Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19, Mental Health, and Mental Health Treatment among Adults.","authors":"Samuel H Zuvekas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has been widely reported to have increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. It may also have significantly disrupted continuity of treatment for existing patients and made access for those newly seeking care more difficult at a time when treatment needs are higher.</p><p><strong>Aims of the study: </strong>This study seeks to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health status and mental health treatment among adults residing in the U.S. civilian, non-institutionalized population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data are drawn from the 2019-2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), a nationally representative household survey of the U.S. civilian non-institutionalized population conducted annually since 1996 and used extensively to study mental health treatment in the U.S. I examine unadjusted and regression-adjusted differences between 2019 and 2020 in perceived mental health status (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor) and in the K6 general psychological distress, the PHQ-2 depression screener, and the VR-12 mental component summary score. Similarly, using the detailed MEPS data on health care encounters and prescription drug fills, I examine differences in mental health use treatment between 2019 and 2020. I focus specifically on changes in continuity of treatment among those already in treatment in January and February, before the pandemic fully struck, as well differences in the initiation of new episodes of treatment after the pandemic began.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All four mental health scales included in the MEPS show statistically significant declines in mental health between 2019 and 2020, particularly among younger adults. On balance, the percentage of US adults receiving mental health treatment did not change significantly. Continuity of treatment increased slightly in 2020, with 87.1% of adults in treatment January or February still receiving care in the second quarter, an increase of 2.5 percentage points (p=.025). However, there were significant declines in the initiation of new episodes of treatment, especially in the second quarter of 2020.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While the continuity of treatment among adults already in care when the COVID pandemic first led to nationwide disruptions is welcome news, the decline in new episodes of mental health treatment among those not previously treated is of great concern. In a time of heightened need, the gap between need and treatment likely grew larger. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES: Continued long-term monitoring of the mental health needs and treatment gaps will be important, especially as many emergency measures designed to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on access to mental health treatment expire.</p>","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"26 4","pages":"159-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employer-Provided and Self-Initiated Job Accommodations for Workers with Serious Mental Illness.","authors":"Marjorie L Baldwin, Rebecca M B White, Steven C Marcus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Many individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are capable of employment in regular jobs (i.e. jobs paying at least minimum wage, not set aside for persons with disabilities, and not obtained with assistance from mental health services), but they may need job accommodations to be successful. The extant literature focuses almost exclusively on accommodations for workers with SMI who are receiving employment support, so we know almost nothing about the nature or frequency of accommodations needed by workers who are independently employed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;Drawing on survey data from a sample of workers with diagnoses of SMI who are capable of regular, mainstream employment, we aim to: (i) describe the nature and frequency of job accommodations workers requested from their employer or initiated on their own; and (ii) identify individual- and work-related factors associated with the probabilities of requesting or initiating accommodations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The analysis sample includes 731 workers with diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder, who were employed in regular jobs post-onset of SMI. Workers identified any job accommodations requested from their employer, or initiated on their own. Summary statistics describe the nature and frequency of accommodations in four categories: scheduling, workspace, supervision, job modification. Logistic regression models estimate the relationship between workers' health- and job-related characteristics and the probabilities of requesting or self-initiating accommodations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Whereas 84% of workers in our sample self-initiated accommodations, only 25% requested accommodations from their employer. The most frequent accommodations of either type involved flexibility in scheduling (63% self-initiated, 24% requested), or modifications to the workspace (58%, 19%). Factors significantly correlated with the probability of requesting accommodations include: supportive workplace culture, longer job tenure, more severe cognitive/social limitations. Factors significantly correlated with the probability of self-initiating accommodations include: younger age, more severe social limitations, greater job autonomy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;This is the first study of job accommodations among a cohort of persons with SMI independently employed in regular jobs. We identify a type of accommodation, self-initiated by the worker, that has not been studied before. These self-initiated accommodations are far more prevalent than employer-provided accommodations in our sample. Key factors associated with the probabilities of requesting/initiating accommodations reflect need (e.g. compromised health) and feasibility of implementation in a particular job. Limitations of the study include the cross-sectional design which limits our ability to identify causal relationships.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications for he","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"26 4","pages":"137-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Sustainability of Novel Delivery Models in Behavioral Health Treatment.","authors":"Dominic Hodgkin, Constance M Horgan, Stephanie Jordan Brown, Gavin Bart, Maureen T Stewart","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;In the US, much of the research into new intervention and delivery models for behavioral health care is funded by research institutes and foundations, typically through grants to develop and test the new interventions. The original grant funding is typically time-limited. This implies that eventually communities, clinicians, and others must find resources to replace the grant funding -otherwise the innovation will not be adopted. Diffusion is challenged by the continued dominance in the US of fee-for-service reimbursement, especially for behavioral health care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;To understand the financial challenges to disseminating innovative behavioral health delivery models posed by fee-for-service reimbursement, and to explore alternative payment models that promise to accelerate adoption by better addressing need for flexibility and sustainability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We review US experience with three specific novel delivery models that emerged in recent years. The models are: collaborative care model for depression (CoCM), outpatient based opioid treatment (OBOT), and the certified community behavioral health clinic (CCBHC) model. These examples were selected as illustrating some common themes and some different issues affecting diffusion. For each model, we discuss its core components; evidence on its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; how its dissemination was funded; how providers are paid; and what has been the uptake so far.