Japanese Psychological Research最新文献

{"title":"Editorial: Motivation for the Future","authors":"Miki Toyama,&nbsp;Takashi Arai","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12508","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In contemplating the future, we often dwell not in the present but in imagined tomorrows. Yet, the envisioned future may not always manifest into reality. This possibility raises a pivotal question: What factors drive our motivation to actualize these imagined futures? Such motivations may span from ideals and goals to acquisitions, transformations, growth, self-control, inheritance, and maintenance. But do these future-oriented motivations truly fulfill our desires? In recent decades, research in this area has burgeoned, proposing a myriad of theories to enhance future motivation. This special issue sheds light on the latest empirical and theoretical advancements in the psychology of future motivation.</p><p>Lee (<span>2024</span>) uses a meta-analysis to examine the strength of the relationship between various types of motivation and accompanying future outcomes that individuals intend to change, based on 337 effect sizes from 62 studies. Considerable variation existed among the 14 theoretically postulated types of motivation, ranging from small negative effect sizes to moderate positive effect sizes. The 14 summary effect sizes were also moderated by the type of future outcomes, the use of a motivational intervention, the use of a longitudinal design, and the time between the point that measured motivation and future outcomes. The findings of this study are critical because they integrate previous studies and raise new questions for future research.</p><p>Nishimura (<span>2024</span>), utilizing self-determination theory, explores how aspirations (future motivation) uniquely influence active behaviors in positive classroom participation while controlling for academic motivation (current motivation). The study's findings illustrate a distinct variance in aspirations: Intrinsic aspirations correlate positively with active class participation, while extrinsic aspirations demonstrate a negative relationship with participation. This study is noteworthy for its revelation that future motivation, particularly when intrinsically driven, enhances active learning behaviors beyond the influence of present motivation.</p><p>Goto et al. (<span>2024</span>) examine the interplay between students' achievement goals and their preferences for personalized questions in computer-adaptive tests. The study found that while mastery goals aligned with a preference for challenging problems, performance goals correlated with a preference for success-guaranteed problems. Interestingly, only the preference for complex problems predicted future intentions to engage with computer-adaptive tests. These findings suggest that merely introducing computer-adaptive testing in educational settings may not suffice. The study offers practical insights into integrating educational technology, such as computer-adaptive tests, to tailor teaching and learning experiences.</p><p>Takehashi et al. (<span>2024</span>) examine the motivational impact of growth mindsets from the perspect","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140333031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infant Faces Induce Behavioral Approach Tendencies: Evidence From a Manikin Task†","authors":"Yuto Yagi,&nbsp;Akitoshi Tomita,&nbsp;Hiroshi Nittono","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12515","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Infant faces are generally perceived as being cute and motivate the observer to look at them longer. This phenomenon is thought to be based on elemental features called baby schema (e.g., a round face and a large forehead). This study investigated the behavioral tendencies of observers in approaching infant faces using a manikin task in which infant and adult face images were presented as stimuli. Participants (<i>N</i> = 40) were instructed to identify with the manikin, discriminate a face on the screen, and respond by moving the manikin closer to the face (approach trials) or farther away from it (avoidance trials). The faces were presented either upright or inverted. The results showed that the approach–avoidance indices (the mean reaction time and error rate of avoidance trials minus those of approach trials) were larger for infant faces than for adult faces regardless of face orientation, although the difference was greater for upright faces than for inverted faces. This approach tendency toward infant faces is possibly due to elemental features rather than face-specific holistic features.</p>","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considering Cuteness Enhances Smiling Responses to Infant Faces†","authors":"Hiroshi Nittono,&nbsp;Akane Ohashi","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12514","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jpr.12514","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Laboratory and field research has reported that the appearance of infants causes observers to smile. The current study examined whether this smiling response is modulated by the observer's task and evaluative dimension. Thirty-nine young nulliparous women were asked to rate the cuteness or beauty levels of 6-month-old infants' faces using a 7-point scale in different blocks. Facial electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded of participants' facial muscles related to both smiling (the zygomaticus major [ZM] and orbicularis oculi [OO]) and frowning (the corrugator supercilii [CS]). The results showed that cuteness and beauty ratings were highly correlated with each other (<i>r</i> = .90), indicating that these evaluations were based on similar attractiveness-related physical features. Facial EMG responses on the smiling muscle sites, ZM and OO, increased significantly from the baseline when participants rated the faces' cuteness, and the responses were larger than when participants rated the faces' beauty. CS activity was not found to have any effect. The perceived cuteness level of the infant faces did not affect the facial EMG