Journal of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Translation and validation of convergence insufficiency symptom survey to Italian: Psychometric results","authors":"Laura Boccardo ,&nbsp;Assunta Di Vizio ,&nbsp;Giulia Galli ,&nbsp;Shehzad A. Naroo ,&nbsp;Antonio Fratini ,&nbsp;Silvia Tavazzi ,&nbsp;Massimo Gurioli ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Zeri","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aimed to translate the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) into the Italian language and assess psychometric properties of the translated questionnaire (CISS_I).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The CISS_I was arranged according to guidelines for a comprehensive multistep methodologic process for translating, adapting, and validating psychometric instruments in health care research. The CISS_I questionnaire was administered to 103 volunteers (21.8 ± 2.2 years), students in higher education, at two different times. A complete optometric evaluation was performed including subjective refraction, best corrected visual acuity, near point of convergence, prism fusional ranges to blur, diplopia and recovery, TNO stereo test and prism cover test for measurement of heterophoria.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The performance of the CISS_I in terms of validity showed some points of weakness. Sensitivity was 42%, specificity was 74%, positive predictive value was 27% and negative predictive value was 85%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.672. On the contrary, the results showed good internal consistency of the CISS_I (Cronbach's alpha - α=0.89) and good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.92). Rasch analysis showed good model fit (all items, except one, with infit and outfit mean square between 0.7 and 1.3), good measurement precision (person separation = 2.66) and good targeting –0,81 logits but also some evidence of multidimensionality.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The CISS_I showed some point of weakness in terms of validity but also good psychometric properties and has been shown to be applicable to an Italian speaking population to quantify the visual discomfort associated with near vision in higher education students. The results show that high CISS_I score is not necessarily linked to convergence insufficiency, while low scores can exclude the presence of this anomaly. The CISS_I can help in interpreting and monitoring convergence insufficiency symptoms in already identified subjects, but it is not suitable for screening a general population of young adults.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 189-198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d4/48/main.PMC10323179.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9762801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refraction and defocus curves in eyes with monofocal and multifocal intraocular lenses","authors":"Manuel Rodríguez-Vallejo ,&nbsp;Noemí Burguera ,&nbsp;Carlos Rocha-de-Lossada ,&nbsp;Jaime Aramberri ,&nbsp;Joaquín Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several clinical techniques have been described to evaluate visual performance and optical quality with intraocular lenses (IOL). However, subjective refraction remains one of the most important methods for assessing post-surgery results, taking decisions about retreatments, advanced spectacle prescription and the refinement of the constant for the formula used in the IOL power calculation. Beyond clinical refraction, defocus curve measurement has been described as a complementary tool for assessing visual performance and taking clinical decisions. However, to date, there are no clinical guidelines or evidence-based protocols published in the scientific literature recommended for pseudophakic patients implanted with either monofocal or multifocal IOLs. This narrative review highlights the importance of clinical refraction in pseudophakic eyes, its utility in the decision of different types of IOL implantation, and describes a clinical refraction protocol for eyes implanted with monofocal and multifocal IOLs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 236-243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/02/76/main.PMC10323189.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9750922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical validation of a novel smartphone application for measuring best corrected visual acuity","authors":"Mari Ogino ,&nbsp;Rosa María Salmerón-Campillo ,&nbsp;Stephen Hunter ,&nbsp;Vincent Hussey ,&nbsp;Donny Suh ,&nbsp;Rujuta Gore ,&nbsp;Norberto López-Gil ,&nbsp;Matt Jaskulski ,&nbsp;Daniel Piña-Miguelsanz","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Personal mobile devices such as smartphones are proving their usefulness in ever more applications in tele-eyecare. An inconvenience and potential source of error in these past approaches stemmed from the requirement for the subjects to situate their devices at a distance. The present study aims to clinically validate best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measures carried out by a novel smartphone application “vision.app” (VisionApp Solutions S.L.) using comparative statistics against clinical measurements.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>BCVA was measured in both eyes of 40 subjects using vision.app which displayed a black Landolt-C optotype with crowding on a white background, and utilized a 4 forced-choice procedure for the subjects to find (by means of swiping in either of four directions) the smallest optotype size they could resolve. Results were compared to BCVA measurements taken using a standard Snellen chart placed at 20 feet (6 m).