Michelle M Gill, Heather J Hoffman, Majoalane Mokone, Vincent J Tukei, Matsepeli Nchephe, Mamakhetha Phalatse, Appolinaire Tiam, Laura Guay, Lynne Mofenson
{"title":"Assessing Very Early Infant Diagnosis Turnaround Times: Findings from a Birth Testing Pilot in Lesotho.","authors":"Michelle M Gill, Heather J Hoffman, Majoalane Mokone, Vincent J Tukei, Matsepeli Nchephe, Mamakhetha Phalatse, Appolinaire Tiam, Laura Guay, Lynne Mofenson","doi":"10.1155/2017/2572594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2572594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Very early infant diagnosis (VEID) (testing within two weeks of life), combined with rapid treatment initiation, could reduce early infant mortality. Our study evaluated turnaround time (TAT) to receipt of infants' HIV test results and ART initiation if HIV-infected, with and without birth testing availability. Data from facility records and national databases were collected for 12 facilities offering VEID, as part of an observational prospective cohort study, and 10 noncohort facilities. HIV-exposed infants born in January-June 2016 and any cohort infant diagnosed as HIV-infected at birth or six weeks were included. The median TAT from blood draw to caregiver result receipt was 76.5 days at birth and 63 and 70 days at six weeks at cohort and noncohort facilities, respectively. HIV-exposed infants tested at birth were approximately one month younger when their caregivers received results versus those tested at six weeks. Infants diagnosed at birth initiated ART about two months earlier (median 6.4 weeks old) than those identified at six weeks (median 14.8 weeks). However, the long TAT for testing at both birth and six weeks illustrates the prolonged process for specimen transport and result return that could compromise the effectiveness of adding VEID to existing overburdened EID systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"2572594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/2572594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35802049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Based Regimen as Compared to Zidovudine Based Regimens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Tegene Legese Dadi, Adane Teshome Kefale, Teshale Ayele Mega, Muktar Sano Kedir, Habtamu Acho Addo, Tessema Tsehay Biru","doi":"10.1155/2017/5792925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5792925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/efavirenz (EFV) and zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC)/efavirenz (EFV) are used as preferred first line regimen, their head-to-head comparison in terms of their efficacy and tolerability was limited. This review aimed to synthesize the best available evidence on the comparative efficacy and tolerability of the two regimens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven sites and databases in addition to Google search until August 20, 2016, were searched. Only randomized clinical trials conducted on adult population were included in this study. Our primary outcome was viral load suppression while secondary outcomes were death and tolerability. Undetectable viral load is defined as <50 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) copies/ml. Joanna Briggs institute meta-analysis of statistics assessment and review instrument (JBI-MAStARI) and critical appraisal and data extraction tool were applied for critical assessment and data extraction, respectively. We performed a random effect meta-analysis to pool the relative risk (RR) for viral load suppression (<50 HIV RNA copies/ml and <400 HIV RNA copies/ml), tolerability, and death.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Data was extracted from four articles, which included a total of 2381 participants. We found superior viral load suppression among tenofovir (TDF) arm compared to zidovudine (ZDV) arm. Tenofovir arm achieves viral load <50 HIV RNA copies/ml (RR = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.04, 1.21], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 0%) higher than zidovudine arm. Similarly TDF arm is superior in viral load suppression to <400 HIV RNA copies/ml (RR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.11, 1.27], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 0%). Moreover, TDF based regimens were more likely to be tolerated than ZDV based regimens (4 trials, 2381 participants (RR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.02, 1.10], <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 51%)). However, forest plot of death shows that it was not significant (RR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.51, 1.62]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of TDF/FTC/EFV as first line regimen for naïve HIV-1 infected adult patient showed superior viral load suppression and tolerability as compared to ZDV/3TC/EFV. In order to compare the death outcome of both ZDV/3TC/EFV and TDF/FTC/EFV further research is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"5792925"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/5792925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35110457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Osei-Yeboah, William K B A Owiredu, Gameli Kwame Norgbe, Sylvester Yao Lokpo, Christian Obirikorang, Emmanuel Alote Allotey, John Gameli Deku, Emmanuel Akomanin Asiamah, Nana Yaw Barimah Manaphraim, Prince Senyo Kwasi Nyamadi, Edward Yiadom Boakye, Tibemponi Ntoni, Roseline Avorkliyah, Romeo Asumbasiya Aduko, Seyram Tetteh Quarshie, Maxwell Jenkins Gbemu