responses. Moreover, the magnitude of the smiling response was shown to be much smaller than that associated with voluntary smiling. These findings suggest that facial expressions while viewing infant faces do not exhibit a fixed pattern but are modulated by observers' tasks and that considering cuteness, which is based on more affective evaluations than beauty, can enhance smiling responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140374058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogen Avoidance and Outgroup Avoidance During the First Wave of the COVID‐19 Pandemic","authors":"Youngjin Kang","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12511","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioral immune system (BIS) theory explains that humans possess an adaptive psychological mechanism that helps them stay away from potential sources of pathogens. The theory claims that potential sources of pathogens also include outgroups, such as racial and ethnic minorities, because outgroup members potentially carry infectious diseases to which ingroup members have not developed immunity. In order to examine this controversial claim, the current study investigated how outgroup avoidance was associated with other types of pathogen avoidance during the COVID‐19 pandemic. During the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic, participants from the United States (N = 386) responded to questions pertaining to pathogen threat, pathogen avoidance, and outgroup avoidance. The data were statistically analyzed to identify significant associations between those variables. The results indicated that outgroup avoidance was positively associated with avoidance of personal pathogen cues (i.e., social distancing) but no other types of pathogen cues (i.e., wearing a mask and washing hands). This result aligns with the recent theoretical argument that the outgroup avoidance activated by the BIS (e.g., xenophobia) is a byproduct of avoiding infected ingroup rather than outgroup individuals.","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptual Narrowing in Face Processing: Reviewing the Factors Influencing its Onset and Offset","authors":"Mathilde Fort,&nbsp;Joan Birulès,&nbsp;Althea Fratacci,&nbsp;Jonathan Parente,&nbsp;Olivier Pascalis","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12516","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jpr.12516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An infant's face- and speech-processing system develops during the first year from broad and non-specific to becoming a system that is tuned to the faces and languages to which they are most exposed. This phenomenon is called perceptual narrowing. Before 9 months of age, infants are capable of discriminating and recognizing individuals from any type of race/species faces. However, with increased exposure to own-race and own-species faces and lack of exposure to other types of faces, by 9 months of age, they have improved their ability to discriminate own-race faces, while they show increased difficulty in the discrimination of faces from other races and species. According to the literature, we can conclude that, by 12 months of age, most human perceptual systems have become perceptually tuned and adult-like; however, this is not true. In the following sections, we will argue that perceptual narrowing for faces occurs during the same developmental period as it does for language, and that it can be prevented or modulated with sufficient exposure to unfamiliar sounds or face types. We conclude that narrowing has been designed by natural selection to tailor an individual's cognition to their local social context. It might occur for every domain pertaining to social communication—from speech processing to emotion or gesture perception—in a process that gradually adapts the infant to their native social group.</p>","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140230774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Delay Discounting of Gains and Losses: The Role of Regulatory Focus†","authors":"Li Tang,&nbsp;Miki Toyama","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12502","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We examined the moderating effect of regulatory foci on the efficacy of episodic future thinking in reducing delay discounting. We hypothesized that the impact of imagining positive future events (vs. recent positive events) on delay discounting of gains would be stronger for individuals with a high promotion focus than for those with a high prevention focus (Hypothesis 1). Conversely, the effects of imagining adverse future events (vs. recent negative events) on delay discounting of losses would be stronger for individuals with a high prevention focus than for those with a high promotion focus (Hypothesis 2). We conducted two experiments in which participants, randomly allocated to episodic future thinking (EFT) or episodic recent thinking (ERT) groups, completed a delayed discounting task of gain (Experiment 1) or loss (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 (<i>N</i> = 73) weakly supported Hypothesis 1; Experiment 2 (<i>N</i> = 99) did not support Hypothesis 2. Our findings suggest positive EFT is particularly effective for individuals with a high promotion focus compared to individuals with a high prevention focus, which further reveals how EFT attenuates delay discounting.