Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Decolorization of Azo and Anthraquinone Dyes Using Recombinant Horseradish Peroxidase A2A Isoenzyme Produced by Komagataella phaffii.","authors":"Nurgul Abul, Seyda Yildiz Arslan, Yagmur Unver, Hasan Ozdemir","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05239-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05239-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water pollution is a significant issue due to industrialization and population growth, and one of the main sources of wastewater is synthetic dyes. The textile sector is particularly affected by dyes like azo and anthraquinone dyes, which are difficult to degrade and produce toxic organic waste. Currently, synthetic dyes are processed through physical and chemical methods, which have financial and methodological disadvantages. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a widely studied enzyme for purifying pollutants like dyes and phenols in wastewater. However, their high cost makes them a costly option. Recombinant protein production is suitable for the mass production of stable and resistant enzymes. In this study, the decolorization potential of recombinant HRP A2A (rHRP A2A) isoenzyme secreted by Komagataella phaffii and purified by affinity technique in a single step on Acid blue 113, Alizarin red, and Remazol brilliant blue R was presented for the first time, and the optimal conditions for the highest decolorization rate were determined. Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ metal ions increased enzyme activity by 158.62% and 79.54%, respectively. Color removal with 0.006 EU/mL rHRP A2A for Acid blue 113, Alizarin red, and Remazol brilliant blue R was observed at 71.27, 62.26, and 31.22%, respectively. ABTS served as a redox mediator, significantly increasing the rate of dye decolorization in a shorter period at the specified concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocatalytic Synthesis of N-trans-feruloyltyramine Using an Amide Bond Synthetase with an ATP Recycling.","authors":"Bingshan Zhao, Jason Micklefield, Yonghua Wang, Fanghua Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05250-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05250-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>N-trans-feruloyltyramine (FLA) is one kind of phenylpropanoid compound found in various plants. Numerous studies have confirmed that it exhibits a wide range of physiological functions, such as antioxidant, ɑ-glucosidase inhibition, and anti-inflammatory activity. However, the low content of FLA in plants greatly limits its potential use in food and pharmaceutical industries. It is, therefore, very important to establish an effective synthesis of FLA. In this study, a green and efficient method to synthesize FLA was sought using an amide bond synthetase (ABS) biocatalyst. Ten kinds of ABS enzymes, including AlCfaL from Azospirillum lipoferum, were screened as the potential biocatalysts for the production of FLA. To obtain optimum reaction conditions, the effects of various parameters on conversion of FLA were firstly evaluated. Under the optimum conditions using 1 mM N-trans-ferulic acid, 50 mM tyramine (substrate ratio of 1:50), 10 mM MgCl₂, 8 mM ATP, and 35 µM AlCfaL enzyme at 30 °C with a shaking speed of 500 r/min for 48 h, maximum conversion rate of 74% was reached. Given that the amidation reaction is mediated by relative expensive ATP, we further optimized reaction systems to incorporate an ATP recycling system consisting of a polyphosphate kinase enzyme (CHU) and an inexpensive polyphosphate (PolyP) as the phosphate donor. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on five-level, five-variable central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate the optimal parameters for the production of FLA. The effects of AMP, PolyP, AlCfaL, CHU concentrations, and reaction time on the conversion rate of FLA were analyzed. The optimum conditions derived via RSM were 7.12 mM AMP, 5.96 mg/mL PolyP, 39.72 μM AlCfaL, 27.68 μM CHU, and a reaction time of 36 h. Validation experiments conducted under these optimized conditions yielded an actual conversion rate of 63.5%, which compared well to the maximum predicted value of 64.2%.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untargeted Metabolomics Revealed Metabolomic Profile in Patients with Primary Systemic Sclerosis.","authors":"Jinling Tang, Pinglang Ruan, Zhu Wei","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05249-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05249-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by increased morbidity and mortality. The intestinal microbiome and serum metabolites had been implicated in SSc, but the connection between the gut microbiome and serum metabolites remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome and serum metabolome in SSc patients. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to examine the metabolic profiles of SSc patients. The results revealed significant alterations in metabolic pathways, particularly beta-alanine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism in SSc patients. Specifically, reductions in spermine and beta-alanine were observed within beta-alanine metabolism, while uridylic acid decreased in pyrimidine metabolism. Furthermore, fecal microbiome analysis showed an increased relative abundance of Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria in SSc patients, whereas the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was reduced at the phylum level. KEGG pathway analysis, combined with transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood from SSc patients, identified upregulation of Toll-like receptor signaling, TNF signaling, lipid and atherosclerosis pathways, IL-17 signaling, and AMPK signaling. In summary, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the metabolic profile, which may provide insights for understanding the mechanisms of SSc.