site (thus raising awareness of the cultural and historical importance of these sites), but also to identify hazards and threats that may affect the site, to monitor possible damage and to take measures to protect the site. The motifs represented are very diverse, emphasizing zoomorphic figures such as antelopes, cats and serpentine figures, anthropomorphic forms, geometric forms (simple lines, combined lines, and circular forms) and indeterminate figures. The figures are both monochromatic and bichromatic, with white, black and red being the shades that can be observed (although these vary within each colour). The predominant technique is finger painting. Hunting scenes can be seen, either in isolation or in combination. One suggests that there may be indications that figures were made by at least two culturally distinct groups, even if in this paper the authors do not present any scientific proof for this statement but only different characteristics of the rock art. The rock art sites in the Namibe are of great cultural and historical importance, both for Angola and the world. They provide valuable information about the lives and traditions of the peoples who created them and help to promote awareness and conservation of Angola's cultural heritage. It is essential that intensive documentation and awareness of the importance of this Angolan rock art heritage be promoted and practiced on a large scale.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technological analysis of the Baboungué collections, Central African Republic: New data on the Early Stone Age macro-tools","authors":"Eugenius Olafianto Drespriputra Wisnuwardhana ,&nbsp;Isis Mesfin ,&nbsp;David Pleurdeau","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Despite numerous sites attributed to Early Stone Age<span> (ESA), the emergence and diversification of lithic industries in Central African Republic is still challenging for discussion. Among all these sites, those located near Baboungué village have been reported by Roger de Bayle des Hermens in the late 1960s, and provided artifacts from two localities, namely Baboungué 1 and Baboungué 2. Both sites are situated around 800 meters from Baboungué village within the Sangha River alluvial deposits. Nowadays, the lithic assemblages from Baboungué are stored at the </span></span><em>Institut de Paléontologie Humaine</em><span>, Paris, France. In this paper, we reappraise a selection of 90 pieces from both localities (Baboungué 1</span> <!-->=<!--> <!-->26 and Baboungué 2<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->74), which have already been identified and classified by R. de Bayle des Hermens in “<em>Recherches préhistoriques en République centrafricaine</em>” (1975). He used a morphological and typological approach. We decided to apply a new technological approach on these collections. Reduction strategies (flaking and shaping) and techno-functional analysis were applied with a focus on the shaped tools and pebble tools. Even though, the classification made by R. de Bayle des Hermens is taken into consideration in our study. We introduced several new categories such as Large Flake Tools, and Trifacial Shaped Tools. We expose the unexpected diversity of Baboungué shaped tools and pebble tools both in terms of production and techno-function (structural specificities). This paper also describes for the first time the trifacial shaping strategies for Central African ESA, whereas traditional ESA bifacial shaping is absent. Finally, we question the techno-cultural and functional significance of these collections marked by robust to massive stone tools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caractéristiques techno-morphologiques des industries lithiques de la séquence stratigraphique −50/−100 cm de l’abri-sous-roche de Maadaga (sud-est du Burkina Faso)","authors":"Lassané Toubga ,&nbsp;Lassina Koté","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Maadaga rock shelter is located in the Gobnangou massif, in the south-east of Burkina Faso. At the end of the 1980s, a multidisciplinary team from the University of Frankfurt carried out excavations there which made it possible to identify five stratigraphic levels covering the (0/−190<!--> <!-->cm) grid. The remains of the transition between the level 4 and level 5 as well as those of the level 5 (−100/−190<!--> <!-->cm), studied by the authors of the excavations showed two techno-cultural complexes characteristic of the Middle Stone Age. As part of our doctoral thesis, we conducted a techno-morphological study of the lithic artefacts of the four remaining levels and which cover the (0/−100<!--> <!-->cm) stratigraphic framework. We were thus able to identify three others homogeneous techno-cultural complexes. In the context of this reflection, we have chosen to dwell on the layers presenting the best stratigraphic integrity (−50/−100<!--> <!-->cm) according to the authors of the excavations. It covers the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. Put in parallel with the sequence (−100/−190<!--> <!-->cm) previously studied, it reveals that with the exception of the behavioural variabilities observed in the use of raw materials as well as in certain debitage purposes, the sequence (−50/−100<!--> <!