Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Amphora Coffeaeformis Extract as a Novel Therapeutic Agent against Gamma Radiation-Induced Infertility in Male Rats.","authors":"Shady A Elfouly, Noha Sayed Hamed, Mohsen S Asker, Eman A Elmansy, Manal G Mahmoud, Amal I Hassan","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05902-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-026-05902-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamma irradiation is a well-established environmental and therapeutic hazard known to impair male reproductive function through oxidative stress, hormonal disruption, and structural damage to testicular tissue. Natural antioxidants have emerged as potential protective agents against such effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic efficacy of the algal extract of Amphora Coffeaeformis (ACE) after studying its initial composition, and, since it is a well-defined extract with a special structure and rich in biologically active compounds, in mitigating gamma radiation-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. HPLC analysis was used to assess the monosaccharide components of ACE. In contrast, spectrophotometric analysis was used to evaluate the phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Analysis of the ACE revealed six different types of important monosugars, while the amount of phenolic compounds (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) amounted to 370.5 mg/100 g (as gallic acid), and the total flavonoids amounted to 32.8 mg/100 g (as quercetin). The ACE radical-scavenging activity against DPPH was considerable and dose-dependent, reaching 85.00 ± 0.84% at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml with IC<sub>50</sub> of (1.50 mg/ml). Together, these findings support the potential of ACE as a natural intervention for mitigating radiation-induced male reproductive damage. To test this, animals were exposed to a single whole-body dose of 3.5 Gy gamma radiation and subsequently treated orally with ACE (772 mg/kg body weight) for 21 consecutive days. Testicular function was then assessed comprehensively, through testicular and body weight, reproductive hormone levels (FSH, LH, testosterone), semen quality, oxidative stress biomarkers, and testicular histology. The radiation alone had a profound effect, as the rats in this group showed marked tissue damage, increased lipid peroxide, and a significant decrease in almost all measured reproductive parameters, including hormone levels, sperm quality, testicular size, and body and testicular weight. In the irradiated rats, testicular weight decreased to 0.87 ± 0.016 g compared to 1.38 ± 0.020 g in controls (p < 0.0001). After ACE administration following irradiation, testicular weight significantly increased to 1.30 ± 0.01 g (p < 0.0001 vs. irradiated), representing a 1.5-fold improvement. Sperm motility, which was completely abolished (0.00%) in irradiated rats, recovered to 70.66 ± 1.20% (p < 0.0001). Testosterone levels increased from 0.67 ± 0.05 ng/mL in irradiated rats to 2.43 ± 0.11 ng/mL after ACE treatment (p < 0.0001), representing a 3.6-fold increase. Sperm count improved from complete azoospermia (0.00 million/mL) to 46.25 ± 1.47 million/mL (p < 0.0001), and normal sperm morphology increased from 0% to 65.13 ± 1.55% (p < 0.0001). Regeneration of the seminiferous tubules and healing of cellular damage were both revealed histologically. ACE has potent radioprotective and curative properties agai","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148954765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoemulsion-Based Enhancement of the Antifungal Activity of Clove and Ginger Essential Oils Combination against Fungi Causing Papaya Rot.","authors":"Victor Moussango Davy, Tanner Wortham, Marie Ampères Boat Bedine, Steve Olugu Voundi, Moise A Ayong Ntah, Michele Stella Majoumouo, Séverin Nguemezi Tchameni, Nabin Kumar Dhal, Sameza Modeste Lambert","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05915-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-026-05915-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in nanotechnology offer promising solutions for controlling postharvest fungal diseases, a primary cause of economic losses in Carica papaya production. This study assessed the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) from Syzygium aromaticum buds (BSA) and Zingiber officinale rhizomes (RZO), alone and in combinations, as well as their nanoemulsion, against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium equiseti, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the main pathogens causing papaya rot. EOs were extracted, characterized by GC-MS, and tested individually or in combinations (v/v: 70/30, 50/50, 30/70: BSA/RZO) via the food poisoning method. The optimal combination (70/30: BSA/RZO) showed synergistic effects (FICI: 0.4869-0.8615) and was formulated into a nanoemulsion (NEOco_70/30: BSA/RZO) using low-energy emulsification. The nanoemulsion exhibited a polydispersity index of 0.1330, specific surface area of 2.9 m²/g, mean droplet size of 130 nm, and zeta potential of 34 mV, with excellent physicochemical and rheological stability. EO_BSA was dominated by eugenol (88.08%) and caryophyllene (6.20%), while EO_RZO featured α-zingiberene (22.64%) and geranial (18.76%). NEOco_70/30: BSA/RZO displayed in vitro mycelial inhibition, with MICs of 75 µL/L, 125 µL/L, and 200 µL/L against C. gloeosporioides, F. equiseti, and L. theobromae, respectively. In situ on papaya fruits, it fully prevented necrosis (100% inhibition) at 1250 µL/L in preventive assays and reduced it by 93.24% at 1500 µL/L in curative tests. The combined EO nanoemulsion was more effective than the individual raw EOs and their combinations. These findings underscore the potential of EO nanoemulsions (NEOco_70/30: BSA/RZO) as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides for postharvest protection of papaya.