Emerging Topics in Life Sciences最新文献_第8页

Micro and nano-plastics, a threat to human health? 微塑料和纳米塑料，对人类健康的威胁?

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220024

Sarah Bastyans, Simon Jackson, Gyorgy Fejer

{"title":"Micro and nano-plastics, a threat to human health?","authors":"Sarah Bastyans, Simon Jackson, Gyorgy Fejer","doi":"10.1042/ETLS20220024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220024","url":null,"abstract":"Micro and nanosize plastic polymers degrading from large plastic compounds are accumulating in the natural environment and expose potential biological threats to human health. These particles are largely persistent and consequently accumulate in the exposed individuals. The presence of microplastics has already been demonstrated in various human organs including the lung, the gastrointestinal system and the blood raising concerns about their possible harmful effects. The chemical composition, size and shape of microplastics as well as their weathering status represent important factors influencing the potential impact of microplastics on tissues. In addition, microplastics can function as vectors for adsorbed chemical compounds and may harbour and deliver live microbial pathogens or their ligands. In vitro and in vivo animal studies demonstrated that microplastics are taken up to cells in a size and cell type dependent manner. Once inside the targeted cell they activate oxidative processes, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER-stress. These molecular processes result in the activation or repression of cell type specific functions and potentially in the induction of cytotoxicity. The microplastic elicited events may result in inflammation, organ damage and fibrosis of the targeted organs as well as in systemic immunological and metabolic conditions. In addition, microplastics may impact on the gut microbiota which may exert further gastrointestinal and systemic metabolic and immunological effects. In this minireview, we evaluate the factors and mechanisms that influence potential microplastic induced cellular and organ pathologies in humans and discuss limitations of current understanding regarding microplastic elicited conditions as well as future perspectives for research.","PeriodicalId":46394,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Topics in Life Sciences","volume":"6 4","pages":"411-422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10439301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Implication of microplastics on soil faunal communities - identifying gaps of knowledge. 微塑料对土壤动物群落的影响——识别知识空白。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220023

Bas Boots

{"title":"Implication of microplastics on soil faunal communities - identifying gaps of knowledge.","authors":"Bas Boots","doi":"10.1042/ETLS20220023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220023","url":null,"abstract":"There is mounting evidence that plastic and microplastic contamination of soils can affect physico-chemical processes and soil fauna, as has been excellently summarised in many recently published meta-analyses and systematic reviews elsewhere. It has become clear that impacts are highly context dependent on, e.g. polymer type, shape, dose and the soil itself. Most published studies are based on experimental approaches using (semi-)controlled laboratory conditions. They typically focus on one or several representative animal species and their behaviour and/or physiological response - for example, earthworms, but rarely on whole communities of animals. Nevertheless, soil animals are rarely found in isolation and form part of intricate foodwebs. Soil faunal biodiversity is complex, and species diversity and interactions within the soil are very challenging to unravel, which may explain why there is still a dearth of information on this. Research needs to focus on soil animals from a holistic viewpoint, moving away from studies on animals in isolation and consider different trophic levels including their interactions. Furthermore, as evidence obtained from laboratory studies is complemented by relatively few studies done in field conditions, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which plastic pollution affects soil animals under realistic field conditions. However, field-based studies are typically more challenging logistically, requiring relatively large research teams, ideally of an interdisciplinary nature to maintain long-term field experiments. Lastly, with more alternative, (bio)degradable and/or compostable plastics being developed and used, their effects on soil animals will need to be further researched.","PeriodicalId":46394,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Topics in Life Sciences","volume":"6 4","pages":"403-409"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10451715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Implications of plastic pollution on global marine carbon cycling and climate. 塑料污染对全球海洋碳循环和气候的影响。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220013

Karin Kvale

{"title":"Implications of plastic pollution on global marine carbon cycling and climate.","authors":"Karin Kvale","doi":"10.1042/ETLS20220013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220013","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic pollution can both chemically and physically impede marine biota. But it can also provide novel substrates for colonization, and its leachate might stimulate phytoplankton growth. Plastic contains carbon, which is released into the environment upon breakdown. All of these mechanisms have been proposed to contribute global impacts on open ocean carbon cycling and climate from ubiquitous plastic pollution. Laboratory studies produce compelling data showing both stimulation and inhibition of primary producers and disruption of predatory lifecycles at individual scale, but global carbon cycle impacts remain mostly unquantified. Preliminary modelling estimates ecosystem alterations and direct carbon release due to plastic pollution will remain vastly less disruptive to global carbon cycling than the direct damage wrought by fossil fuel carbon emissions. But when considered by mass, carbon in the form of bulky, persistent plastic particles may be disproportionally more influential on biogeochemical cycling than carbon as a gas in the atmosphere or as a dissolved component of seawater. Thus, future research should pay particular attention to the optical and other physical effects of marine plastic pollution on Earth system and ecological function, and resulting impacts on oxygen and nutrient cycling. Improved understanding of the breakdown of plastics in the marine environment should also be considered high-priority, as any potential perturbation of biological carbon cycling by plastic pollution is climate-relevant on centennial timescales and longer.","PeriodicalId":46394,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Topics in Life Sciences","volume":"6 4","pages":"359-369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10446305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

The ecological impact of plastic pollution in a changing climate. 塑料污染在气候变化中的生态影响。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220016

Gawsia Wahidunnessa Chowdhury, Heather J Koldewey, Md Nazmul Hasan Niloy, Subrata Sarker

