Lancet Microbe最新文献

{"title":"Global surge of Legionnaires' disease in 2024: urgent call for heightened awareness and preparedness","authors":"Ashutosh Pareek , Runjhun Singhal , Aaushi Pareek , Anil Chuturgoon , Ranjit Sah , Vasso Apostolopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 101031"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing the role of butyrate-producing bacteria in infection risk","authors":"Rajesh Parsanathan","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 101036"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142640068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes, patterns, and epidemiology of tattoo-associated infections since 1820","authors":"Sunghyun Yoon PhD ,&nbsp;Sandeep Kondakala PhD ,&nbsp;Soumana Daddy-Gaoh PhD ,&nbsp;Steven Foley PhD ,&nbsp;Ohgew Kweon PhD ,&nbsp;Seong-Jae Kim PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite increased awareness and public health initiatives, the incidence of microbial infections related to tattoos has increased since 2000. Building on the first paper in this two-part Series, which detailed the microbiological aspects of tattoo-related infections over the past two centuries from 1820 to 2023, this second paper describes the patterns, causes, and other related epidemiological factors of these infections. Since 2000, bacterial outbreaks, particularly those caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, have increased, prompting a re-evaluation of tattoos as a serious public health risk. Insufficient hygiene practices have been the primary cause of microbial infections, with contaminated tattoo inks also contributing substantially, leading to 11 outbreaks and subsequent ink recalls. Although rare, the tattooing process can occasionally lead to life-threatening infections and fatalities. Tattoos by both professional and non-professional artists were associated with infections, suggesting that regulated environments do not necessarily eliminate risk. Additionally, individuals with compromised immune systems, especially those with HIV, were particularly vulnerable to infections such as <em>Leishmania</em>. Although permanent make-up is often perceived as safer than conventional tattoos, infections still occur, with 11 cases reported since 2010. Furthermore, polymicrobial infections involving multiple pathogens have posed challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Overall, these insights highlight the historical and emerging patterns of tattoo-related infections and can inform the development of more effective public health guidelines, enhance preventive measures, and guide future research on reducing the risks associated with tattoos.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 101006"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of MpoxPlex, a high-throughput and multiplexed immunoassay: a diagnostic accuracy study","authors":"Scott Jones PhD ,&nbsp;Bethany Hicks BSc ,&nbsp;Helen Callaby MRCP ,&nbsp;Daniel Bailey PhD ,&nbsp;N Claire Gordon DPhil ,&nbsp;Tommy Rampling DPhil ,&nbsp;Catherine Houlihan PhD ,&nbsp;Rachael Jones FRCP ,&nbsp;Marcus Pond PhD ,&nbsp;Ravi Mehta MRCP ,&nbsp;Deborah Wright PGDip ,&nbsp;Clarissa Oeser PhD ,&nbsp;Simon Tonge MSc ,&nbsp;Ezra Linley PhD ,&nbsp;Cathy Rowe MSc ,&nbsp;Bassam Hallis PhD ,&nbsp;Ashley Otter PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In May, 2022, the first global outbreak of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) occurred. In response, public health agencies in the UK have made smallpox vaccines available to individuals at the highest risk of infection. With mpox cases still being detected globally, novel tools are required to aid with diagnosis, serosurveillance, and the evaluation of immune responses following infection and immunisation with current and new vaccine candidates. Here, we describe the development of a multiplexed immunoassay, MpoxPlex, able to measure IgG responses to 12 <em>Orthopoxvirus</em> antigens concurrently and distinguish between responses to infection and vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using the Luminex (DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy) platform, antibody responses to vaccinia virus (VACV) antigens B5, A27, and A33 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) antigens E8, B6, B2, M1, A27, A35, H3, A29, and A5 were assessed in serum from individuals after MPXV infection (n=24) and after vaccination (n=75) with modified VACV Ankara-Bavarian Nordic. Assay characteristics and cutoffs were calculated by fitting receiver operating characteristic curves to the median fluorescence intensities of these positive samples and negative samples that were run alongside (n=435). P values were calculated using non-parametric Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and Dunn’s multiple comparisons tests.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Using the results from a combination of eight antigens, we were able to distinguish samples as either post-vaccination or post-infection from negative samples with a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 95%. IgG responses to MPXV antigen A27 were able to distinguish post-MPXV infection with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 97%. VACV antigen A27 and MPXV antigens A29 and A5 provided little diagnostic advantage.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>With additional benefits over current serological assays, we believe this assay will provide substantial insight into the current global outbreak of mpox. MpoxPlex shows use for both serosurveillance and immunological studies of vaccination and infection.