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Optimized Droplet Digital PCR Assay for HER2 Copy Number Variation in Breast Cancer Based on Multi-reference Genes.","authors":"Jinbing Xue, Houshi Ma, Xiaoliang Zhang, Shun Wang, Jinxian Wang, Zeqin Li, Xi Wu, Tianhang Yang, Changsong Zhang, Gangyin Luo","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05233-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05233-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Targeted therapy is essential for the 15-30% invasive breast cancer patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) over-expression. However, current HER2 diagnosing methods rely on complex manual works and highly subjective interpretations. To more accurately and objectively assess the HER2 amplification status of formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples, a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay based on multi-reference genes was developed. We established a four-fluorescence ddPCR assay using breast cancer cell lines (T-47D and SK-BR-3) and validated it on 101 clinical breast cancer FFPE samples. Compared to clinicopathological results, the ddPCR assay based on two out of three reference genes demonstrated superior sensitivity (82.6%), specificity (98.7%), and consistency (95.0%) in determining HER2 status over assays using single or three reference genes. Whole genome sequencing of the abnormal cases further confirmed that the ddPCR assay outperformed clinical immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that the multi-reference gene ddPCR assay significantly improves the accuracy of HER2 status detection and reduces errors associated with chromosome 17 abnormalities. This method holds promise as a complementary or alternative approach to conventional IHC and FISH testing in tissue biopsies and is also feasible for liquid biopsies.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Polystyrene Microplastics on Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage in Renal and Muscular Tissues of the Freshwater Fish.","authors":"Moothedath Arya, Kuttichira Jithila, Reeha Mashirin, Kumari Chidambaran Chitra","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05236-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05236-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), an emerging environmental contaminant, have attracted significant concern in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate mitochondrial oxidative damage in renal and muscular tissues of the freshwater fish Anabas testudineus following exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (13.6 mg L⁻¹ and 23.6 mg L⁻¹) of PS-MPs for 1, 7, and 15 days. Exposure to PS-MPs disrupted the antioxidant defense system within the mitochondrial compartments of renal and muscle tissues, leading to increased levels of hydrogen peroxide generation and lipid peroxidation. PS-MPs exposure altered metabolic functions in the mitochondrial fractions of kidney and muscle tissues, as evidenced by elevated activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Besides, exposure to PS-MPs resulted in a decline of tissue-specific marker enzymes, such as acid and alkaline phosphatases, in renal tissue, indicating tissue damage. Histological examinations revealed significant tissue damage, including necrosis of renal tubules, vacuolization, glomerular degeneration, and melanomacrophage aggregation in kidney tissues. In muscle tissues, the observed damages included myolysis, vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy of muscle fibers. These findings suggest that oxidative stress induced by PS-MPs exposure disrupts metabolic functions in mitochondrial fractions, thereby providing valuable insights into nephrotoxicity and muscular toxicity in fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143956199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals Hub Genes Linked to Programmed Cell Death in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.","authors":"Mingyang Zou, Shaobo Wu, Jundan Wang, Wenya Xue, Xince Sun, Luyu Liu, Pan Yin, Dageng Huang","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05243-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05243-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) represents a severe chronic condition characterized by diverse programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms serving as critical pathological features. The identification of key genes associated with cellular demise in IVDD is crucial for enhancing diagnostic and prognostic strategies. We extracted microarray-based transcriptomic multi-datasets from the GEO database, comprising 34 normal specimens (grade I/II) and 38 IVDD cases (grade III/IV). Nineteen PCD-associated genes encompassing multiple death modalities (including apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, cuproptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, netotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, NETosis, immunogenic cell death, anoikis, paraptosis, methuosis, entosis, and disulfidptosis) were systematically curated from established studies. Pathway enrichment was evaluated through gene set variation analysis (GSVA), while weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) facilitated the identification of core cell death-related genes, ultimately constructing a cell death signature (CDS) risk model via LASSO regression. Then, we found the significant upregulation of specific PCD pathways in IVDD specimens, particularly apoptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, immunogenic cell death, anoikis, and disulfidptosis. Immune profiling revealed substantial infiltration of M0 macrophages in IVDD tissues, contrasting with predominant activated NK cells and M2 macrophages in control groups. Through integrative analysis by limma and WGCNA, we discerned 19 key PCD-related genes, subsequently identifying three gene targets (YWHAB, BID, and GSDME) for IVDD pathogenesis. This investigation culminated in developing a machine learning-driven prognostic model based on these biomarkers. Our study establishes a novel and comprehensive framework integrating IVDD with PCD mechanisms, proposing YWHAB, BID, and GSDME as promising diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for IVDD management.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of Ulva rigida for Fabrication of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Physicochemical Characterization.","authors":"Rajiv Periakaruppan, Kavya Govindharaj, Joaval Antony Martin, Karungan Selvaraj Vijai Selvaraj, Noura Al-Dayan","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05253-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05253-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ulva species is consumed macroalgae, and it has rich polysaccharides. Nanoparticles play an important role in medicine, agriculture, and environment. Extracts from bacteria, algae, and plants can be used for synthesis of nanoparticles fields. The study determines the biogenic synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles by U. rigida extract. The size, nature, stability, and composition of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and TGA analysis. UV-Vis and FTIR analysis were performed to determine the surface plasmon resonance and occurrence of functional groups in the U. rigida-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles. FTIR spectra proved the formation of metal oxide functional groups. U. rigida-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles were spherical in shape with the average size of 50-60 nm and confirmed by FESEM analysis. Crystalline nature of U. rigida-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles was synthesized. A weight loss of 30.1% U. rigida-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles was observed in TGA analysis and confirms its high thermal stability. The study reveals that U. rigida extract can be used for stabilizing agents for fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles may be used in wastewater treatment and drug delivery system.