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The collaborative care model has existed for longest, but has been slow to disseminate, due in part to a lack of billing codes for key components until recently. The OBOT model faced that problem, and also (until recently) a regulatory requirement requiring physicians to obtain federal waivers in order to prescribe buprenorphine. Similarly, the CCBHC model includes previously nonbillable services, but it appears to be diffusing more successfully than some other innovations, due in part to the approach taken by funders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;A common challenge for all three models has been their inclusion of services that were not (initially) reimbursable in a fee-for-service system. However, even establishing new procedure codes may not be enough to give providers the flexibility needed to implement these models, unless payers also implement alternative payment models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications for health care provision and use: &lt;/strong&gt;For providers who receive time-limited grant funding to implement these novel delivery models, one key lesson is the need to start early on planning how services will be sustained after the grant ends.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications for health policy: &lt;/strong&gt;For research funders (e.g., federal agencies), it is clearly important to speed up the process of obtaining coverage for each novel delivery model, including the development of new billable service codes, and to plan for this","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"26 4","pages":"149-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10752219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138812131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value-Based Insurance Design: Clinically Nuanced Consumer Cost-Sharing for Mental Health Services.","authors":"Nicole M Benson,&nbsp;A Mark Fendrick","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While consumer cost-sharing is a widely used strategy to mitigate health care spending, numerous studies have demonstrated that even modest levels of out-of-pocket cost are associated with lower use of medical care, including clinically necessary, high-value services. Within mental health care, increases in cost-sharing are associated with reductions in use of mental health care and psychotropic medication use. Further, these reductions in mental health services and treatments can lead to downstream consequences including worsening of psychiatric illness and increased need for acute care and psychiatric hospitalization. Thus, there is a need for clinically informed solutions that explicitly balance the need for appropriate access to essential mental health services and treatments with growing fiscal pressures faced by public and private payers. Value-Based Insurance Design (VBID) describes a model where consumer cost-sharing is based on the potential clinical benefit rather than the price of a specific health care service or treatment.</p><p><strong>Aims of the study: </strong>Describe value-based insurance design and applications in mental health care.</p><p><strong>Results, discussion and implications for health policies: </strong>For over two decades, clinically nuanced VBID programs have been implemented in an effort to optimize the use of high-value health services and enhance equity through reduced consumer cost-sharing. Overall, the evidence suggests that VBID has demonstrated success in reducing consumer out-of-pocket costs associated with specific, high value services. By reducing financial barriers to essential clinical services and medications, VBID has potential to enhance equity. However, the impact of VBID on overall mental health care spending and clinical outcomes remains uncertain.</p>","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"26 3","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41133397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LETTER: The Effect of Mental Disorders on Caregiver Workforce Participation: The Hidden Societal Cost.","authors":"Jens Peter Eckardt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>No abstract.</p>","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"26 3","pages":"131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41151836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on Financing Strategies for Evidence-Based Treatment Implementation in Youth Mental Health Systems.","authors":"Maddison N North, Alex R Dopp, Jane F Silovsky, Marylou Gilbert, Jeanne S Ringel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Evidence-based treatments (EBTs) are critical to effectively address mental health problems among children and adolescents, but costly for mental health service agencies to implement and sustain. Financing strategies help agencies overcome cost-related barriers by obtaining financial resources to support EBT implementation and/or sustainment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;We sought to (i) understand how youth mental health system decision-makers involved with EBT implementation and sustainment view key features (e.g., relevance, feasibility) that inform financing strategy selection and (ii) compare service agency, funding agency, and intermediary representative perspectives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method: &lt;/strong&gt;Two surveys were disseminated to 48 representatives across U.S. youth mental health service agencies, funding agencies, and intermediaries who were participating in a larger study of financing strategies. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered on 23 financing strategies through quantitative ratings and open-ended responses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and rapid content analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The financing strategies rated as most relevant include braided funding streams, contracts for EBTs, credentialing/rostering providers, fee-for-service reimbursement (regular and increased), and grant funding. All other strategies were unfamiliar to 1/3 to 1/2 of participants. The six strategies were rated between somewhat and quite available, feasible, and effective for EBT sustainment. For sustaining different EBT components (e.g., delivery, materials), the mix of financing strategies was rated as somewhat adequate. Qualitative analysis revealed challenges with strategies being non-recurring or unavailable in representatives' regions. Ratings were largely similar across participant roles, though funding agency representatives were the most familiar with financing strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;Despite the breadth of innovative financing strategies, expert representatives within the youth mental health services ecosystem had limited knowledge of most options. Experts relied on strategies that were familiar but often did not adequately support EBT implementation or sustainment. These findings underscore more fundamental issues with under-resourced mental health systems in the U.S.; financing strategies can help agencies navigate EBT use but must be accompanied by larger-scale system reforms. Limitations include difficulties generalizing results due to using a small sample familiar with EBTs, high agreement as a potential function of snowball recruiting, and limited responses to the open-ended survey questions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications for health care provision and use: &lt;/strong&gt;Although EBTs have been found to effectively address mental health problems in children and adolescents, available strategies for financing their implementation and sustainment in mental h","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"26 3","pages":"115-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10947519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41170299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PERSPECTIVE: Economic and Policy Research Interests Highlighted in the 25th NIMH-Sponsored Mental Health Services Research Conference.","authors":"Jennifer L Humensky, Michael C Freed, Susan T Azrin, Mary Acri, Denise Pintello","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) remains committed to addressing real-world challenges with delivering high quality mental health care to people in need by advancing a services research agenda to improve access, continuity, quality, equity, and value of mental healthcare nationwide, and to improve outcomes for people with serious mental illnesses (SMI). The NIMH-Sponsored Mental Health Services Research Conference (MHSR) is a highly productive venue for discussing topics of interest to NIMH audiences and disseminating NIMH's latest research findings directly to mental health clinicians, policy makers, administrators, advocates, consumers, and scientists who attend.