</p>","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12502","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140333036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Relating to Kanji Reading Accuracy in Kun‐readings: An Item‐Level Analysis1","authors":"Shinichiro Kakihana","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12504","url":null,"abstract":"This study sought to obtain comprehensive data on the difficulty level of kun‐reading (native Japanese reading) of Japanese kanji (Chinese characters adapted for Japanese) learned in junior high and high school. Drawing from an item‐based analysis, it explored the word variables related to the difficulty level of kun‐reading. A reading test comprising 645 kun‐readings of common kanji learned in junior high and high school was administered to 123 university students. Tobit regressions were conducted for the total, okurigana (phonetic kana letters suffix written after kanji), and single kanji items, using the word variables as independent variables and the reading accuracy as the dependent variable. Significant positive contributions were observed for imageability and word frequency for all item categories, kun‐reading ratio for the single kanji items, and okurigana ratio for the total items. A significant negative contribution was observed for okurigana neighborhood size for the okurigana items. The results highlighted the need for education focusing on the meanings of kanji characters, and for a language policy for the use of the okurigana.","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139961359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of Disaster Preparedness Motivation and Its Relationship with Disaster Preparedness Behaviors","authors":"Junko Toyosawa,&nbsp;Hiroki Takehashi,&nbsp;Satoshi Shimai","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12498","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jpr.12498","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated the motivations related to autonomous and continuous disaster preparedness from the viewpoint of self-determination theory (SDT). Study 1 was a bottom-up investigation to capture the structure of motivation. Four hundred people who had already engaged in preparedness answered an open-ended question concerning the reason for their preparedness. After categorizing the descriptions, four distinct categories (personal significance, avoidance of negative affect, introjection of social norms, and other-oriented motivation) were extracted. Study 2 developed survey items, based on the four categories extracted in Study 1 and a conceptual definition of the theory, and examined their relationships with disaster preparedness. Five hundred and sixty people answered the questions on disaster preparedness motivation (32 items), autonomous disaster preparedness (four items), household preparedness (10 items), and continuous preparedness (10 items). Factor analysis of motivation extracted four factors (personal significance and avoidance of negative affect, introjection of social norms, intimate other-orientation, and general other-orientation). Correlation analysis showed that all motivations were positively correlated with autonomous, household, and continuous preparedness. The results contribute to extending the scope of application of SDT and to clarifying the motivations corresponding to disaster preparedness. For future studies, strategies to promote disaster preparedness are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139611557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Procrastination and Precrastination from the Perspective of Self-Control","authors":"Miki Adachi,&nbsp;Keisuke Adachi","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12495","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jpr.12495","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Procrastination is defined as postponing a task, anticipating adverse consequences in the future. In contrast, D. A. Rosenbaum and colleagues introduced the concept of “precrastination” in 2014, defining it as people doing a task early even when involving physical cost because they desire to minimize their cognitive load. This study aimed to organize and expand the new concept and advance understanding of precrastination in everyday situations and of the associations between precrastination and self-control. Using the scenario assumption method, we examined whether people would precrastinate or procrastinate a task to remove cognitive load and clear their mind even if there was physical cost/burden (Study 1), and whether they would precrastinate or procrastinate a painful event to remove emotional load stemming from a fear of pain (Study 2). The results showed that (a) people start tasks early in order to remove cognitive and emotional load; (b) people do not start tasks early when they involve physical cost, burden, or fear; (c) people with high self-control start tasks early to remove cognitive load even when involving physical cost; and (d) people with high self-control and low fear start tasks earlier to remove emotional load.</p>","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Unique Variance in Future Motivation for Observed Active Behaviors on Positive Class Participation Beyond the Effect of Current Motivation","authors":"Takuma Nishimura","doi":"10.1111/jpr.12497","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jpr.12497","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on self-determination theory, this study investigates a unique variance in the effect of aspirations (future motivation) on the observed active behaviors on positive class participation, while controlling for academic motivation (current motivation). In Study 1, 364 fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school students participated in a survey to confirm the validity of the Aspirations Index for Children. Confirmatory factor analysis on the theoretically hypothesized model showed an acceptable fit for the data. In Study 2, 297 fifth- and sixth-grade elementary school students participated in this survey, assessing their aspirations and academic motivation. Furthermore, their homeroom teachers evaluated the students’ academic behaviors on positive class participation. The results of multilevel structural equation modeling, which controls for the effect of current motivation, indicated the unique variance in aspirations (future motivation): intrinsic aspirations were positively associated with active behaviors on positive class participation, whereas extrinsic aspirations showed a negative relation. This study concludes that future motivation, specifically intrinsic aspirations, facilitates active learning behaviors beyond the effect of current motivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46699,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Psychological Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jpr.12497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}