Journal of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Changes in the thickness of the crystalline lens components before and after cycloplegia in children with different refractive errors","authors":"Yongle Bao ,&nbsp;Zhirong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Cao ,&nbsp;Yong Ma ,&nbsp;Yanze Yu ,&nbsp;Zhanying Wang ,&nbsp;Lingling Niu ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Wang ,&nbsp;Xingtao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jia Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate changes in the thickness of the crystalline lens components in children with different refractive errors before and after cycloplegia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and Analysis</h3><div>This prospective study recruited 132 right eyes from 132 children (age 5–15 years) with different spherical equivalent (SE) ranging from −6.00 diopters (D) to +6.75 D. We categorized these eyes into non-myopia (N = 30), low-myopia (N = 77), and moderate-myopia (N = 25) groups. The thickness parameters of the crystalline lens components, including lens thickness (LT), lens nucleus thickness (LNT), anterior cortex thickness (ACT), and posterior cortex thickness (PCT), were assessed using optical coherence tomography before and after 0.5 % tropicamide-induced cycloplegia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After cycloplegia, LT significantly decreased from 3.47 ± 0.20 to 3.41 ± 0.20 mm in non-myopia eyes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), and from 3.30 ± 0.17 to 3.27 ± 0.16 mm in low-myopia eyes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), with no significant changes in moderate-myopia eyes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). LNT decreased from 3.15 ± 0.19 to 3.09 ± 0.19 mm in non-myopia eyes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), and from 3.02 ± 0.20 to 2.99 ± 0.17 mm in low-myopia eyes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01), with no reduction observed in moderate-myopia eyes (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Cycloplegia-induced changes in ACT and PCT (all <em>P</em> &gt; 0.05) did not differ significantly between the groups. SE was positively correlated with LT and LNT before (Pearson's <em>r</em> = 0.353 and 0.272, respectively; both <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) and after cycloplegia (<em>r</em> = 0.285 and 0.198, respectively; both <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>LT and LNT significantly decreased after cycloplegia induced by 0.5 % tropicamide in children with non-myopia and low-myopia, while neither ACT nor PCT changed significantly. SE was positively correlated with LT and LNT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 1","pages":"Article 100539"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the repeatability of corneal epithelial thickness mapping in healthy and keratoconic eyes with two spectral domain optical coherence tomography","authors":"Branka Samolov ,&nbsp;Stephanie van de Moosdijk ,&nbsp;Abinaya Priya Venkataraman ,&nbsp;Alberto Domínguez-Vicent","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2025.100535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the repeatability of corneal epithelial thickness measurements using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and a posterior segment OCT adapted with an anterior module, in subjects with keratoconus and healthy controls.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A spectral domain AS-OCT (MS-39) and a posterior segment OCT (HS-100) with ASA-1 adaptor were used to measure the corneal epithelial thickness in healthy and keratoconic eyes. Three measurements per participant were taken, and the repeatability was described using the repeatability limit (Rlim), calculated from the within-subject standard deviation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>81 eyes of 81 controls and 80 eyes of 52 keratoconus subjects (43 % cross-linking, and 13 % contact lens users) were included. For the MS-39, the central sector showed the best repeatability for both groups, with Rlim never exceeding 5 μm in any sector. For the HS-100, the best repeatability was obtained for the central sector, with the Rlim never exceeding 7 μm in any of the sectors for the control group and all but one (outer-inferior) in the keratoconus group. The Rlim for the keratoconus group varied &lt;1 μm between contact users/non-users or between eyes with/without a history of CXL. Differences in Rlim were larger than 2 μm in the peripheral horizontal sectors between each sub-group with the HS-100.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both OCTs showed good epithelial thickness measurement repeatability in all groups, though the repeatability of the HS-100 was mildly lower for keratoconic eyes. Contact lens use and crosslinking history did not affect repeatability. These OCTs effectively measure epithelial thickness in keratoconus patients, which could be helpful in monitoring keratoconus progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 1","pages":"Article 100535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143241991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The correlation between relative peripheral refraction and myopia progression: A commentary on the utility of retinoscopy for peripheral refraction assessment","authors":"Gladson Joyse Stanly","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"18 1","pages":"Article 100526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142972733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of macular thickness in diabetic patients acquired from optical coherence tomography mode and optical coherence tomography angiography mode in Cirrus HD-OCT 5000","authors":"Ho-yin Wong ,&nbsp;Ricky Ahmat ,&nbsp;Benny Chung-ying Zee ,&nbsp;Simon Chun-wa Luk ,&nbsp;Gladys Lai-ying Cheing ,&nbsp;Andrew Kwok-cheung Lam","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To compare macular thickness obtained using two different modes of image acquisitions with Cirrus HD-OCT 5000.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Patients with diabetes were recruited and macular thickness were obtained using optical coherence tomography (OCT) mode and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) mode. The OCT mode involved a Macular Cube (512×128 pixels) centred on the fovea covering a 6 × 6 mm² macular region. The OCTA acquisition involved scanning of a 6 × 6 mm² scan (350×350 pixels) centred on the fovea. Data was exported and compared according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) subfields. Fixation deviation was defined as the deviation of the foveal point from the grid center in the OCT scan and OCTA scan.