{"title":"Quality of Life of People Living with HIV/AIDS in the Ho Municipality, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"James Osei-Yeboah, William K B A Owiredu, Gameli Kwame Norgbe, Sylvester Yao Lokpo, Christian Obirikorang, Emmanuel Alote Allotey, John Gameli Deku, Emmanuel Akomanin Asiamah, Nana Yaw Barimah Manaphraim, Prince Senyo Kwasi Nyamadi, Edward Yiadom Boakye, Tibemponi Ntoni, Roseline Avorkliyah, Romeo Asumbasiya Aduko, Seyram Tetteh Quarshie, Maxwell Jenkins Gbemu","doi":"10.1155/2017/6806951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6806951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quality of life (QoL) is an important component in the evaluation of the wellbeing of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). This study was aimed at evaluating the QoL of PLHIV attending the antiretroviral clinics in the Ho municipality. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to April 2017 involving 158 purposively selected HIV-positive patients who were attending the antiretroviral clinics both in the Volta Regional Hospital and Ho Municipal Hospital. An Interviewer administered standard questionnaire (WHOQOL-HIV Bref) was used to collect information on sociodemography, medical history, and the quality of life (QoL) of the respondents. Among these 158 HIV-positive respondents, 126 (79.75) and 14 (8.86) presented with excellent and good overall QoL, respectively, whilst 18 (11.39) had their life negatively affected by HIV/AIDS. Religious/personal beliefs (19.62%) were the most affected QoL component, followed by the physical (15.82%) and level of independence (15.19%) domains. Patients' occupation, perception of health, sexual activity, and state of the disease were associated with poor overall QoL. In general, being an HIV-infected man, symptomatic patient, not being sexually active, or being ART naïve was also associated with poorer QoL in several HIV/AIDS QoL domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"6806951"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/6806951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35219388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara Castelnuovo, Frank Mubiru, Ivan Kalule, Shadia Nakalema, Agnes Kiragga
{"title":"Challenges in Assessing Outcomes among Infants of Pregnant HIV-Positive Women Receiving ART in Uganda.","authors":"Barbara Castelnuovo, Frank Mubiru, Ivan Kalule, Shadia Nakalema, Agnes Kiragga","doi":"10.1155/2017/3202737","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2017/3202737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 2012, the WHO recommends lifelong ART with TDF+FTC/3TC+EFV for all HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women (Option B-plus). In this analysis we describe the proportion of early and late transmission in mothers with high retention in Kampala, Uganda. We included 700 pregnant women from January 2012 to August 2014 with a follow-up extended to August 2016; the median age was 31 years (IQR: 26-35), 36.3% in WHO stage 3/4; median CD4 count was 447 cells/<i>μ</i>L (IQR: 301-651) and 73.3% were already on ART for a median time of 28 (IQR: 10-57) months; 52% infants were male and median weight was 3.2 Kg (IQR: 2.5-3.5). Five hundred and sixty-five (80.7%) infants had at least one test for HIV; 22 (3.1%) infants died, all with unknown serostatus; 3 tested positive at week 6 and one additional at months 12 and 18. Two of the mothers of the 4 HIV-positive infants were ART-naïve at the time of pregnancy. We report very low documented HIV transmission comparable with those reported in clinical trials settings; however, demonstrating the efficacy of Option B-plus in terms of averted transmission in routine settings is challenging since high proportion of infants do not have documented HIV tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"3202737"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35762439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors Affecting Utilization of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Services among Teachers in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.","authors":"Woudneh Gereme Desta, Mulusew Alemneh Sinishaw, Kelemu Dessie Bizuneh","doi":"10.1155/2017/9034282","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2017/9034282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV/AIDS affects the basic educational sector which is the most productive segment of the population and vital to the creation of human capital. The loss of skilled and experienced teachers due to the problem is increasingly compromising the provision of quality education in most African countries. The study was proposed to determine the magnitude of VCT utilization and assess contributing factors that affect VCT service utilization among secondary school teachers in Awi Zone. A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 588 participants in 2014. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16, presented as frequencies and summary statistics, and tested for presence of significant association with odds ratio at 95% CI. More than half (53.6%) of study participants were tested for HIV. Those who had sexual intercourse, had good knowledge about VCT, were divorced/widowed, were in the age group of 20-29 years, and were married utilized VCT services two, three, four, three, and two times better than their counterparts, respectively. Actions targeting unmarried status, increase of educational level, and teachers with age groups above 30 years are necessary to follow their counterparts to utilize VCT service in order to save loss of teachers.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"9034282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5420412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35003851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incidence and Predictors of Pregnancy among Women on ART in Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: <i>A Five-Year Retrospective Cohort Study</i>.","authors":"Maru Meseret, Alemayehu Shimeka, Alemayehu Bekele","doi":"10.1155/2017/3261205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3261205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, death of women due to HIV/AIDS related causes during pregnancy or within 42 days after pregnancy was estimated to be 37,000. In Ethiopia, 42,900 pregnant women living with HIV gave birth in the year 2011. This study was aimed to assess incidence and predictors of pregnancy among women on ART in Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data recorded from September 2011 to August 2015. Data was extracted from February to March, 2016, from 1,239 records and analyzed using SPSS version 16. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the probabilities of being pregnant. The Cox proportional hazards model was done and results were expressed using hazard ratios with 95% CI. A total of 1,239 women on ART were included in the study. The incidence of pregnancy was 49.2 per 1,000 person-years. Living in rural, being married, being widowed, being unemployed, and having <2 children at enrollment were found to be positively associated with being pregnant. The incidence of pregnancy among women on ART was found to be considerable. Provision of family planning and other reproductive health interventions have to be coupled with the ART service to address the problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"3261205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/3261205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35125443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charles Peter Osingada, Monica Okuga, Rose Chalo Nabirye, Nelson Kaulukusi Sewankambo, Damalie Nakanjako
{"title":"Disclosure of Parental HIV Status to Children: Experiences of Adults Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment at an Urban Clinic in Kampala, Uganda.","authors":"Charles Peter Osingada, Monica Okuga, Rose Chalo Nabirye, Nelson Kaulukusi Sewankambo, Damalie Nakanjako","doi":"10.1155/2017/3458684","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2017/3458684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Limited data are available on the experiences of parental HIV disclosure to children in Uganda. We conducted a qualitative study comprising sixteen in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions with parents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Analysis was done using Atlas.ti qualitative research software. Back-and-forth triangulation was done between transcripts of the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, and themes and subthemes were developed. Barriers to parents' disclosure included perceptions that children are too young to understand what HIV infection means and fears of secondary disclosure by the children. Immediate outcomes of disclosure included children getting scared and crying, although such instances often gave way to more enduring positive experiences for the parents, such as support in adherence to medical care, help in household chores, and a decrease in financial demands from the children. Country-specific interventions are needed to improve the process of parental HIV disclosure to children and this should encompass preparation on how to deal with the immediate psychological challenges associated with the parent's disclosure.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"3458684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5676343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35619803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clifford O Odimegwu, Joshua O Akinyemi, Olatunji O Alabi