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Anti-melanogenic Glucosides via Molecular Docking-guided Biotransformation of p-hydroxyphenethyl anisate.","authors":"Te-Sheng Chang, Jiumn-Yih Wu, Hsiou-Yu Ding, Shu-Chi Cho, Tzi-Yuan Wang, Che-Chia Tsao, Jou-Yi Chen, Chien-Yu Wu, Huei-Ju Ting","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05917-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-026-05917-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>p-Hydroxyphenethyl anisate (HP) has been identified as a natural compound with whitening activity in melanoma cells and zebrafish. Considering that glycosylation can enhance the solubility, stability, and bioactivity of natural products, we investigated whether HP could serve as a substrate for glycosylation enzymes. Molecular docking predicted favorable interactions between HP and amylosucrase as well as glycosyltransferases, suggesting the potential formation of α- and β-glucosides. Enzymatic reactions confirmed the production of phenethylanisate-4'-O-α-glucoside (HP-α-glc) and phenethylanisate-4'-O-β-glucoside (HP-β-glc). The structures were validated by mass spectrometry, enzymatic digestion (HP-α-glc), or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-β-glc). Biological evaluation revealed that both glucosides suppressed melanogenesis in murine B16-F1 melanoma cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that HP-β-glc not only inhibited tyrosinase activity but also downregulated the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase at both the protein and mRNA levels, thereby attenuating melanogenesis through transcriptional regulation. Consistently, in vivo assays demonstrated that HP-β-glc effectively inhibited pigmentation in zebrafish embryos without inducing developmental toxicity, and its effect was comparable to that of the positive control, raspberry ketone. These findings highlight the enzymatic glycosylation of HP as a viable strategy to generate bioactive derivatives with improved functional properties. In particular, HP-β-glc retains the anti-melanogenic activity of HP, providing mechanistic evidence and preclinical validation for its potential application as a safe and effective skin-whitening agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ultrasensitive Fluorescent Immunoassay Based on R-CDs@SiO₂ Nanoparticles for Detection of Cardiac Troponin I.","authors":"Li Wang, Lei Li, Wei Chen, Mingcui Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05914-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-026-05914-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is of great significance for the early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Conventional single carbon dot fluorescent probes are inherently limited by weak fluorescence intensity, challenging biofunctionalization and unsatisfactory detection sensitivity. Herein, we report an immunoassay strategy based on red-emissive silica-encapsulated carbon dots (R-CDs@SiO₂) for highly amplified fluorescence signals, significantly enhancing detection sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, under optimized conditions, the method demonstrated the limit of detection of 0.005 ng/mL (n = 3) and achieved recovery rates ranging from 93.6% to 113.0%, indicating excellent accuracy. Additionally, we employed confocal fluorescence imaging to visualize and localize the distribution of cTnI within cardiomyocytes (H9C2) using R-CDs@SiO₂ conjugated antibodies as fluorescent probes. The fluorescent immunosensor was successfully utilized to assess cTnI levels in clinical serum specimens. The results were consistent with those obtained from commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. This demonstrates that the proposed method provides a robust platform for clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gegen Flavonoids and Huangqi Saponins Combination Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy By Modulating the Gut–Kidney Axis and Regulating Macrophage Polarization","authors":"Yue Liu,&nbsp;Fangfang Fan,&nbsp;Hongyan Zhai,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Li,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Chu","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05909-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12010-026-05909-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetes nephropathy (DN) is a severe diabetic complication that is currently one of the most important causes of death in diabetic patients. Previous trials have shown that the combination of Gegen flavonoids and Huangqi saponins (FS) exerts renal protection in DN. The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic roles of FS in DN. Fourteen ingredients of the drug-containing serum were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS. The network pharmacology indicated that the AGEs-RAGE axis and NF-κB signaling pathway may be the prominent pathways for FS against DN. FS was validated to reduce