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The <em>t</em>-test revealed no significant differences between the app- and clinically-measured VA (<em>p</em> = 0.478 (OD) and 0.608 (OS)), with a mean difference between clinical and app measurements of less than one line of the eye chart (-0.009 logMAR (OD) and -0.005 logMAR (OS)). A limit of agreement for a 95% confidence interval of ± 0.08 logMAR for OD and OS was found.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results show the potential use of a smartphone to measure BCVA at a handheld distance. The newly validated study results can hold major future advancements in tele-eyecare and provide eye care professionals with a reliable and accessible method to measure BCVA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 206-213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f3/d8/main.PMC10323187.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9750923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dynamical method to objectively assess infantile nystagmus based on eye tracking. A pilot study","authors":"Marcos Meo ,&nbsp;Jessica Adriana Del Punta ,&nbsp;Irene Sánchez ,&nbsp;Rodrigo de Luis García ,&nbsp;Gustavo Gasaneo ,&nbsp;Raúl Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The purpose of this research is to propose a new method for the easy, inexpensive and objective quantification of nystagmus using eye-tracking records collected during a simple reading task that could be implantable in clinical practice to assess patients with nystagmus.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This is a prospective, observational pilot study. Eye movements of 4 nystagmus patients and 9 healthy children during a reading task (a paragraph with 82 words) on a 15′’ monitor were collected and compared. Data are time series indicating the gaze position on the screen. Two quantifiers were proposed: IndS (based on the speed of movements) and IndF (based on the variation of the gaze trajectory).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The indices proposed reflect differences in the behavior of eye movements between the two groups. Nystagmus patients present higher values of IndS - indicating smaller number of slow movements (16% of movements with speeds &lt;0.33 1/s for nystagmus and 85% for the control group, with <em>p</em> = 0.01) - and higher values of IndF - indicating higher gaze fluctuation (<em>p</em> = 0.01). Differences were not related with reading speed as show the mean and standard deviation: the nystagmus group required 115±45 s to complete the task and the control group 151±85 s; <em>p</em> = 0.73.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The proposed indices provide a new method that allows an objective assessment of nystagmus, with potential use in clinical and research practice to improve the follow-up of patients by monitoring the nystagmus over time or treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 221-228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d7/a8/main.PMC10323181.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9761191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agreement between Lea Symbols and Patti Pics visual acuity in children and adults","authors":"Arjun Sapkota ,&nbsp;Sanjeeta Sitaula ,&nbsp;Gauri Shankar Shrestha ,&nbsp;Niraj Dev Joshi ,&nbsp;Bipin Koirala ,&nbsp;Nabin Paudel","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Patti Pics (PP) and Lea Symbols (LS) are commonly used by eye care practitioners worldwide. Although the relationship between the two tests is fairly well understood, the availability of different chart designs (single optotypes, multiple optotypes, multiple optotypes with crowding box) merits futher understanding. The purpose of this study is to explore the agreement between the acuity measures obtained with Patti Pics and Lea Symbols in children and adults and compare their performance with the Sloan Letter (SL) chart in adults.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Monocular visual acuity was obtained from ninety-three 3 to 5-year-old children using Patti Pics and Lea Symbols. Acuities were also obtained from 113 adults using the same tests under identical conditions. Acuity results obtained with the pediatric tests were compared with the gold-standard Sloan Letter chart in adults. The Bland-Altman method was implemented to compare the level of agreement between tests.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Patti Pics yielded worse visual acuity than the Lea Symbols by approximately half a logMAR line in both children (mean difference: -0.07 ± 0.07 logMAR, <em>p</em> &lt;0.01) and adults (Mean difference: -0.05 ± 0.06 logMAR, <em>p</em> &lt;0.01). The 95% limits of agreement between Lea Symbol acuity and Patti pics acuity in children was ± 0.14 logMAR. Mean difference between the Sloan Letter chart and Lea Symbols acuity was not statistically significant (<em>p</em> = 0.08) in adults but the difference was statistically significant between PP and SL (<em>p</em>&lt;0.001). The 95% limits of agreement between LS and SL and between PP and SL was ± 0.19 logMAR and ± 0.22 logMAR, respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Patti Pics consistently underestimated visual acuity as compared to Lea Symbols both in children and adults although the differences were not clinically significant. The LS and PP did not yield clinically significant differences in acuities when compared with Sloan letters in adults.