{"title":"HIV-Stigma in Nigeria: Review of Research Studies, Policies, and Programmes.","authors":"Clifford O Odimegwu, Joshua O Akinyemi, Olatunji O Alabi","doi":"10.1155/2017/5812650","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2017/5812650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nigeria has about 3.8 million people living with HIV, the second largest globally. Stigma and discrimination are major barriers to testing, treatment uptake, and adherence. In this review, we synthesized information on research studies, policies, and programmes related to HIV-stigma in Nigeria. This was with a view to identify critical areas that research and programmes must address in order to accelerate the progress towards zero (new infections, discrimination, and death) target by year 2030. Existing studies were mostly devoted to stigma assessment using varieties of measures. Research, policies, and programmes in the past two decades have made very useful contributions to stigma reduction. We identified the need for a consistent, valid, and objective measure of stigma at different levels of the HIV response. Nigeria does not lack relevant policies; what needs to be strengthened are design, planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of context-specific stigma reduction programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"5812650"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5763061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35831977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Gachara, Lufuno G Mavhandu, Elizabeth T Rogawski, Cecile Manhaeve, Pascal O Bessong
{"title":"Evaluating Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Using Pharmacy Refill Records in a Rural Treatment Site in South Africa.","authors":"George Gachara, Lufuno G Mavhandu, Elizabeth T Rogawski, Cecile Manhaeve, Pascal O Bessong","doi":"10.1155/2017/5456219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5456219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optimal adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is critical to maintain virologic suppression, thereby ensuring the global success of HIV treatment. We evaluated adherence to cART using pharmacy refill records and determined the adherence threshold resulting in >90% virologic suppression in a community run treatment site in South Africa. Additionally, we analysed factors associated with adherence using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Logistic regression was also performed to determine the relationship between adherence and virologic suppression and the adherence threshold resulting in <10% virologic failure. The overall median (interquartile range) adherence was 95% (88.6-98.4%). Out of the study participants, 210/401 (52.4%) had optimal (≥95%) adherence while only 37/401 (9.2%) had poor (≤80%) adherence. The majority (90.5%) of patients with optimal adherence had virologic suppression. Having TB at registration into care was found to be negatively associated with adherence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.382; <i>p</i> ≤ .05). Compared to nonadherent individuals, optimally adherent participants were more likely to achieve virologic suppression (OR 2.92; 95% CI: 1.63-5.22). Only adherence rates above 95% were observed to lead to <10% virologic failure. cART adherence measured by pharmacy refill records could serve as a useful predictor of virologic failure; adherence rates >95% are needed to maintain optimal virologic suppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"5456219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/5456219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34779290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marina Njelekela, Rose Mpembeni, Alfa Muhihi, Nzovu Ulenga, Eric Aris, Deodatus Kakoko
{"title":"Lipodystrophy among HIV-Infected Patients Attending Care and Treatment Clinics in Dar es Salaam.","authors":"Marina Njelekela, Rose Mpembeni, Alfa Muhihi, Nzovu Ulenga, Eric Aris, Deodatus Kakoko","doi":"10.1155/2017/3896539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3896539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>HIV infection and long-term HAART use are associated with metabolic and morphological changes. We assessed prevalence, types, and risk factors associated with lipodystrophy among HIV-infected adults attending CTC in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Analysis included 466 HIV-infected patients. Study protocol involved administration of structured questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and clinical information. Diagnosis of lipodystrophy was based on physician clinical assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lipodystrophy was present in 95 (20.4%) of the study participants, with lipoatrophy being the most common (49.5%) followed by mixed lipodystrophy (37.9%), and lipohypertrophy was the least prevalent (12.6%). Male gender, older age, long duration on HAART, and use of Stavudine containing regimen were associated with lipodystrophy (all <i>p</i> < 0.05). The risk for lipodystrophy was 1.6 times (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.01-2.72) for male participants and 13.3 times (AOR = 13.3, 95% CI = 6.4-27.7) for those on HAART. Long duration on HAART and use of Stavudine containing regimen were also associated with increased risk for lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy was associated with poor perception about own body image and decreased social interactions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lipodystrophy is common among HIV-infected patients in Tanzania, especially among male patients and those on HAART. Regular screening, monitoring, and patient awareness are needed for early identification and appropriate management.</p>","PeriodicalId":46303,"journal":{"name":"AIDS Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"3896539"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/3896539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35571007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}