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Chemotherapeutic Agents Used in Breast Cancer Treatment on the Hepatic Lipotoxicity.","authors":"Maghsoud Shaaker, Masoud Darabi, Gholamreza Dehghan, Mohammad Ali Hosseinpour Feizi, Amir Mehdizadeh","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05237-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05237-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer in women. Researchers have studied various types of inhibitors of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which plays an important role in the growth of BC cells. PD98059 is a potent and selective inhibitor of MEK, which may have potential application in the combined treatment of BC along with doxorubicin and Taxotere. The aim of this study was to provide a new insight into hepatotoxicity caused by doxorubicin, Taxotere, and PD98059 mono/combination therapy in a hepatoma in vitro model. HepG2 cells were treated with appropriate doses of used drugs. The expression of FASN and SCD1 lipogenic genes was measured by real-time PCR. The fatty acid composition PL and triglyceride fractions were analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography. The indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems were measured by the calorimetric method. Doxorubicin and Taxotere significantly decreased FASN expression and increased SCD1 expression. Additionally, the combination of PD98059 alone, in combination with doxorubicin, or doxorubicin and Taxotere significantly increased the expression of SCD1. However, the combination of PD98059 and Taxotere significantly decreased this expression. PD98059 alone also dramatically increased the expression of FASN. In the PL fraction, doxorubicin, Taxotere, or PD98059 increased the percentage of saturated fatty acids and decreased the relative amount of unsaturated fatty acids alone. The doxorubicin + PD98059 combination also enhanced the effect of doxorubicin on PL SFAs and UFAs. Taxotere also reduced the SFAs and increased UFAs in the triglyceride fraction, which was also neutralized by PD98059 addition. Based on these findings, increased expression of SCD1 and elevated levels of SFAs in lipid fractions may indicate the possibility of hepatic lipotoxicity in BC patients, which necessitates the narrow monitoring of steatohepatitis in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MiRNA- 1293 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Invasion by METTL3-Mediated m6 A Modification of Pri-miRNA- 1293.","authors":"Jingwen Liu, Beibe Zhu, Nenglie Jin, Jie Lv, Hongke Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05241-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05241-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous, proliferative, and aggressive malignancy of the digestive system. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are expected to be a new target for the treatment of HCC. Crosstalk between N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification and miRNAs are involved in HCC progression. This study aimed to explore the role of miR-1293 and its underlying mechanism in HCC progression. The biological behaviors of HCC cells were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 and transwell assay. The underlying mechanism was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP), RIP, and xenograft tumor experiment. The results indicated that miR-1293 was highly expressed in HCC. Upregulated miR-1293 promoted the viability, invasion, and migration of HCC cells. Mechanically, the level of METTL3 and m6A modification was increased in HCC cells. METTL3 accelerated the processing and maturation of pri-miR-1293 in an m6A-dependent manner. Moreover, miR-1293 mimic reversed the inhibitory effect of METTL3 knockdown on HCC cellular biological behaviors. In addition, miR-1293 promoted tumor growth in vivo. This study revealed the regulatory role of miR-1293 in HCC is related to the participation of METTL3-mediated m6A methylation, which could provide new therapeutic strategies for HCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goat Skin (Capra aegagruss Erxleben, 1777): a Promising and Sustainable Source of Collagen.","authors":"Jamile Maria Pereira Bastos Lira de Vasconcelos, Robson Coelho de Araújo Neri, Amanda Vieira de Barros, Carlos Eduardo Sales da Silva, Maria Cecília Ferreira Galindo, Bruno Oliveira de Veras, Ranilson Souza Bezerra, Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05242-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05242-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to extract and characterize collagen from solid untanned skin waste from the processing of leather in a Capra aegagrus tannery. Using pepsin (SPC), 37 g of collagen were obtained from 100 g of dry weight skin. Characterization took place using SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV absorption techniques, identifying it as type I collagen. The ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum showed a peak at 238 nm. In the thermogram, the maximum transition temperature was 56º C. Using the electrophoresis technique, it was observed that SPC consists of band patterns formed by a γ chain, a β chain and two distinct α chains (α1 and α2). In the FTIR analysis, the collagen showed the absorption peaks for the amides, showing that the SPC extraction process maintained the integrity of the molecule. To observe the effect of NaCl concentration on the solubility of SPC, the collagen showed high solubility, up to a concentration of 2% NaCl. The solubility peak was observed at pH 4.0, with a sharp drop until pH 7.0, reaching its minimum point at pH 10. Scanning microscopy showed some irregular surfaces, cavities and fibrous structures, which may favor the application of collagen as a biomaterial. The zeta potential found the isoelectric point of collagen at pH = 6.61. These results indicate that the collagen obtained has a high level of structural integrity and can be applied as an alternative source, as well as adding value to a waste product that is often discarded in the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143955246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}