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 229-235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/21/main.PMC10323177.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9756903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population","authors":"Clara Martínez-Pérez ,&nbsp;Belen Pérez-Sánchez ,&nbsp;César Villa-Collar","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The main objective of this study was to obtain percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population aged between 3 and 12 years.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and method</h3><p>A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted, including children aged between 3 and 12 years who did not present with any known ocular and/or systemic diseases. The convenience sampling method was used to select the sample from three schools and one hospital in the Community of Madrid. The refractive error was obtained using a Retinomax K-plus 3 autorefractometer (RTX; Right Mfg. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentiles were calculated using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.24 statistical software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, United States).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 688 children with a mean age of 7.68 ± 2.17 years were analysed. In the 50th percentile curve, spherical equivalent values started to become myopic at 3 years (SE &lt; –0.50 D) and the 75th percentile curve also turned myopic at 4 years. As a result, it was observed that the spherical equivalent value became more negative with time, starting from the ages indicated above. Therefore, the 90th percentile curve was negative at 11 years.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population have been presented for the first time in order to help eyecare professionals detect children with refractive errors at an early age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 175-181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/48/19/main.PMC10323184.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photosensitivity and filter efficacy in albinism✰","authors":"Tanja B. Hansen ,&nbsp;Joaquim Torner-Jordana ,&nbsp;Line Kessel","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2022.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To describe the prevalence and severity of photosensitivity in patients with albinism, and to compare with ocular features and how this correlated with use and choice of optical filters.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Cross-sectional study on 81 participants with ocular or oculocutaneous albinism. An ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and evaluation of iris translucency and fundus hypopigmentation was performed. Participants were offered optical rehabilitation with testing of a wide panel of filters. The associations between ocular characteristics, subjective photosensitivity complaints, and filter choice were evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Photosensitivity was rated as “some” to “worst imaginable” in 77.8% of participants. Severity of photosensitivity correlated significantly with fundus hypopigmentation (<em>p</em> = 0.04) but not with iris translucency (<em>p</em> = 0.14) and it was worse in those with poor visual acuity but there was no association between photosensitivity and contrast vision. Seventy-four new pairs of spectacles were prescribed in the study. All outdoor spectacles contained a filter, whereas 26.5% of new indoor spectacles did not. Relatively neutral filter colors (gray, brown or a combination of gray and brown with other colors) and low transmission were preferred.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Photosensitivity is common in albinism, but research targeting treatment is limited. Color and neutral filters with a low light transmission were preferred, with participants having a large number of spectacles, presumably to meet their needs in different situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 214-220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49746398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the efficacy of Quantum Molecular Resonance (QMR) electrotherapy in mixed-type dry eye patients","authors":"Alexandra Trivli ,&nbsp;Efthymios Karmiris ,&nbsp;Georgios Dalianis ,&nbsp;Alfredo Ruggeri ,&nbsp;Chryssa Terzidou","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the low-power, high-frequency electrical current treatment administered by the Rexon-Eye device, in a cohort of patients affected by mixed-type dry eye disease (DED) of medium to severe level.</p></div><div><h3>Patients and methods</h3><p>In this prospective, non-randomized, interventional clinical study, eighteen mixed type DED patients were treated. Treatment was a specific type of electrotherapy, Quantum Molecular Resonance (QMR®), administered by means of the Rexon-Eye® device (Resono Ophthalmic, Sandrigo, Italy) with a protocol of one 20-min session per week, for 4 weeks. Patients were examined at baseline and one month after the last treatment, utilizing the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and clinical signs: non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), Oxford staining, meibum quality, meibography, meibomian gland expressibility, tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer's test, ocular inflammation expressed by MMP-9 concentration.