-->cm) presents the same characteristics in the use of techniques and methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136154037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haches polies de la Côte d’Ivoire conservées à l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (IFAN)–Dakar : contextes, zones de production et typologie","authors":"Kouakou Siméon Kouassi ,&nbsp;Kouadio René Bouadi ,&nbsp;Djidéré Balde ,&nbsp;Kouakou Sylvain Koffi ,&nbsp;Abdoulaye Camara","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>A research work on an overview of polished axes has not been undertaken yet in Ivory Coast. The present study is the very first one, which while intending to correct this shortcoming, analyses 418 polished axes collected in different contexts during the colonial period from 1941 to 1958 and kept at ‘Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire’ (IFAN)-Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The idea among other things is first to understand the context of the immergence of these axes all over the country, to measure the importance of their distribution according to the current regions of the country, to soak up the different opinions about their origin and to propose a typology test allowing to have an approach of this lithic industry.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>From there, a historical but also archaeological approach is necessary in the sense it is based on counting and analyzing letters and monographs of circles produced at the time the axes were collected and their typological study accounted for in the IFAN collection.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>It stems from this study that axes production in Ivory Coast has been governed by two phases, one relating to the preparation of the blanks which is characterized by the size and the other relating to the finishing of the axes which corresponds to polishing parts. The result of these techniques is the massive production of polished axes with mostly converging edges. At the same time, the results of surveys carried out among local populations showed that the polished axes are unknown to local populations.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This ignorance of the archaeological artefacts by the local populations is subject to interpretations of a mysterious and often supernatural order linked to their beliefs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Les sites Stone Age du Parc national du Niokolo-Koba, Sénégal : synthèse des données de terrains (1982–2003)","authors":"Abdoulaye Camara ,&nbsp;Bertrand Duboscq ,&nbsp;Djibril Thiam","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>First investigations in the Niokolo-Koba National Park were undertaken in 1969 and conducted by the IFAN Archaeology laboratory (directed by Cyr Descamps) and the Geography laboratory with Christian Barbey, after the collection of a cupule stone by the director of the Park (A. Dupuy). The <em>amateur</em> prehistorian Dr. Gaillard also reported the presence of flakes in the Bafoulabé alluvium. These first collections of prehistoric tools, knapped mainly on jasper and jasper facies chert, were collected in the reworked levels of gravel under the bank (last and lowest alluvial level), in the minor bed of the Gambia (Gué de Bafoulabé) and Niokolo-Koba (at Passage du Koba and in a ravine, opposite the Niokolo camp). The surveys conducted between 1983 and 1984, and the excavation between 1982 and 2003 in the Falémé valley confirmed the identity of the geomorphological and stratigraphic scheme of the lower valley of the Falémé and the Middle Gambia at the crossing of the National Park of Niokolo-Koba. This research also allowed the observation of numerous new prehistoric sites, which confirm the previous data while showing the existence of industries in stratigraphic and geomorphological positions similar to those found in the Falémé valley. A final visit inside the Park in 2003 allowed to precise the GPS coordinates of the former manual locations (between 1982 and 1986). Three Stone Age periods were identified: the Acheulean, the Middle Stone Age, formerly known as the Mousteroid, and the Later Stone Age, formerly known as the Advanced/Final Palaeolithic. The present work takes up previous data presented in mission reports or master's theses in order to place Niokolo-Koba National Park in the major issues of West African prehistoric settlements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Zambia Rift Valley research project: Exploring human evolution at the crossroads of Africa","authors":"Amy L. Rector ,&nbsp;Lucas K. Delezene ,&nbsp;Thierra K. Nalley ,&nbsp;Amelia Villaseñor","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Key evolutionary events in hominin evolution occurred between 3.5 and 2.4 Ma, including the origins of flaked tool technology and the first appearance of the genera <em>Homo</em> and <em>Paranthropus</em>. This period remains poorly understood, however, because deposits of this age are rarely exposed across Africa. The Luangwa River Valley of eastern Zambia is part of the southernmost extension of the East African Rift System; a fossil femur from South Luangwa, identified as <em>Theropithecus</em> cf<em>.</em> <em>darti</em>, hints at the presence of fossiliferous beds of this age in the Luangwa Valley. Additionally, Middle Pleistocene fossils and Early and Middle Stone Age artifacts have also been recovered in sediments adjacent to the Luangwa River. Fossils from these deposits could contribute data on the diversification of hominins and mammals that occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene. The Luangwa River also supports a rich modern mammalian community that represents a critical analogue for reconstructing hominin paleoenvironments. However, no systematic ecological characterizations of living or past mammalian communities of the Luangwa River Valley have been completed. The newly initiated Zambia Rift Valley Research Project (ZRVRP) will analyze the ecology of modern and fossil Luangwa River mammalian and human communities using dental microwear, enamel and collagen isotopic composition, the distribution of bones, fossils, and vegetation on the landscape, and archaeological