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;This Perspective summarizes and provides highlights from the 25th MHSR. It also reviews three papers presented at the 25th MSHR and subsequently published in the June 2023 special issue of The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics (JMHPE).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The authors review three papers published in the June 2023 special issue of JMHPE, identifying common themes across the papers and illustrating how the papers' findings promote key areas of NIMH research interests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Three important areas are highlighted in this review: (i) service user engagement in the research enterprise, (ii) financing the implementation of the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, and (iii) methods to predict mental health workforce turnover.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;These three papers illustrate key areas in which policy research can help to promote quality mental health care. One notable common theme across the papers is that of the role that end users play in the research enterprise. The papers focus on (i) service users and the value they bring to informing the practice of research, (ii) policy makers and the information they need to make evidence-informed decisions, and (iii) provider organization leadership, by using an innovative machine learning process to help organizations predict and address staff turnover.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications for health care: &lt;/strong&gt;NIMH encourages and often requires strong research practice partnerships to help ensure findings will be of value to end users and make their way into the practice setting. The three papers reviewed in this perspective are exemplars of how necessary stakeholder partnerships are to improve care for those with mental illness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Implications for health policies: &lt;/strong&gt;The highlighted papers (i) provide recommendations for structural changes to research institutions to increase service user engagement in all aspects of the research enterprise, (ii) identify policy solutions to improve fiscal readiness to address increased demand of 988, and (iii) pilot a novel data-driven approach to predict mental health workforce turnover, a significant problem in community mental health clinics, offering health system ","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"26 3","pages":"109-114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11040969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41171276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rehabilitation Intervention to Help People with Severe Mental Illness Obtain and Keep a Paid Job","authors":"Dennis. Stant, V. Busschbach, M. D. Vugt, H. Michon","doi":"10.1016/J.JVAL.2012.08.809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JVAL.2012.08.809","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82034370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The civilian labor market experiences of Vietnam-era veterans: the influence of psychiatric disorders","authors":"Elizabeth Savoca,&nbsp;Robert Rosenheck","doi":"10.1002/mhp.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhp.102","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background:&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Most research on the civilian labor market experiences of veterans has focused on the extent to which the skills and experience acquired in the military are rewarded in the civilian employment sector. While studies have been mindful of the need to analyze this question in a multivariate framework, controlling for other factors that might independently affect labor market outcomes, they have met this goal with limited success. As a result, an important element of the employment and wage determination process—psychiatric health—has been absent from this literature.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims of the study:&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Using a nationally representative survey of Vietnam-era veterans, this study analyzes the contribution of psychiatric health toward explaining differences in the post-service civilian wages, hours worked, and employment probabilities among male veterans.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods:&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The analysis is based on data from the National Survey of the Vietnam Generation, a survey, completed in the late 1980s, of persons who were on active duty during the years of the Vietnam War, 1964–1975. Three outcome variables are studied—the hourly wage rate, usual hours worked per week, and a 0–1 indicator for whether the respondent is currently working. Lifetime diagnoses of four categories of mental disorders—major depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse/dependence, and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—were constructed from the US NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule, administered by the survey. The employment probability equation was estimated using probit; the hourly earnings and hours worked equations via ordinary least squares conditioned on being employed.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results:&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The study finds that PTSD significantly lowered the likelihood of working and, for those veterans who were working, their hourly wages. On average, a veteran with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD was 8.5 percentage points less likely to be currently working than was a veteran who did not meet diagnostic criteria. Among those who were employed, veterans with PTSD earned, on average, $2.38 less per hour ($3.61 in 1999 U.S. dollars). Anxiety disorders and major depression had nearly as large an effect on employment rates, as did PTSD. Major depression was also found to have lowered hourly wages by an average of $6.77 per hour ($10.17 in 1999 US dollars). However, psychiatric health did not affect typical hours worked per week.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Discussion:&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"3 4","pages":"199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2001-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/mhp.102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72160693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstract translations","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/mhp.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mhp.106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics","volume":"3 4","pages":"219-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2001-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/mhp.106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72160526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}