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Eighty-six diabetic patients were recruited had similar macular thickness in all ETDRS subfield except the superior outer sector. The 95 % limits of agreement between the two modes were within 9.7μm to -9.0μm. It took longer to complete each OCTA mode (median of 7.4 s) than the OCT mode (median time of 5.8 s) (Wilcoxon test, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), but OCTA generated a smaller fixation deviation (median 68.8μm) than the OCT mode (median 103.0μm) (Wilcoxon test, <em>p</em> = 0.014).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Improved fixation in OCTA compared with OCT was evident, likely because of the faster scanning speed and higher sampling density of OCTA. Macular thickness was found similar. There appears no requirement to obtain macular thickness measurements using a separate OCT mode. This approach can reduce patient chair time, improve patient comfort, and streamline the clinical workflow.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1888429624000074/pdfft?md5=3963b1936e4edd53c5b45bf47cbf4152&pid=1-s2.0-S1888429624000074-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue light stimulation of the optic nerve head reduces melatonin levels in rabbit posterior segment","authors":"Carlos Carpena-Torres ,&nbsp;Fernando Huete-Toral ,&nbsp;Gonzalo Carracedo","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100525","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between socioeconomic status and myopia in school children: CISViT project","authors":"Vila-Vidal Núria ,&nbsp;Vinuela-Navarro Valldeflors ,&nbsp;Pérez-Corral Joan ,&nbsp;Galdón Alba ,&nbsp;Tomás Núria ,&nbsp;González Enric ,&nbsp;Guisasola Laura","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Evidence indicates the existence of an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of myopia in the adult population. In contrast, there are limited studies investigating this association in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the presence of myopia in 8-year-old children from southern Europe and SES defined as parental educational level and employment status.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants aged 8 years old were recruited from 16 schools located in Terrassa, Spain (<em>n</em> = 813). Ten of these schools were classified as “high complexity” schools (low SES). Refractive error was assessed using non-cycloplegic retinoscopy. Parental questionnaires were used to gather socioeconomic information such as parental education level and employment status. Non-parametric Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney and Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the association between spherical equivalent (SE) and parental educational level and employment status as well as differences in the SE distribution between high-complexity and regular schools.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Myopia was more prevalent than hyperopia in the population sample (11.1% vs 5.1 %). Chi-square tests revealed a significant association between attending “high-complexity” schools and the presence of myopia (<em>p</em> = 0.014). In contrast, no significant associations were found between SE and SES. A trend for higher prevalence of myopia in children whose mothers had low educational level and were unemployed was observed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>While no significant associations are found between SE and parental education or employment status, myopia is more frequently found in schools with low SES (“high-complexity” schools), suggesting a potential link between SES and childhood myopia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1888429624000062/pdfft?md5=a3ecd10c65a6e247d7aaa991cf66d5a8&pid=1-s2.0-S1888429624000062-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximal aerobic exercise and acute visual performance in females: Implications for concussion side-line testing","authors":"Brandon S. Shaw ,&nbsp;Gerrit Breukelman ,&nbsp;Lourens Millard ,&nbsp;Jason Moran ,&nbsp;Gavin Sandercock ,&nbsp;Ina Shaw","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2024.100515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Many sports-related concussion (SRC) outcomes can be prevented by removing affected athletes and allowing return after full recovery. Diagnosing concussions on the side-line is challenging, as tools often rely on visual performance assessment. Since acute exercise can affect vision, it is vital to determine if exercise can mask potential brain injury if visual performance assessments are used. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a single bout of maximal aerobic exercise on acute visual performance.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Eighty previously sedentary females were randomly assigned to an experimental group (<em>N</em> = 40) or control group (<em>N</em> = 40) and completed an identical visual task test battery. Two weeks later, participants returned to participate in the test battery, with the experimental group doing so immediately following a maximal treadmill exercise protocol.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Significant (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) improvements were found in accommodation facility, saccadic eye movement, speed of recognition, peripheral awareness, and hand-eye coordination (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001 for all), but not in visual memory (<em>P</em> = 0.556). All visual tasks, barring visual memory, loaded onto a single factor and approximated the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) threshold value (RMSEA = 0.112 [90 %CI: 0.047–0.182]), and a significant large main effect was found on all factors as a universal visual task performance (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001; <em>d</em> = 1.01).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study shows that exercise can affect performance across multiple, but not all, visual tasks and should be utilised with caution in comprehensive side-line SRC assessments. Visual memory may be more stable to the effects of acute exercise and be considered for inclusion in side-line SRC assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1888429624000037/pdfft?md5=800444b0cc4d48892d50ab069ab39de2&pid=1-s2.0-S1888429624000037-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140104000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of two visual-verbal tests of ocular motility using an eye-tracker","authors":"Carmen López-de-la-Fuente,&nbsp;Elena Saz-Onrubia,&nbsp;Elvira Orduna-Hospital,&nbsp;Ana Sánchez-Cano","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2024.100517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aims to compare eye movements monitored with an eye tracker during two visuo-verbal tests for assessing ocular motility. The study explores the potential of digital assessment and eye tracking technology in enhancing the understanding of ocular motility during these tests.