{"title":"The ecological impact of plastic pollution in a changing climate.","authors":"Gawsia Wahidunnessa Chowdhury, Heather J Koldewey, Md Nazmul Hasan Niloy, Subrata Sarker","doi":"10.1042/ETLS20220016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220016","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing three interlinked issues, plastic pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss separately can overlook potential interactions that may lead to positive or negative impacts on global ecosystem processes. Recent studies suggest that threatened species and ecosystems are vulnerable to both plastic pollution and climate change stressors. Here we consider the connectivity and state of knowledge between these three environmental issues with a focus on the Global South. Nine out of top ten Long-Term Climate Risk Index (CRI) (2000-2019) ranked countries are located within the Global South, yet research is focused in the Global North. A literature search for the top ten Long-Term Climate Risk Index (CRI) (2000-2019) ranked countries matched a total of 2416 (3.3% of global publications) search results on climate change, with 56 (4% of the global publications) on plastic pollution, and seven (7.7% of the global publications) on both climate change and plastic pollution. There is a strong correlation between the Global South and high biodiversity hotspots, high food insecurity and low environmental performance. Using Bangladesh as a case study, we show the erosion rates and sea level rise scenarios that will increase ocean-bound plastic pollution and impact high biodiversity areas. Poverty alleviation and promoting renewable energy and green practices can significantly reduce the stress on the environment. We recommend that these connected planetary threats can be best addressed through a holistic and collaborative approach to research, a focus on the Global South, and an ambitious policy agenda.","PeriodicalId":46394,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Topics in Life Sciences","volume":"6 4","pages":"389-402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10446825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Plastic pollution of four understudied marine ecosystems: a review of mangroves, seagrass meadows, the Arctic Ocean and the deep seafloor. 四种研究不足的海洋生态系统的塑料污染：红树林、海草草甸、北冰洋和深海海底综述。

IF 3.4

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220017

Bruno Andreas Walther, Melanie Bergmann

引用次数: 0

Exploring protein symmetry at the RCSB Protein Data Bank. 在RCSB蛋白质数据库中探索蛋白质对称性。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20210267

Jose M Duarte, Shuchismita Dutta, David S Goodsell, Stephen K Burley

引用次数: 3

Floral symmetry: the geometry of plant reproduction. 花对称:植物繁殖的几何学。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20210270

Yuxiang Jiang, Laila Moubayidin

{"title":"Floral symmetry: the geometry of plant reproduction.","authors":"Yuxiang Jiang, Laila Moubayidin","doi":"10.1042/ETLS20210270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20210270","url":null,"abstract":"The flower is an astonishing innovation that arose during plant evolution allowing flowering plants - also known as angiosperms - to dominate life on earth in a relatively short period of geological time. Flowers are formed from secondary meristems by co-ordinated differentiation of flower organs, such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. The position, number and morphology of these flower organs impose a geometrical pattern - or symmetry type - within the flower which is a trait tightly connected to successful reproduction. During evolution, flower symmetry switched from the ancestral poly-symmetric (radial symmetry) to the mono-symmetric (bilateral symmetry) type multiple times, including numerous reversals, with these events linked to co-evolution with pollinators and reproductive strategies. In this review, we introduce the diversity of flower symmetry, trace its evolution in angiosperms, and highlight the conserved genetic basis underpinning symmetry control in flowers. Finally, we discuss the importance of building upon the concept of flower symmetry by looking at the mechanisms orchestrating symmetry within individual flower organs and summarise the current scenario on symmetry patterning of the female reproductive organ, the gynoecium, the ultimate flower structure presiding over fertilisation and seed production.","PeriodicalId":46394,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Topics in Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"259-269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9472818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40434275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry, and human psychological science. 发展不稳定、波动不对称和人类心理科学。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220025

Steven W Gangestad

{"title":"Developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry, and human psychological science.","authors":"Steven W Gangestad","doi":"10.1042/ETLS20220025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220025","url":null,"abstract":"Developmental instability (DI) is an individual's inability to produce a specific developmental outcome under a given set of conditions, generally thought to result from random perturbations experienced during development. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) - asymmetry on bilateral features that, on average, are symmetrical (or asymmetry deviating from that arising from design) - has been used to measure DI. Dating to half a century ago, and accelerating in the past three decades, psychological researchers have examined associations between FA (typically measured on bodily or facial features) and a host of outcomes of interest, including psychological disorders, cognitive ability, attractiveness, and sexual behavior. A decade ago, a meta-analysis on findings from nearly 100 studies extracted several conclusions. On average, small but statistically reliable associations between FA and traits of interest exist. Though modest, these associations are expected to greatly underestimate the strength of associations with underlying DI. Despite the massive sample size across studies, we still lack a good handle on which traits are most strongly affected by DI. A major methodological implication of the meta-analysis is that most studies have been, individually, woefully underpowered to detect associations. Though offering some intriguing findings, much research is the past decade too has been underpowered; hence, the newer literature is also likely noisy. Several large-scale studies are exceptions. Future progress depends on additional large-scale studies and researchers' sensitivity to power issues. As well, theoretical assumptions and conceptualizations of DI and FA driving psychological research may need revision to explain empirical patterns.","PeriodicalId":46394,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Topics in Life Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"311-322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40718100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Anthropometric fluctuating asymmetries in living humans through the eyes of an anthropologist. 通过人类学家的视角观察活人的波动不对称。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20210276

Barış Özener

引用次数: 2

Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of stress. 波动不对称作为压力的指示。

IF 3.8

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20210274

Vladimir M Zakharov, Ilya E Trofimov

引用次数: 8