inflammation and influence cell apoptosis, thereby protecting the kidneys of DN rats. In addition, FS led to the recombination of the rat microbial community, enhanced the richness and diversity of the colon microbiota, and alleviated the renal burden by preserving the intestinal barrier and reducing endotoxin infiltration into the bloodstream. Furthermore, FS suppressed M1 macrophage polarization in both the kidneys and intestines and reduced the release of inflammatory mediators, thereby attenuating kidney injury. These findings suggest that FS ameliorates DN by interrupting the detrimental gut–kidney feedback loop through regulation of the NF-κB pathway, reshaping the colon microbiota, protecting the intestinal barrier, and controlling macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype, which serves as a shared inflammatory amplifier in the kidney and colon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":"198 11","pages":"8391 - 8413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148917718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Co(II), Fe(II), Pd(II) and Ru(II) Complexes of a Tinoridine-based Schiff Base: Synthesis, Characterization and Antioxidant Evaluation","authors":"Kenan Buldurun,&nbsp;Tayfun Sarıdağ,&nbsp;Nevin Turan,&nbsp;Ercan Bursal","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05913-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12010-026-05913-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent bioinorganic research, Schiff bases and transition metal complexes have attracted considerable attention owing to their low toxicity and enhanced biological activities. In this study, Co(II) and Fe(II) complexes of the newly synthesized Schiff base ligand were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and mass spectrometry (MS). The combined spectroscopic, magnetic, and analytical data were consistent with high-spin octahedral coordination environments for the Co(II) and Fe(II) complexes, and the Schiff base ligand was tentatively assigned as a tridentate ONO donor coordinating through the azomethine nitrogen, carbonyl oxygen, and benzyloxy oxygen atoms. The enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the Schiff base ligand and its Co(II), Fe(II), Pd(II), and Ru(II) complexes were evaluated. For the first time, a systematic comparison of the biological activities of structurally related Co(II), Fe(II), Pd(II), and Ru(II) complexes of the same tinoridine-derived Schiff base ligand was performed, allowing evaluation of the influence of the metal center on biological activity. All metal complexes exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, with the Pd(II) complex displaying the highest potency. Furthermore, the Ru(II) complex demonstrated effective free-radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay. These findings suggest that coordination of the Schiff base with transition metals enhances its in vitro biological activity and provides a basis for further biological and pharmacological investigations, including cytotoxicity and mechanistic studies.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":"198 11","pages":"8508 - 8524"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Abatement of Multidrug-resistant Pathogens Employing Natural Polyphenols and Polyphenol-based Formulations: A Systematic Review and Integrated Network Pharmacology Approach.","authors":"Qi Wang, Annadurai Vinothkanna, Ragothaman Prathiviraj, Durairaj Karthick Rajan, Yuntong Liao, Junyan Liu, Zhenbo Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05894-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-026-05894-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The upsurge in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens poses a dire global public health concern, limiting the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. Natural polyphenols and their derivatives have attracted immense attention due to their versatile pharmacological potentials encompassing antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities. However, a comprehensive understanding of polyphenols combating MDR pathogens and the mechanistic interactions needs to be elucidated. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of natural polyphenols and polyphenol-based formulations against MDR bacterial pathogens, along with inherent molecular targets, using an integrated network pharmacology approach. A systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane databases, including peer-reviewed publications from 2015 to 2025. Studies reporting polyphenolic compounds and derivatives against MDR bacteria were derived based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seventeen studies (n = 17), including one clinical trial, met the inclusion criteria solely on polyphenolic compounds against MDR bacteria. Evidence indicates that natural polyphenols and their derivatives exert antimicrobial effects through multiple mechanisms, including efflux pump inhibition, quorum-sensing interference, biofilm disruption, and membrane damage. Further, nanoformulated polyphenols and metal-polyphenol complexes demonstrated enhanced stability, bioavailability, and synergistic activity with antibiotics for combating MDR pathogens. Network pharmacology analysis revealed significant interactions between polyphenols and virulence-related genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting their potential as multi-target anti-virulence agents. Thus, multi-target mechanisms, combined with antibiotic adjuvant potentials and nanodelivery approaches, envisage future translational research, clinical validation, and sustainable AMR therapies that align with global One Health initiatives and SDG 3.