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The Evolution of the Gulf: History and Theories Of a Complex Subregional System 海湾地区的演变:一个复杂次区域系统的历史与理论
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12733
Ruth Hanau Santini, Paolo Wulzer
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引用次数: 0
The Role of the Gulf in the Longue Durée Of China's Foreign Policy 海湾地区在中国长期外交政策中的作用
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12734
Enrico Fardella, Gangzheng She
{"title":"The Role of the Gulf in the Longue Durée Of China's Foreign Policy","authors":"Enrico Fardella,&nbsp;Gangzheng She","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12734","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the evolution of China's policy toward the Persian Gulf, linking its contemporary strategies to its historical principles of diplomacy, particularly those rooted in Maoism. It first outlines a conceptual framework that connects China's Gulf policies to the enduring Maoist tradition in its foreign policy. The analysis then delves into Mao Zedong's theory of intermediate zones and its influence on China's strategic posture in the Middle East from the mid-20<sup>th</sup> century to today. The focus shifts to the increasing importance of the region, especially the Gulf, in the current iteration of China's intermediate-zones strategy. Situating China's policies within the context of Mao's anti-hegemonic stance and the concept of intermediate zones provides a nuanced perspective on the Chinese approach to the Middle East. The authors argue that China's longstanding anti-hegemonic strategy has hindered the development of a more independent and assertive regional policy. However, they suggest that the recent intensification of the Sino-American rivalry, the perceived decline in US regional influence, and the “new centrality” of the Persian Gulf may prompt China to adopt a more proactive role in the region, moving beyond its traditional strategy of active defense. This article is part of a special issue examining the responses of Gulf countries to rising Sino-American competition, edited by Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, and Enrico Fardella.</p>","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Iraq's Struggle to Contend With the Sino-US Rivalry 伊拉克与中美竞争的斗争
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12732
Amjed Rasheed
{"title":"Iraq's Struggle to Contend With the Sino-US Rivalry","authors":"Amjed Rasheed","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12732","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mepo.12732","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyzes Iraq's response to evolving US-China relations, focusing on its foreign-policy objectives of ending isolation, strengthening security, and fostering economic growth. Iraq seeks American support to attain these goals, aspiring to reintegrate into the international system and bolster its defense mechanisms. Simultaneously, Baghdad perceives China and its Belt and Road Initiative as instrumental to economic recovery. Despite these aspirations, Iraq encounters impediments that stem from its external environment and domestic politics. As a relatively feeble power, Iraq grapples with limited economic, political, and diplomatic influence, which constrains its ability to effectively respond to shifts in the Sino-US rivalry. In addition, the country engages in incoherent foreign behavior due to consociationalism and the nonstate armed groups that operate outside of the state`s orbit. The analysis concludes that Iraq's responses to US-China tensions are reactive, not proactive; circumstantial, not strategic. This article is part of a special issue on the responses of Gulf countries to rising Sino-American competition, edited by Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, and Enrico Fardella.</p>","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140081678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Between the Superpowers: Gulf States and Israel Navigate the New Mideast Dynamics 超级大国之间:海湾国家和以色列驾驭中东新动态
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12731
Gedaliah Afterman, Dominika Urhová
{"title":"Between the Superpowers: Gulf States and Israel Navigate the New Mideast Dynamics","authors":"Gedaliah Afterman,&nbsp;Dominika Urhová","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12731","url":null,"abstract":"<p>China has become increasingly active in the Middle East over the past decade, both economically and politically. Its strategy aims to expand its reach and influence, while warily avoiding the region's chronic instability. The Gulf states and Israel have sought to leverage China's economic growth and global influence to advance their interests. This article explores the strategies of key Gulf countries, Israel, and Iran toward China in their efforts to manage the fast-changing regional dynamics. It first examines their economic ties with Beijing and then discusses their political relations. The analysis also reviews how the intensifying superpower competition between the United States and China is shaping both the region and the foreign policies of its constitutive states. This article is part of a special issue on the responses of Gulf countries to rising Sino-American competition, edited by Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, and Enrico Fardella.</p>","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shifting Sands: US Gulf Policy Recalibrates As China's Regional Ambitions Grow 风云变幻:中国地区野心膨胀,美国海湾政策重新调整
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12726
Rachel Moreland
{"title":"Shifting Sands: US Gulf Policy Recalibrates As China's Regional Ambitions Grow","authors":"Rachel Moreland","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12726","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in the 1990s, the United States has played the role of security guarantor in the Gulf, and despite prevailing concerns of American retrenchment, it retains a strong military footprint across the region. But China's emergence as a major player in the Gulf—with its geopolitical ambitions, thirst for foreign oil, and attractive offer of business and investment with a “look the other way” policy on human rights—has stoked fears about the eclipse of American power. While the Gulf remains of strategic importance to the US global strategy, Washington's readjustment of its regional goals suggests that it is recalibrating. Drawing on the literature of foreign policy change, this analysis uses three case studies to examine Washington's recalibration toward the Gulf under the Biden presidency: US engagement with the Iran nuclear deal, US defense agreements with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and US-GCC tech relations, specifically tensions with China over the use of Huawei technology. This article is part of a special issue on the responses of Gulf countries to rising Sino-American competition, edited by Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, and Enrico Fardella.</p>","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12726","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Persian Gulf's Transition From American Unipolarity 波斯湾从美国单极化的过渡