materials. Patterns of paleoenvironmental change, climatic seasonality, and hominin landscape use over time will provide important comparative context for other Plio-Pleistocene sites. Here, we describe the goals, methods, and community engagement of the ZRVRP, and some challenges involved in launching new paleoanthropological field research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recherches préhistoriques en Côte d’Ivoire : non-développements récents sur le site d’Anyama (district d’Abidjan)","authors":"Charles N’zi Dibié,&nbsp;François Guédé Yiodé","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review paper presents an inventory of prehistoric sites from Ivory Coast, highlighting the issues with Stone Age sites protection policy. Beyond this inventory of the main known sites, we emphasize the current state of the classified Anyama site which shows quite well the deficiencies of institutional, legislative, and funding mechanisms for research on the Stone Age of Ivory Coast. Our methodological approach combines archaeological documentary research with an analysis of Ivorian legislation on cultural heritage. The crosschecking of these multiple data enables, among other results, to underline recent advances and non-developments of prehistoric archeology in Ivory Coast.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Middle Stone Age of Atlantic Africa: A critical review","authors":"Telmo Pereira ,&nbsp;Luiz Oosterbeek ,&nbsp;David Pleurdeau ,&nbsp;Abdoulaye Camara ,&nbsp;Hamady Bocoum ,&nbsp;Djibril Thiam ,&nbsp;Raphael A. Alabi ,&nbsp;Lassina Kote ,&nbsp;Lassane Toubga ,&nbsp;Maria Helena Benjamim ,&nbsp;Alma Nankela ,&nbsp;Daniela de Matos","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Evidence of early <em>Homo sapiens</em> populations at the Atlantic coast of Africa remains relatively poorly known in relation to other regions of the continent. Nevertheless, available data across the continent provides a good starting point for current and future research investigations. The many sites known, documented and studied contribute in an increasingly way to the global understanding of the human emergence, including evidence of human evolutionary and technological advances, specific adaptations to diverse environments, the diffusion of <em>Homo</em><span> species and how humans interacted with each other from the “Early Stone Age (ESA)” through to the Middle Stone Age (MSA) from northern and southern Africa to the West. The differences of knowledge between the Atlantic coast in regard to other regions might be attributed to a number of reasons including but not limited to the history of scientific interest, site formation processes or economic, institutional and political constraints. However, the region received a renewed attention and funds that, combined with new methods and techniques, has been allowing an increased training of new researchers and the acquisition of high-resolution archaeological, paleoenvironmental and chronological data. Together, these inputs will reduce the differences of knowledge between the Atlantic coast and the Northern, Southern and Eastern Africa regions. The African Atlantic Coast represents more than 40% of the continent's perimeter, covering all Africa's climate zones, the hot arid environments, mountainous regions, and tropical rainforest could become relevant barriers for human mobility, but the shallow continental platform, and the great number of river basins allowed mobility between north and south coastal biomes into the continental interiors. These may have provided predictable patchy clusters of resources allowing human populations to thrive, enabling greater mobility and consequent diffusion of cultural traits, resources, and DNA. In this paper we review the record about the prehistory, paleoenvironments and paleoanthropological visibility and potentiality of Atlantic Africa.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 5","pages":"Article 103209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138549968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Des galets pour les industries paléolithiques de la zone sous-himalayenne","authors":"Claire Gaillard ,&nbsp;Mukesh Singh ,&nbsp;Baldev Singh Karir","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sub-Himalayas are comprised of Pliocene and Pleistocene formations, the Upper Siwaliks, shaped by the still active tectonics and by the Himalayan Rivers and their tributaries building terraces. All these terrains have yielded, at least from surface, Palaeolithic remains, whose ages are difficult to assess precisely. The earliest evidence of human activity probably occurs at the end of Pliocene. Undoubtedly, peopling was not continuous but lithic industries witness each of the main Palaeolithic technical phases. Until the end of the Middle Palaeolithic, technical practices in Sub-Himalayas are consistent with those in Peninsular India, south of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, yet with always more cobble tools, especially in surface collections. Such industries were named Soanian. However, from the time when the so-called “modern” behaviours emerged in Peninsular India, around 45 ka, the Sub-Himalayas continued to accommodate lithic industries with cobble tools in increasing proportion. This makes this region more akin to Southeast Asia, where industries of this time period belong to Hoabinhian tradition, rich in cobble tools, of which the “sumatraliths” are the most significant tool type. The question remains to know which phenomenon induced these diverging technical practices between north and south of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"127 4","pages":"Article 103186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}