Journal of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Quality of life assessment for nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular patients before and after cataract surgery","authors":"Zane Jansone-Langina ,&nbsp;Andrei Solomatin ,&nbsp;Maksims Solomatins ,&nbsp;Gunta Krumina","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2023.100489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The impact of visual outcomes of cataract surgery can be measured using a questionnaire. The aim of our study was to evaluate how patient quality of life changes after cataract surgery and if there are differences between the responses of patients with nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts, which has not been studied before.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>We studied 210 cataract patients who were divided into 3 cataract groups based on their cataract type: nuclear (<em>n</em> = 80), cortical (<em>n</em> = 70), and posterior subcapsular (PSC) (<em>n</em> = 60). The patients completed the Visual Function Index (VF-14) questionnaire before, 2 weeks and 1 month after bilateral cataract surgery. The results were analysed using one-way ANOVA (significance level 5 %) and were compared over time and between the cataract groups.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Before the cataract surgery, cortical cataract patients had the lowest questionnaire score compared to nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract groups (<em>p = 0.08</em>). After cataract surgery, cortical cataract patients experienced the greatest improvement in near distance daily activities, while PSC cataract patients experienced the greatest improvement in far distance daily activities (<em>p = 0.38</em>). Before surgery, nuclear cataract patients had the highest questionnaire scores compared to the other cataract groups (<em>p = 0.08</em>).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>At the 1 month follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences in questionnaire scores between the cataract groups for any of the questions. Overall, cortical cataract patients showed a trend to experience the greatest subjective improvement in quality of life after cataract removal, followed by nuclear and posterior subcapsular patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 100489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71735955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on: Photosensitivity and filter efficacy in albinism","authors":"Mahendra Singh ,&nbsp;Suraj Kumar Chaurasiya ,&nbsp;Ashish Chander ,&nbsp;Radhika","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2023.100499","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 100499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S188842962300047X/pdfft?md5=5bf98a6abad55a05428a92571fe27c2a&pid=1-s2.0-S188842962300047X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92043291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myopia progression in children during home confinement in the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Daisy Laan ,&nbsp;Emily T.C. Tan ,&nbsp;Paulien I. Huis in het Veld ,&nbsp;Hinke Marijke Jellema ,&nbsp;Kevin Jenniskens","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Myopia is a growing pandemic, especially in children, who risk low vision later in life. Home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic may have increased myopia progression through increased screentime, decreased time outdoors and increased near work activities. The aim of this study is to compare progression of myopia in children during home confinement period in the COVID-19 pandemic with pre-COVID-19 progression.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>On January 2023 PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane were searched for relevant studies. Studies meeting the following criteria were eligible for inclusion: children (under 18 years), home confinement due to COVID-19, spherical equivalent refractive (SER) and axial length (AL) measurements and a follow-up period to measure progression. Quality appraisal was performed by two reviewers independently using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for cohort studies. Outcomes for myopia were assessed through meta-analysis, analyzing SER (random effects) and AL (fixed effects).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Hundred and two articles were identified in the search, of which five studies were included in the analysis. Risk of bias is moderate with a few critical flaws in the studies. Myopia progressed more rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, both in terms of SER (-0.83D [95 %CI, −1.22, −0.43] and AL (0.36 mm [95 %CI, 0.13, 0.39]).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Progression of myopia during the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated more rapidly compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Impact of home confinement on myopia may be considered when future lockdown measures are being contemplated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 100493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10618773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies and attitudes on the management of myopia in clinical practice in Spain - 2022 update","authors":"Clara Martínez-Pérez ,&nbsp;César Villa-Collar ,&nbsp;Jacinto Santodomingo-Rubido ,&nbsp;James S. Wolffsohn","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study analyses strategies and attitudes on myopia management reported by eye care practitioners (ECP) from Spain in 2022.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A questionnaire was distributed to ECPs worldwide via the internet through professional associations. The questionnaire was distributed by email to all registered Spanish optician-optometrists. Questions examined awareness of increasing myopia prevalence; perceived efficacy; uptake of available approaches; and reasons preventing further uptake of specific approaches.