</div></div><div><h3>Funding</h3><div>Grant-in-aid funding to the Emerging Pathogen Serology Group at Porton Down, UK Health Security Agency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100987"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crucial analysis of Nef-mediated MHC-I modulation in the maintenance of the HIV-1 reservoir.","authors":"Xinyue Wang, Yaxian Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":" ","pages":"101133"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking pandemic pathogens from wastewater surveillance in international airports: Klebsiella pneumoniae ST16 coproducing NDM-4 and OXA-181 arriving in South America","authors":"Rubens R Sousa-Carmo ,&nbsp;Johana Becerra ,&nbsp;Elder Sano ,&nbsp;Herrison Fontana ,&nbsp;Thais Martins-Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Gustavo Queiroga ,&nbsp;Bruna Fuga ,&nbsp;Renan L O Silva ,&nbsp;Mikaela R F Barbosa ,&nbsp;Maria Inês Z Sato ,&nbsp;Nilton Lincopan","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 101071"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel human-type receptor-binding H5N1 virus in live poultry markets, China","authors":"Feng Wen ,&nbsp;Yu Yang ,&nbsp;Yong Li ,&nbsp;Jinyue Guo ,&nbsp;Zhili Li ,&nbsp;Lian Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Kun Mei ,&nbsp;Limei Qin ,&nbsp;Keshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Ren ,&nbsp;Shujian Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 101049"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled human infection model of Neisseria lactamica in late pregnancy investigating mother-to-infant transmission in the UK: a single-arm pilot trial","authors":"Anastasia A Theodosiou PhD ,&nbsp;Prof Debby Bogaert PhD ,&nbsp;David W Cleary PhD ,&nbsp;Adam P Dale PhD ,&nbsp;Diane F Gbesemete BM ,&nbsp;Jonathan M Guy MSc ,&nbsp;Jay R Laver PhD ,&nbsp;Lucy Raud BSc ,&nbsp;Christine E Jones PhD ,&nbsp;Prof Robert C Read MD","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100986","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The infant respiratory microbiome is derived largely from the mother and is associated with downstream health and disease. Manipulating maternal respiratory flora peripartum to influence the infant microbiome has not previously been investigated. &lt;em&gt;Neisseria lactamica&lt;/em&gt; is a harmless pharyngeal commensal that correlates inversely with &lt;em&gt;Neisseria meningitidis&lt;/em&gt; carriage and disease. Intranasal &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; inoculation is a safe and well characterised controlled human infection model (CHIM) in non-pregnant healthy adults. We hypothesised that &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; inoculation in pregnancy induces mother-to-infant &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; transmission postnatally.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this single-arm trial, 21 healthy pregnant female participants aged 18 years or older were inoculated at 36–38 weeks’ gestation with 10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; colony-forming units of &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; Y92–1009 at University Hospital Southampton Clinical Research Facility, Southampton, UK. &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; selective culture, genome sequencing, and serological testing were performed on maternal and infant oral, nasopharyngeal, breastmilk, and serum samples over 15 weeks postpartum. Seven female participants naturally colonised with &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; at baseline were followed up, but not inoculated. Oral samples were obtained from 12 cohabiting siblings younger than 5 years. The primary endpoint was infant &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; colonisation. This study was registered with &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ClinicalTrials.gov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;svg&gt;&lt;path&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;NCT04784845&lt;/span&gt;&lt;svg&gt;&lt;path&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and is now complete.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Findings&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Between Oct 25, 2021, and March 7, 2022, 31 adult female participants (median age 33·5 years [range 23·1–39·9]; 26 [84%] were White, British) were screened and enrolled, of whom seven were already colonised with &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt;. After exclusion of three participants, 21 participants were inoculated, of whom 15 (71%) became &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt;-colonised, and no sustained &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; Y92–1009 transmission to their infants was observed. Conversely, non-Y92–1009 &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; strain sharing was observed in four (57%) of seven uninoculated mother–sibling pairs, and &lt;em&gt;Moraxella catarrhalis&lt;/em&gt; strain sharing in nine (38%) of 24 mother–infant pairs completing the study. Anti-&lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; serum IgG titres increased in seven (88%) of eight &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; Y92–1009-colonised female participants, but none of their infants (where paired sera were available). There were no serious adverse reactions to the inoculum.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Interpretation&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;As the world’s first perinatal CHIM, this trial demonstrates that this model in pregnancy is feasible, and that &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; Y92–1009 can safely and efficiently colonise pregnant individuals. Lack of sustained mother-to-infant &lt;em&gt;N lactamica&lt;/em&gt; transmission, despite e","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 100986"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted chikungunya virus virus-like particle (CHIKV VLP) vaccine in previous recipients of other alphavirus vaccines versus alphavirus vaccine-naive controls: an open-label, parallel-group, age-matched, sex-matched, phase 2 randomised controlled study","authors":"Melinda J Hamer MD ,&nbsp;James M McCarty MD ,&nbsp;Benjamin C Pierson DO ,&nbsp;Jason A Regules MD ,&nbsp;Jason Mendy MS ,&nbsp;Aaron D Sanborn BSN ,&nbsp;Christina L Gardner PhD ,&nbsp;Jeannine M Haller BSN ,&nbsp;Melissa K Gregory MS ,&nbsp;Dani L Liggett LPN ,&nbsp;Pamela J Glass PhD ,&nbsp;Neha Ghosh PhD ,&nbsp;Sarah Royalty Tredo MBA ,&nbsp;Kelly L Warfield PhD ,&nbsp;Crystal W Burke PhD ,&nbsp;Christine Lee MD ,&nbsp;David Saunders MD ,&nbsp;Lisa Bedell MA ,&nbsp;Jason S Richardson PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101000","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Immune responses to alphavirus vaccines might be impaired when heterologous alphavirus vaccines are administered sequentially. We aimed to compare immunogenicity and safety of a chikungunya virus virus-like particle (CHIKV VLP) vaccine in previous recipients of heterologous alphavirus vaccines with alphavirus-naive controls in the USA.