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Paradigmatic consequences of the suffixing preference 后缀偏好的聚合结果
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-07-26 DOI: 10.1075/SL.20019.BER
T. Berg
{"title":"Paradigmatic consequences of the suffixing preference","authors":"T. Berg","doi":"10.1075/SL.20019.BER","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.20019.BER","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000As one of the most robust typological findings, the suffixing preference captures the empirical observation that grammatical categories are more likely to be coded by suffixes than by prefixes. The goal of this contribution is to explore the effects that this asymmetry may have on the inflectional paradigms of the languages of the world. Three empirical issues are addressed: do languages with either possessive prefixes or suffixes and languages with both possessive prefixes and suffixes differ in their suffix-to-prefix ratio? Do prefixes and suffixes differ in the number of cases that they code? Do prefixes and suffixes differ in their probability of explicit singular in addition to plural marking? The answer to all three questions is in the affirmative. These effects are understood in terms of a response to an inherent disadvantage of prefixes. Morphological systems reduce the processing difficulty incurred by prefixes by assigning them fewer tasks (i.e. number of cases), by limiting their occurrence in highly competitive contexts (i.e. inconsistent possessive-affix coding) and by creating prefix paradigms, which are conceived of as protective structures in which the individual members strengthen one another. The general claim these three effects lead up to is that morphological systems develop “repair strategies” which reduce the processing cost involved in using inherently disadvantaged units. These repair strategies shape morphological structure.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87731017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A typology of Goal-Source marking in transfer events 转移事件中目标源标记的一种类型
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-07-16 DOI: 10.1075/SL.20020.KIT
Seppo Kittilä
{"title":"A typology of Goal-Source marking in transfer events","authors":"Seppo Kittilä","doi":"10.1075/SL.20020.KIT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.20020.KIT","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper discusses the coding of Goals and Sources from a cross-linguistic perspective and proposes a formal-functional typology based on how animacy and direction affect their coding. The proposed typology comprises three types; Goal vs. Source-languages, animacy and direction-languages, and variable types. The paper shows that the coding of Goals and Sources is primarily conditioned by their semantic roles (by the direction of transfer/motion), but animacy makes an important contribution in some languages as well. Moreover, the paper will also show that animacy affects the coding of Goals more drastically than it affects the coding of Sources. Goals and Sources differ from each other also in that Goals are more often coded by cases, while Sources are usually more peripheral participants and they are thus often marked by adpositions. One of the proposed reasons for this is found in the goal-oriented nature of humans.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79034501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stability and change in the colour lexicon of the Japonic languages 日本语言颜色词汇的稳定与变化
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1075/SL.20032.HUI
John L. A. Huisman, R. van Hout, A. Majid
{"title":"Stability and change in the colour lexicon of the Japonic languages","authors":"John L. A. Huisman, R. van Hout, A. Majid","doi":"10.1075/SL.20032.HUI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.20032.HUI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Previous work on colour lexicons focussed on universal patterns in their structure and evolution. We collected new\u0000 colour naming data in Japanese and three under-described Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Miyako and Yaeyama) to investigate semantic\u0000 variation and change in the colour lexicon of related languages in a modern context. We found several new colour terms (e.g.,\u0000 midori and guriin for ‘green’) in the lexicon of Ryukyuan speakers, apparently resulting\u0000 from contact with Standard Japanese and English. A comparison of our data with historical data suggests that modern Ryukyuan\u0000 colour systems are closer to modern Japanese than they are to their historic pasts. However, we also found that modern-day\u0000 Ryukyuan languages are more similar to each other than they are to Japanese. These findings show the scope of semantic changes\u0000 that can occur through outside influence and highlight the need for fresh empirical data in the study of semantics in related\u0000 languages.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86482767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Grammaticalization and phonological reidentification in White Hmong 白苗语的语法化与语音再识别
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.1075/SL.19052.WHI
Nathan M. White