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Subjective benefit in OSDI was reported (<em>p</em> = 0.013). Improvement was also observed in NIBUT (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), Oxford staining (<em>p</em> = 0.002), expressible meibomian glands number (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and meibum quality (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). A remarkable benefit was present in inflammation, as evidenced by the reduction of MMP-9 (<em>p</em> = 0.003). Changes, although not statistically significant, were also present in TMH (<em>p</em> = 0.076) and Schirmer's test (<em>p</em> = 0.675), whereas no change was observed in meibography score. No adverse event was reported.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In this mixed-type DED patients’ cohort, Rexon-Eye proved to be effective and safe in improving subjective and objective ocular parameters, as well as capable to normalize inflammatory markers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 128-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104789/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10105782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fixation disparity and refractive error among first-year optometry students","authors":"Mohammed Abdul-Kabir,&nbsp;Eldrick Adu Acquah,&nbsp;Ebenezer Justice Quainoo","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To determine the fixation disparity and refractive error of first-year optometry students to ascertain any relationship between them and also identify any association between fixation disparity and visual symptoms at near.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>It was an analytical cross-sectional study involving 85 participants aged 17 to 27 years (18.60 ± 1.37), 41% of whom were males. Subjective refraction was done at 3 m and fixation disparity was measured with and without spectacle correction using the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card. All analysis was set within a 95% confidence interval with a <em>p</em>-value ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Refractive error ranged from 0.25 SEQ (spherical equivalent) to 5.50 SEQ. Mean fixation disparity ranged from 2.9 ± 2.6 to 3.9 ± 2.8 min arc. There was no statistically significant correlation between refractive error and fixation disparity without correction (<em>r</em> = −0.180, <em>p</em> = 0.098) and with correction (<em>r</em> = 0.155, <em>p</em> = 0.157). For fixation disparity in the ortho and exo direction, mean fixation disparity with correction of participants who experienced headaches during or after reading (5.1 ± 2.6 min arc) was significantly higher (<em>p</em> = 0.032) than participants who did not (2.0 ± 2.6 min arc).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Myopia is common among first-year optometry students. Refractive error has no significant effect on fixation disparity. Headache is significantly associated with exo fixation disparity at near.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104788/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9306395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive workload affects ocular accommodation and pupillary response","authors":"Matjaž Mihelčič ,&nbsp;Anja Podlesek","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Cognitive involvement in reading causes variations in the tonus of autonomic nerve system. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of short-term cognitive load on accommodation and pupils’ absolute values and temporal variability in test persons performing three different types of tasks.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>We aimed to show how cognitive tasks of different type and difficulty level affect accommodation and pupil behavior during a short time interval.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants (<em>n</em> = 58; mean age 16.4 years, <em>SD</em> = 0.56) performed reading from a 10-inch LCD screen placed at 40 cm distance. Three different types of tasks (numerical, textual, and the Stroop task), each at three different levels of cognitive load were introduced. Participants had 90 s to complete each task. Accommodative and pupillary responses were measured with videoretinoscope Power Refractor 3 at 50 Hz.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Pupil size was largest in the Stroop task (<em>M</em> = 5.20 mm, <em>SD</em> = 0.75 mm), followed by the numerical tasks (<em>M</em> = 5.02 mm, <em>SD</em> = 0.72 mm) and textual tasks (<em>M</em> = 4.78 mm, <em>SD</em> = 0.71 mm). Accommodative fluctuations – measured as accommodation <em>SD</em> – were largest in the textual tasks (<em>M</em> = 0.67 D, <em>SD</em> = 0.34 D), followed by the numerical tasks (<em>M</em> = 0.61 D, <em>SD</em> = 0.40 D) and the Stroop task (<em>M</em> = 0.52 D, <em>SD</em> = 0.21 D).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In our experiment, short-term cognitive load was associated with altered pupillary and accommodative response to near tasks. In conflicting tasks (Stroop) or in performing continuing calculations, the pupils were larger; in tasks requiring logical reasoning, the accommodative fluctuations were greater. These effects can potentially be associated with current near-point stress and myopia growth models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 2","pages":"Pages 107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10104792/pdf/main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9312341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}