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>47 healthy participants were included (20 males, 27 females), with a mean age of 21.34±1.77 years. The participants underwent optometric examinations to ensure visual health and exclude any dysfunctions or pathologies. The experimental protocol involved the digitized versions of the DEM and King-Devick tests, monitored with an eye tracker.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The vertical subtests of DEM test showed fewer saccades, longer fixation durations, smaller saccade amplitudes, and slower saccade speeds compared to the horizontal subtest. The King-Devick test exhibited comparable fixation and saccade numbers, while fixation duration slightly increased with test difficulty. Statistically significant differences were found between the tests, but a positive correlation was observed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Statistically significant differences were observed between the DEM and King-Devick tests, indicating that they measure similar aspects but are not interchangeable. The DEM test offers more comprehensive information with vertical saccade assessment. Test duration correlates positively with saccade and fixation count, fixation duration, and saccade speed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1888429624000050/pdfft?md5=56e8ab0927ccd7431201e499e9656fc9&pid=1-s2.0-S1888429624000050-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141438942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of patient referrals from primary care to ophthalmology. The role of the optometrist","authors":"Rafael Carrasco Solís ,&nbsp;María Rosario Rodríguez Griñolo ,&nbsp;Beatríz Ponte Zúñiga ,&nbsp;Beatriz Mataix Albert ,&nbsp;María Leticia LLedó de Villar ,&nbsp;Rocío Martínez de Pablos ,&nbsp;Enrique Rodríguez de la Rúa Franch","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The aim of this study was to characterize the quality of primary care referrals of patients to ophthalmology at the Virgen Macarena Hospital in Seville. This will enable us to optimize ophthalmologic resources and to evaluate the role of the optometrist in improving referrals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We performed a retrospective cross-sectional review of 220 ophthalmology consultations referred from primary care to the hospital from March to May 2022.</div><div>The following data were extracted: age, sex, reason for consultation, diagnosis, priority level, whether it was an initial consultation or a follow-up visit, whether there was a secondary referral and whether the referral was appropriate. Excel (version 2312) was used for the data analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The age range of the patients was from 3 years to 91 years. The patients were 41.8 % male and 58.2 % female. The conditions found were grouped as follows: cataracts (27.27 %), refractive errors (20.9 %), anterior segment disease (18.8 %), posterior segment disease (14.07 %), normal examination (18.63 %) and others (0.9 %). The most common reason for consultation was blurred vision or loss of vision (43.63 %). In total, 41.36 % of the consultations were considered inappropriate. The age group requiring the highest number of consultations was over 65 years (38.64 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>With 41.36 percent of referrals deemed unnecessary, it is clear that referrals can be improved. This would reduce strain on the ophthalmology service and improve patient care. The importance of the optometrist in primary care is demonstrated by the fact that 20.9 % of the diagnoses were refractive errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraocular pressure and its association with ocular biometrics in Iranian children","authors":"Hassan Hashemi ,&nbsp;Mehdi Khabazkhoob ,&nbsp;Samira Heydarian ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hassan Emamian ,&nbsp;Akbar Fotouhi","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2024.100523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To determine the mean value and normative distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) in children and their association with demographic and ocular biometrics.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Cluster sampling was done to select the students in urban areas of Shahroud, northeast Iran, while all students living in rural areas were selected. IOP was measured in mmHg using a non-contact tonometer, along with corneal and retinal imaging and ocular biometric measurement.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After applying the exclusion criteria, 9154 eyes of 4580 students were analyzed, of whom 2377 (51.9 %) were boys. The mean age of the participants was 12.35±1.73 years (range: 9–15 years). The mean IOP was 15.58±2.83 (15.47–15.69) in total, 15.31±2.77 (15.17–15.46) in boys, and 15.88±2.86 (15.73–16.03) in girls (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The mean IOP was 15.07 and 15.49 in students aged 9 and 15 years, respectively. The mean IOP was 15.7 ± 2.64 (15.58–15.81) in urban and 14.52±4.05 (14.27–14.77) in rural students (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). In the multiple generalized estimating equation model, IOP had a positive association with female sex (β=0.84, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), systolic blood pressure (β=0.02, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), cup volume (β=0.99, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), corneal thickness (β=0.04, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and anterior chamber volume (β=0.007, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and a negative association with living in the rural area (β=−0.65, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), rim area (β=−0.39, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and corneal diameter (β=−0.18, <em>P</em> = 0.045). Furthermore, individuals with myopia exhibited a significantly higher IOP (β=0.35, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) compared to those with emmetropia.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study showed the normative distribution of IOP and its associated factors in children. The results can be used in diagnosis and management of glaucoma.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 4","pages":"Article 100523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1888429624000116/pdfft?md5=302bb87452dbc79545cbcaf70b1090ed&pid=1-s2.0-S1888429624000116-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}