{"title":"Grammaticalization and phonological reidentification in White Hmong","authors":"Nathan M. White","doi":"10.1075/SL.19052.WHI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.19052.WHI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The “dynamic coevolution of meaning and form” of Bybee et al. (1994: 20) has been the subject of significant discussion as regards the languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. However, little work has focused on the mechanisms through which this coevolution occurs when it does surface in these languages. The current work considers phonological reidentification resulting from phonetic reduction in White Hmong (Hmong-Mien, Laos) involving four morphemes, ntshai/ntshe ‘maybe’, saib/seb ‘see if/whether; comp.cfact’, puag/pug ‘locl;ints’, and niaj/nej ‘each, every’. These morphemes exhibit an alternation where a rime is phonologically reidentified in a manner consistent with typical phonetic underarticulation patterns, such that an exemplar-model approach (Pierrehumbert 2001, inter alia) provides a straightforward explanation. Furthermore, the data show that the phonological reidentification patterns found in White Hmong exhibit parallels in other languages in the region, confirming that an areal approach to grammaticalization provides greater descriptive adequacy cross-linguistically as regards this phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78938093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The development of locative relative markers 定位相对标记的发展
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1075/SL.20013.BAL
Silvia Ballarè, G. Inglese
{"title":"The development of locative relative markers","authors":"Silvia Ballarè, G. Inglese","doi":"10.1075/SL.20013.BAL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.20013.BAL","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The accessibility hierarchy was first proposed by Keenan & Comrie (1977) to describe the cross-linguistic distribution of relative markers in terms of likelihood of relativization of different syntactic roles. The hierarchy is also commonly believed to reflect constraints on possible changes in the domain of relativization. For example, the hierarchy predicts that locative relatives that develop into general relativizers should expand their functional range in a step-by-step fashion from lower to higher roles. In this paper, we revise existing claims about the diachrony of locative relatives. In doing so, we survey known cases of locative relatives that develop into general relativizers and we also discuss data from linguistic variation in non-standard varieties in European languages, with a focus on social variation in Italian. As we argue, data from Italian suggests that another possible cline of development of locative relatives should be acknowledged, that is, locative > concern > subject.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89214115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Quantifying clause chains in Nungon texts nongon语篇中的定量子句链
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1075/SL.19058.SAR
Hannah S. Sarvasy
{"title":"Quantifying clause chains in Nungon texts","authors":"Hannah S. Sarvasy","doi":"10.1075/SL.19058.SAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.19058.SAR","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Clause chains are sequences of clauses with under-specified verbal predicates, plus a single clause with a fully-specified verbal predicate. Clause chains represent the morpho-syntactic demarcation of a speech unit greater than a single clause, but the precise length of this unit is rarely assessed. Clause chain length, distribution, bridging linkage, and non-canonical forms are evaluated in a sample of 64 texts, containing over 1742 clause chains, in the Papuan language Nungon. In the 49 narrative texts, unlike in other genres, total clause chains per text increases as text duration increases. The average clause chain in the sample is 3–4 clauses long; the longest has 22 clauses. Average clause chain length decreases as text length increases. The longest narrative texts have similar average clause chain length, proportion of bridging clauses, and proportion of non-canonical clause chains, and feature a leisurely rhythm: half of their clause chains are minimal, two-clause chains.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73345472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A phonological investigation of Sanzari Boro Sanzari Boro的音系学研究
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1075/SL.20010.MAH
Ratul Mahela, S. Sinha
{"title":"A phonological investigation of Sanzari Boro","authors":"Ratul Mahela, S. Sinha","doi":"10.1075/SL.20010.MAH","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.20010.MAH","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study attempts to investigate the phonological structures of Sanzari Boro (SB), a variety of Boro, a Tibeto-Burman language that is mainly spoken in the state of Assam in the North East India. This paper highlights the phonological processes in SB that have emerged due to geographical as well as social factors and language contact. This research is based on the data collected from 10 native speakers. The analysis of data reveals that although Standard Boro and SB have similarities in some features, they contain some evident differences too. A closer investigation of data establishes that SB has maximum number of phonemes as compared to any other variety of Boro and it has three distinct tones that have been observed in monosyllabic words. Declustering is facilitated through epenthesis. Phonological processes like deletion, insertion, assimilation, weakening and strengthening, metathesis and substitution are operational in formation of SB words.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88191985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The missing link between truth and intensification 真理与强化之间缺失的一环