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Sulfated Polysaccharide from Natto-Derived Bacillus subtilis","authors":"Aitian Tian,&nbsp;Hongliang Gao,&nbsp;Yanfang Sun,&nbsp;Jingyu Zhang,&nbsp;Shuchang Wang,&nbsp;Yanning Niu,&nbsp;Chunjing Zou,&nbsp;Caifeng Jia,&nbsp;Zhongyi Chang,&nbsp;Jing Huang,&nbsp;Deming Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05912-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12010-026-05912-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sulfated polysaccharides with significant biological activities were widely applied in functional food, cosmetic, biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we established a practical high-throughput screening workflow for sulfated polysaccharide-producing bacteria and applied it to natto-derived isolates. Using this approach, a sulfated polysaccharide produced by <i>Bacillus subtilis var. natto</i> GX10-35 with the yield of 0.86 mg/mL was isolated and a purified polysaccharide fraction, GX10-35-P1, was obtained from its fermentation broth. Chemical analyses showed the sulfate content of the sulfated polysaccharide GX10-35-P1 was 12.02%. Spectroscopic analyses suggests that GX10-35-P1 is a sulfated exopolysaccharide with distinct structural features, with a proposed backbone consisting of α-D-Galp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp3S-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, indicating it could be classified as an unreported type of water-soluble sulfated exopolysaccharide from bacteria. Moreover, GX10-35-P1 could induce murine macrophage cells RAW264.7 to proliferation, phagocytic, release nitric oxide and promote the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines. These results indicate that GX10-35-P1 is a promising bacterial sulfated polysaccharide with potential for further investigation as an immunomodulatory agent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":"198 11","pages":"8351 - 8373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148910464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effect of a Polyherbal Formulation (Cardojith) Against Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension and Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Via Modulation of Oxidative Stress and MAPK Signalling.","authors":"Ratheesh M, Sheethal S, Svenia P Jose, Sindhu A, Pramod C, Sandya S","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05905-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-026-05905-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypertension remains a critical contributor to cardiovascular morbidity, driven largely by angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertrophic remodelling. Although polyherbal formulations are valued for their multitargeted actions, systematic evidence at the cellular level is important. Thus, the present study explored the protective effects of a polyherbal formulation (Cardojith (CJ)) against Ang II-induced hypertensive injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. H9c2 cells were exposed to Ang II with or without CJ treatment. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, while oxidative stress parameters (ROS, TBARS, SOD, CAT) and hypertrophic/inflammatory mediators (ANP, BNP, IL-6, TNF-α) were quantified. Gene expression of AT1R, NF-κB, and COX-2 was evaluated by RT-PCR, and p38 MAPK activation was analysed by Western blotting. Apoptosis was evaluated using AO/EtBr fluorescence staining. Ang II triggered a pathological phenotype characterized by reduced cell viability, increased ROS and lipid peroxidation, and diminished antioxidant enzyme activity. These biochemical changes coincided with elevated ANP, BNP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels and increased apoptotic cell death. At the molecular level, Ang II significantly upregulated AT1R, NF-κB, and COX-2 expression and enhanced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, confirming activation of pro-hypertrophic and inflammatory pathways. In contrast, CJ treatment attenuated these alterations by restoring antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing ROS, TBARS and apoptotic cell death, while normalizing ANP and BNP levels. Importantly, CJ downregulated AT1R, NF-κB, and COX-2 and inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation, underscoring its capacity to modulate key signalling pathways. Therefore, Cardojith exerts its potent cardioprotective and antihypertensive effects by simultaneously attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and hypertrophic signalling. These findings highlight its therapeutic potential as a multitargeted phytomedicine for managing hypertension-associated cardiac complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Novel Niosome-Encapsulated 2,5-Diketopiperazine (BHPPD): Synthesis, Formulation, and Anti-breast Cancer Activity.","authors":"Hedieh Ghourchian, Renzon Daniel Cosme Pecho, Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi, Aynaz Mazandarani, Ghazal Ghajari, Tohid Piri-Gharaghie","doi":"10.1007/s12010-026-05907-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-026-05907-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}