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this open-label, parallel-group, age-matched, sex-matched, phase 2 randomised controlled trial, which was conducted at two clinical study sites in the USA, adults (aged 18–65 years) who had previously received an investigational Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine (previous alphavirus vaccine recipients; n=30) and sex-matched and age-matched alphavirus vaccine-naive controls (n=30) were intramuscularly administered one 40 μg dose of CHIKV VLP vaccine on day 1. Immunogenicity was based on serum neutralising antibodies assessed by an in-vitro luciferase-based anti-CHIKV NT&lt;sub&gt;80&lt;/sub&gt; neutralisation assay. The primary immunogenicity endpoint, which was assessed in the immunogenicity evaluable population (CHIKV VLP-vaccinated participants who had no important protocol deviations, had not received a prohibited medication, and provided evaluable serum sample results for baseline and on day 22), was to compare the proportion of previous alphavirus vaccine recipients with the proportion of alphavirus vaccine-naive controls who reached seroconversion 21 days after vaccination (ie, study day 22) with a single dose of CHIKV VLP vaccine, based on a four-fold increase of CHIKV neutralising antibodies compared with baseline. The significance of the comparison of the two groups was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. The proportion with seroconversion in each group is presented with 95% CIs calculated using the Wilson method. The difference and 95% CIs for this difference was calculated based on Newcombe hybrid score method. An ANOVA model was fit with log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;-transformed titre as the dependent variable, and study arm, age, and sex as predictors. Least squares means, difference, and 95% CIs were back-transformed and reported as geometric mean titres (GMTs). This trial is registered with &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ClinicalTrials.gov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;svg&gt;&lt;path&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;NCT03992872&lt;/span&gt;&lt;svg&gt;&lt;path&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Findings&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Between Nov 20, 2019, and Jan 19, 2021, 60 participants (20 [33%] female and 40 [67%] male; 40 (67%) White; median age 47·0 years [IQR 13·5]), 30 previous alphavirus vaccine recipients and 30 alphavirus vaccine-naive controls, were enrolled, vaccinated with CHIKV VLP, and completed the trial. The anti-CHIKV neutralising antibody seroconversion rate at day 22 was 100% (95% CI 88·6–100) in both groups. GMTs peaked in previous alphavirus vaccine recipients and alphavirus vaccine-naive controls at day 22 (2032·5 [95% CI 1413·0–2923·6] and 2299·2 [1598·1–3307·8], respectively) and were similar bet","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 101000"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global spatiotemporal dynamics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae re-emergence after COVID-19 pandemic restrictions: an epidemiological and transmission modelling study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.101019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</em> is a major cause of respiratory tract infections. We aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics, antimicrobial resistance, and severity of the delayed re-emergence of infections with <em>M pneumoniae</em> after the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Epidemiological data (positive and total test numbers, and macrolide-resistant <em>M pneumoniae</em> detections) and clinical data (hospitalisations, intensive care unit [ICU] admissions, and deaths) were collected through our global surveillance from April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2024. The moving epidemic method (MEM) was used to establish epidemic periods, and the time-series susceptible–infected–recovered (TSIR) model to investigate the delayed re-emergence.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The dataset included 65 sites in 29 countries from four UN regions: Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. A global re-emergence of <em>M pneumoniae</em> cases by PCR detection was noted from the second half of 2023. The mean global detection rate was 11·47% (SD 15·82) during the re-emergence (April, 2023–March, 2024). By use of MEM, the re-emergence was identified as epidemic in all four UN regions, simultaneously in ten countries at calendar week 40 (early October, 2023). Macrolide-resistant <em>M pneumoniae</em> rates from Europe and Asia were 2·02% and 71·22%, respectively, and did not differ between the re-emergence and pre-COVID-19 pandemic periods. During the re-emergence, some countries reported increased hospitalisations (in adults, two of ten countries; and in children, two of 14 countries) and ICU admissions (in adults, one of nine countries; and in children, two of 14 countries). Overall, 65 (0·11%) deaths were reported, without statistical difference between pre-COVID-19 pandemic and re-emergence. The TSIR model accurately predicted, considering a 3-week generation time of <em>M pneumoniae</em> and a 90% reduction in transmission through NPIs, the observed delayed re-emergence.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>This large global dataset for <em>M pneumoniae</em> detections shows that although there was an unprecedented high number of detections across many countries in late 2023, the severity and number of deaths remained low. Our results suggest that the delayed re-emergence was related to the long incubation period of <em>M pneumoniae</em> infection.</div></div><div><h3>Funding</h3><div>None.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46633,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Microbe","volume":"6 4","pages":"Article 101019"},"PeriodicalIF":20.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}