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-05-20 DOI: 10.1075/SL.20076.BAR
Ruti Bardenstein, Mira Ariel
{"title":"The missing link between truth and intensification","authors":"Ruti Bardenstein, Mira Ariel","doi":"10.1075/SL.20076.BAR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.20076.BAR","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Truth markers commonly evolve into intensifiers (Heine & Kuteva 2002), but we here argue that this shift is only indirect, and a counter-loosening phase necessarily mediates between truth marking and intensification. Counter-looseners instruct the addressee to avoid (or rather, constrain) the very natural interpretative process of broadening, whereby the speaker-intended concept would have been taken as a loosened, “more or less” interpretation of the meaning of the modified expression (Carston 2002). We provide a diachronic analysis for Hebrew mamash ‘really’, which supports our point, and we reinterpret diachronic analyses of other truth markers in order to show that they too underwent a counter-loosening phase before turning intensifiers. Finally, we briefly distinguish between a counter-loosening mediated intensifier evolution (for truth markers, particularizers and maximizers) and a direct evolutionary path into intensification for originally upscaling expressions (extreme scalar modifiers and augmenters).","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75829537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Against trivializing language description (and comparison) 反对轻视语言描述(和比较)
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-04-12 DOI: 10.1075/SL.19090.HIM
N. Himmelmann
{"title":"Against trivializing language description (and comparison)","authors":"N. Himmelmann","doi":"10.1075/SL.19090.HIM","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.19090.HIM","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper argues that recent proposals to sharply distinguish between language description and comparison are\u0000 ill-conceived for two reasons. First, comparison is unavoidable and hence an integral part of description. Second, the proposals\u0000 for a strict separation are based on an unrealistic and anachronistic conception of descriptive categories, assuming that these\u0000 can be defined in purely distributional terms. Here it is shown that description and comparison make use of, and struggle with,\u0000 the same kind of empirical evidence; namely, crosslinguistically identifiable properties of grammatical formatives and\u0000 constructions. If descriptive categories and crosslinguistic comparative concepts did not share such properties, language\u0000 comparison would be devoid of empirical content. Hence claims that they are ontologically different do not stand up to further\u0000 scrutiny. In short, said recent proposals portray language description and comparison in too-simplistic terms. They ignore, or at\u0000 least downplay, most of the complexities involved in both descriptive and comparative projects, many of which in fact result from\u0000 the inseparability of description and comparison.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88225783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
SAY-complementizers and indexical shift in Poshkart Chuvash Poshkart Chuvash的say -补语和索引转移
IF 0.5 3区 文学
Studies in Language Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1075/SL.19078.KNY
M. Knyazev
{"title":"SAY-complementizers and indexical shift in Poshkart Chuvash","authors":"M. Knyazev","doi":"10.1075/SL.19078.KNY","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/SL.19078.KNY","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Although SAY-complementizers have been extensively documented, the question of the forms used in this function and their specific properties has received less attention. The paper focuses on the complementizer tenine (an action nominalization of SAY), which is used with communicative reception verbs (‘hear’, ‘read’, etc.), in a dialect of Chuvash (Turkic). The main puzzle concerns the difference between tenine and the more general complementizer teze (the same-subject converb of SAY) with respect to the controller of shifted first person (namely, teze, but not tenine, disallows non-subject controllers). An account of this restriction based on three independent language-specific constraints is offered. An alternative account is discussed whereby tenine (and teze) are synchronically non-finite forms of SAY. The findings highlight the importance of the form of the complementizer as well as of the choice of controller for shifted 1st person in SAY-based complementation and extend the typological parameters of indexical shift.","PeriodicalId":46377,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Language","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81380445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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