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Of 3,107 practitioners who participated in the study, 380 were Spanish ECPs. Using a 10-point scale, Spanish practitioners reported less concern about increasing pediatric myopia (8.3 ± 1.6) compared to ECP's worldwide (8.5 ± 1.9) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), but similar level of clinical activity in myopia control (7.8 ± 2.3 vs. 7.5 ± 2.5, respectively) (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05); however, around half of all prescribed treatments were single-vision distance spectacles/contact lenses both in Spain and in most regions, with Spanish practitioners prescribing less single-vision spectacles than African and Asian (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), but more than Australasian practitioners (<em>p</em> = 0.04). No significant differences were found between Spain and the other regions in the perceived efficacy of combined therapy, orthokeratology, and outdoor time (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05), with the former being perceived as the most effective myopia control method followed by orthokeratology. No significant differences were found between Spain and the world's average in factors preventing the prescription of myopia control approaches (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). Spanish practitioners reported that embracing myopia management has a positive, but lower impact on customer loyalty, practice revenue and job satisfaction compared with the other regions (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Myopia control is increasing, although around half of practitioners still prescribe single-vision distance spectacles/contact lenses to young/progressive myopes. Combined therapy followed by orthokeratology were perceived as the most effective treatments. Embracing myopia management improved patient loyalty and job satisfaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 100496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10618824/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50163223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance horizontal fusional facility (DFF): A new diagnostic vergence test for the acquired brain injury (ABI) population","authors":"Barry Tannen ,&nbsp;Emma Karlin ,&nbsp;Kenneth J. Ciuffreda ,&nbsp;Noah Tannen ,&nbsp;John Shelley-Tremblay","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To report the retrospectively-based, clinical diagnostic findings for the horizontal, distance, fusional facility (DFF) test in the non-TBI (traumatic brain inury), ABI (acquired brain injury) population.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The DFF test (4 pd base-out/2 pd base-in) was assessed and compared retrospectively in the first author's optometric practice in three clinical populations: (1) post-mTBI, visually-symptomatic (<em>n</em> = 52), (2) post-ABI, non-mTBI, visually-symptomatic (<em>n</em> = 34), and (3) visually-normal, visually asymptomatic (<em>n</em> = 44).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The DFF values in each group were significantly different from each other (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The mean non-TBI, ABI group value was significantly lower than found in the mTBI group, and both were significantly lower than the mean found in the normal cohort (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). There was a significant reduction in DFF with increased age (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). ROC values for the AUC ranged from excellent to acceptable (0.94–0.74).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The DFF test is a new and useful way to assess horizontal, distance, dynamic, fusional facility in those with presumed non-mTBI, ABI neurological conditions to assist in its diagnosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 100487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41183849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of the Actiwatch Spectrum Plus for detecting the outdoor environment and physical activity in children","authors":"Einat Shneor ,&nbsp;Ariela Gordon-Shaag ,&nbsp;Ravid Doron ,&nbsp;Julia S. Benoit ,&nbsp;Lisa A. Ostrin","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To describe the performance of the Actiwatch Spectrum Plus (Philips, Respironics) for determining real world indoor and outdoor environments and physical activity in children.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Children wore the device while performing 10 different activities, ranging from sedentary to vigorous physical-activity, and under different indoor and outdoor conditions. Repeated measures ANOVA was implemented via mixed effects modeling to determine illuminance (lux) and physical activity (counts per 15 s, CP15) across conditions. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis assessed the accuracy to detect indoor versus outdoor settings.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Illuminance was found to be statistically different across indoor (793 ± 348 lux) and outdoor (4,413 ± 518 lux) conditions (<em>P</em>&lt;.0001), with excellent diagnostic accuracy to detect indoor versus outdoor settings (Area under the ROC Curve, AUC 0.94); 1088 lux was identified as the optimal threshold for outdoor illuminance (sensitivity: 93.0%; specificity: 85.0%). Using published activity ranges, we found that when children were sitting, 94% of the physical-activity readings were classified as sedentary or light. When children were walking, 88% of readings were classified as light, and when children were running, 77% of readings were classified as moderate or vigorous.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The Actiwatch Spectrum Plus performed well during real world activities in children, showing excellent diagnostic accuracy at 1088 lux as a threshold to detect indoor versus outdoor environments and in categorizing physical activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 100483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/21/65/main.PMC10551654.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41154755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the effect of benzalkonium chloride-preserved, polyquad-preserved, and preservative-free prostaglandin analogue eye drops on cultured human conjunctival goblet cells","authors":"Anne Hedengran ,&nbsp;Josefine Freiberg ,&nbsp;Pernille May Hansen ,&nbsp;Gerard Boix-Lemonche ,&nbsp;Tor P. Utheim ,&nbsp;Darlene A. Dartt ,&nbsp;Goran Petrovski ,&nbsp;Steffen Heegaard ,&nbsp;Miriam Kolko","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To investigate the effect of benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved latanoprost and bimatoprost, polyquad (PQ)-preserved travoprost, and preservative-free (PF) latanoprost and tafluprost, all prostaglandin analogues (PGAs), on human conjunctival goblet cell (GC) survival. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of BAK-preserved and PF latanoprost on the cytokine secretion from GC.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Primary human conjunctival GCs were cultivated from donor tissue. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and tetrazolium dye colorimetric (MTT) assays were used for the assessment of GC survival. A cytometric bead array was employed for measuring secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 from GC.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>BAK-preserved latanoprost and bimatoprost reduced cell survival by 28% (<em>p</em> = 0.0133) and 20% (<em>p</em> = 0.0208), respectively, in the LDH assay compared to a negative control. BAK-preserved latanoprost reduced cell proliferation by 54% (<em>p</em> = 0.003), BAK-preserved bimatoprost by 45% (<em>p</em> = 0.006), PQ-preserved travoprost by 16% (<em>p</em> = 0.0041), and PF latanoprost by 19% (<em>p</em> = 0.0001), in the MTT assay compared to a negative control. Only PF tafluprost did not affect the GCs in either assay. BAK-preserved latanoprost caused an increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 (<em>p</em> = 0.0001 and <em>p</em> = 0.0019, respectively) compared to a negative control, which PF latanoprost did not.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>BAK-preserved PGA eye drops were more cytotoxic to GCs than PQ-preserved and PF PGA eye drops. BAK-preserved latanoprost induced an inflammatory response in GC. Treatment with PF and PQ-preserved PGA eye drops could mean better tolerability and adherence in glaucoma patients compared to treatment with BAK-preserved PGA eye drops.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"17 1","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d2/55/main.PMC10551551.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41169247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the ocular ultrasonic and optical biometry devices in the different quality measurements","authors":"Masoud Khorrami-Nejad ,&nbsp;Ahmed Mohammed Khodair ,&nbsp;Mehdi Khodaparast ,&nbsp;Farshid Babapour Mofrad ,&nbsp;Farzaneh Dehghanian Nasrabadi","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To compare the reliability and agreement of axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) measurements obtained with optical biometry based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (IOLMaster 700; Carl Zeiss, Germany) and an ultrasound biometry device (Nidek; US-4000 Echoscan, Japan) in different qualities of AL measurement.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 239 consecutive eyes of 239 cataract surgery candidates with a mean age of 56 ± 14 years were included. The quality measurements were grouped according to the quartiles of SD of the measured AL by IOLMaster 700. The first and fourth quartile's SD are defined as high and low-quality measurement, respectively, and the second and third quartiles’ SD is defined as moderate-quality.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The reliability of AL and ACD between the two devices in all patients and in different quality measurement groups was excellent with highly statistically significant (AL: all ICC=0.999 and <em>P</em>&lt;0.001, ACD: all ICC&gt;0.920 and <em>P</em>&lt;0.001). AL and ACD in all quality measurements showed a very strong correlation between devices with highly statistically significant. However, there was poor (ICC=0.305), moderate (ICC=0.742), and good (ICC=0.843) reliability in measuring LT in low-, moderate-, and high-quality measurements, respectively. LT showed a very strong correlation (<em>r</em> = 0.854) with highly statistically significant (<em>P</em>&lt;0.001) between devices only in patients with high-quality measurements.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>AL and ACD of the IOLMaster700 had outstanding agreements with the US-4000 ultrasound in different quality measurements of AL and can be used interchangeably. But LT should be used interchangeably cautiously only in the high-quality measurements group.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 4","pages":"Pages 284-295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10518768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9977187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of refractive error within a Portuguese sample of optometric records","authors":"Vera Lúcia Alves Carneiro,&nbsp;José Manuel González-Méijome","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2023.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Considering the burden of refractive error, clinical-based research methods are often used as epidemiological tools. This study aimed to generate evidence on the prevalence and distribution of refractive error in Portugal.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A cross-sectional retrospective study was designed to review optometric records from Portuguese practices during July 2021.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>348 optometric records were analysed. Subjects had a mean age of 44.2 ± 19.2 years (range 6–81) and 58.4% were female. The mean spherical equivalent was myopic, −0.65 ± 2.38 Diopters (D), varying from a minimum of −13.63 to a maximum of 6.25 D. According to sex, the mean spherical equivalent was −0.76 ± 2.29 D for female and −0.49 ± 2.49 D for male, with no significant difference between them (<em>p</em> = .307). The distribution of the spherical equivalent mean across the age groups, linearly varies from a myopic −1.62 ± 1.74 D in the age group of [6 – 29]; −1.58 ± 2.80 D in [30 – 44]; −0.09 ± 2.40 in [45 – 59] to a hyperopic 0.67 ± 1.61 D in the group of [60 – 81]. High myopia had a prevalence of 2.7% in the sample. Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error in the sample representing 41.3%. In the age group [6–29], myopia had a prevalence of 69.3%. Hyperopia had a prevalence in the sample of 29.7%.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Myopia represents the most prevalent refractive error within the sample and is the prevalence is higher in the younger age groups, demonstrating a shift towards an increase of myopia in the next years.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 4","pages":"Pages 245-251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fc/d0/main.PMC10518762.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9813796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of using the Dyop optotype for acuity and refractions","authors":"Allan N Hytowitz","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 4","pages":"Pages 317-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e9/8a/main.PMC10518757.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10309516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}