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12725
Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami
{"title":"The Persian Gulf's Transition From American Unipolarity","authors":"Andrea Ghiselli,&nbsp;Anoushiravan Ehteshami","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12725","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although East Asia remains the center of the US-China rivalry, other regions are emerging to play key roles. After years of somewhat peaceful coexistence and even a degree of cooperation between Washington and Beijing, the Gulf, with its deep ties to both sides, undoubtedly has become one of them. This new situation creates challenges for all the parties involved, from the two great powers to the regional actors looking for new ways to reposition themselves. This article introduces the contours of the debate taking place among the studies in this special issue, dedicated to the exploration of the Persian Gulf subregion and US-China relations. It first discusses the position of the Gulf as a barometer of the evolving global power dynamics. The focus then shifts to outlining the implications of the end of American unipolarity for Beijing's and Washington's West Asia policies. Finally, it explores the challenges and opportunities of this systemic shift for the Gulf states. The article is part of a special issue examining the responses of Gulf countries to rising Sino-American competition, edited by Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, and Enrico Fardella.</p>","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lives Between the Lines: A Journey in Search of the Lost Levant By Michael Vatikiotis. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2022. 304 pages. $17.99, paper. 字里行间的生活:寻找失落的黎凡特之旅》,MichaelVatikiotis 著。Weidenfeld & Nicolson,2022 年。304 页。纸质版 17.99 美元。
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12729
Patrick N. Theros
{"title":"Lives Between the Lines: A Journey in Search of the Lost Levant By Michael Vatikiotis. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2022. 304 pages. $17.99, paper.","authors":"Patrick N. Theros","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12729","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mepo.12729","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139959924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Arc of a Covenant: The United States, Israel, and the Fate of the Jewish People By Walter Russell Mead. Knopf, 2022. 672 pages. $35, hardcover. We Are Not One: A History of America's Fight Over Israel By Eric Alterman. Basic Books, 2022. 512 pages. $35, hardcover. 盟约之弧:美国、以色列和犹太民族的命运》,沃尔特-拉塞尔-米德著。诺夫出版社,2022 年。 672页。35美元,精装。我们不是一个整体:美国为以色列而战的历史》(We Are Not One: A History of America's Fight Over Israel),埃里克-阿尔特曼(Eric Alterman)著。基础书籍,2022 年。 512 页。35美元,精装。
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12728
Michael Rubner
{"title":"The Arc of a Covenant: The United States, Israel, and the Fate of the Jewish People By Walter Russell Mead. Knopf, 2022. 672 pages. $35, hardcover. We Are Not One: A History of America's Fight Over Israel By Eric Alterman. Basic Books, 2022. 512 pages. $35, hardcover.","authors":"Michael Rubner","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12728","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Iran's Strategies in Response To Changes in US‐China Relations 伊朗应对中美关系变化的战略
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12727
Sara Bazoobandi
{"title":"Iran's Strategies in Response To Changes in US‐China Relations","authors":"Sara Bazoobandi","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12727","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamics of the relationship between the United States and China have been shifting. This has prompted changes in strategic calculus and policy adoption by the friends and foes of each side. Iran, given its decades‐long links with China, has made several. First, it has deepened its ties with the Asian power beyond collaboration in business and trade. Second, it has revised its policies in the Gulf region to be a part of what it sees as China's network of influence, hoping to better position itself in a multilateral global order. Third, it has been seeking opportunities to project power through showing off its military capabilities in Ukraine. This article examines these strategic responses and concludes that Iran has been pursuing an agenda in line with the world vision of its senior leaders. The end goal for Tehran is to gain more power and relevance in the global strategic calculus. This analysis is part of a special issue examining the responses of Gulf countries to rising Sino‐American competition, edited by Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, and Enrico Fardella.","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139778237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Iran's Strategies in Response To Changes in US-China Relations 伊朗应对中美关系变化的战略
IF 0.5 4区 社会学
Middle East Policy Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1111/mepo.12727
Sara Bazoobandi
{"title":"Iran's Strategies in Response To Changes in US-China Relations","authors":"Sara Bazoobandi","doi":"10.1111/mepo.12727","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mepo.12727","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dynamics of the relationship between the United States and China have been shifting. This has prompted changes in strategic calculus and policy adoption by the friends and foes of each side. Iran, given its decades-long links with China, has made several. First, it has deepened its ties with the Asian power beyond collaboration in business and trade. Second, it has revised its policies in the Gulf region to be a part of what it sees as China's network of influence, hoping to better position itself in a multilateral global order. Third, it has been seeking opportunities to project power through showing off its military capabilities in Ukraine. This article examines these strategic responses and concludes that Iran has been pursuing an agenda in line with the world vision of its senior leaders. The end goal for Tehran is to gain more power and relevance in the global strategic calculus. This analysis is part of a special issue examining the responses of Gulf countries to rising Sino-American competition, edited by Andrea Ghiselli, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, and Enrico Fardella.</p>","PeriodicalId":46060,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mepo.12727","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139838109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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