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How Should Risk and Ambiguity Affect Our Charitable Giving? 风险和歧义应该如何影响我们的慈善捐赠？
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820823000055
Lara Buchak
{"title":"How Should Risk and Ambiguity Affect Our Charitable Giving?","authors":"Lara Buchak","doi":"10.1017/s0953820823000055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820823000055","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Suppose we want to do the most good we can with a particular sum of money, but we cannot be certain of the consequences of different ways of making use of it. This article explores how our attitudes towards risk and ambiguity bear on what we should do. It shows that risk-avoidance and ambiguity-aversion can each provide good reason to divide our money between various charitable organizations rather than to give it all to the most promising one. It also shows how different attitudes towards risk and ambiguity affect whether we should give to an organization which does a small amount of good for certain or to one which does a large amount of good with some small or unknown probability.","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48028056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Indeterminacy in Global Warming: A Supervaluationist Response 全球变暖的不确定性:一个超估值主义者的回应
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820823000067
Patrick Dieveney
{"title":"Indeterminacy in Global Warming: A Supervaluationist Response","authors":"Patrick Dieveney","doi":"10.1017/s0953820823000067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820823000067","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Global warming is a very complex collective harm. While various models have been proposed to assign moral responsibility in such cases, global warming presents an additional problem. The complexity of the climate system gives rise to ineliminable indeterminacy, which makes it impossible to determine the extent to which any particular emissions contribute to this collective harm. This indeterminacy poses an obstacle to assigning moral responsibility to individuals. To overcome this obstacle, I propose adopting a supervaluationist approach. This approach has several benefits. Among other things, it supplies a framework for assigning moral responsibility that handles indeterminacy that commonly arises when dealing with complex, global collective-harm scenarios.","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47776408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Helen McCabe, John Stuart Mill, Socialist (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021), pp. 368. Helen McCabe，John Stuart Mill，《社会主义者》（蒙特利尔和金斯敦：麦吉尔女王大学出版社，2021），第368页。
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2023-03-08 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820823000031
Piers Norris Turner
{"title":"Helen McCabe, John Stuart Mill, Socialist (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021), pp. 368.","authors":"Piers Norris Turner","doi":"10.1017/s0953820823000031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820823000031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46563193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Thomas E. Hill Jr., Beyond Duty: Kantian Ideals of Respect, Beneficence, and Appreciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. xii + 319. Thomas E. Hill Jr.，超越责任:康德的尊重、仁慈和欣赏的理想(牛津:牛津大学出版社，2021)，pp. xii + 319。
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820823000043
Bas Tönissen
{"title":"Thomas E. Hill Jr., Beyond Duty: Kantian Ideals of Respect, Beneficence, and Appreciation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. xii + 319.","authors":"Bas Tönissen","doi":"10.1017/s0953820823000043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820823000043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41726168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pattern-Based Reasons and Disaster 基于模式的原因与灾害
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820822000474
A. Dietz
{"title":"Pattern-Based Reasons and Disaster","authors":"A. Dietz","doi":"10.1017/s0953820822000474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820822000474","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pattern-based reasons are reasons for action deriving not from the features of our own actions, but from the features of the larger patterns of action in which we might be participating. These reasons might relate to the patterns of action that will actually be carried out, or they might relate to merely hypothetical patterns. In past work, I have argued that accepting merely hypothetical pattern-based reasons, together with a plausible account of how to weigh these reasons, can lead to disastrous consequences. However, in this article, I argue that this problem is not limited to hypothetical pattern-based reasons: it turns out that there are analogous issues for reasons deriving from actual patterns. I then suggest that we can avoid this problem by adopting a different account of the weight of pattern-based reasons.","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41735106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Sum of Averages: An Egyptology-Proof Average View 平均数之和：埃及学证明的平均观
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820822000450
K. Grill
{"title":"The Sum of Averages: An Egyptology-Proof Average View","authors":"K. Grill","doi":"10.1017/s0953820822000450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820822000450","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Contemporary population ethics is dominated by views that aggregate by summing, whether of well-being or of some construct based on well-being. In contrast, average well-being is generally considered axiologically irrelevant. To many of us, however, the number of future people does not seem important, as long as it is sufficient to enable rich and varied life experiences, and as long as the population continues throughout time. It therefore seems relatively plausible to aggregate future well-being by averaging. In particular, it seems plausible to value high average well-being at any particular time, and to do so for all future times. I present a time-sensitive version of the Average View that underpins such axiological intuitions. I also address a series of issues and objections that confront such a view.","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49010202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Moral Significance and Overpermissiveness 道德意义和过度放纵
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820822000462
Fırat Akova
{"title":"Moral Significance and Overpermissiveness","authors":"Fırat Akova","doi":"10.1017/s0953820822000462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820822000462","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As opposed to overdemanding principles which ask individuals to sacrifice too much, there are overpermissive principles which ask individuals to sacrifice too little. Determining the extent to which one should sacrifice often comes with the need of understanding what is of moral significance. By analysing different readings of moral significance, and singling out one specific interpretation of moral significance which links moral significance to gaining or losing a considerable amount of welfare, I demonstrate that one of the well-known principles of Peter Singer, the Weaker Principle of Sacrifice, is overpermissive as it exempts deliberately cultivated morally significant lavish pursuits from the domain of sacrifice. Overpermissiveness not only renders moral principles unreasonably broad but also causes burdens to be distributed unjustifiably in a comparative sense, where some parties are assigned a moral obligation whereas others are not.","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44139813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Morality of Creating Lives Not Worth Living: On Boonin's Solution to the Non-Identity Problem 创造不值得生活的生命的道德——论布宁对非身份问题的解决
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820822000449
Olle Risberg
{"title":"The Morality of Creating Lives Not Worth Living: On Boonin's Solution to the Non-Identity Problem","authors":"Olle Risberg","doi":"10.1017/s0953820822000449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820822000449","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 David Boonin argues that in a choice between creating a person whose life would be well worth living and creating a different person whose life would be significantly worse, but still worth living, each option is morally permissible. I show that Boonin's argument for this view problematically implies that in a choice between creating a person whose life would be well worth living and creating another person whose life would not be worth living, each option is also morally permissible.","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47965500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Roger Crisp, Sacrifice Regained: Morality and Self-Interest in British Moral Philosophy from Hobbes to Bentham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2019), pp. x + 233. 罗杰·克里斯普，《重新获得的牺牲:从霍布斯到边沁的英国道德哲学中的道德和自利》(牛津:克拉伦登出版社，2019)，第x + 233页。
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820822000437
James E. Crimmins
{"title":"Roger Crisp, Sacrifice Regained: Morality and Self-Interest in British Moral Philosophy from Hobbes to Bentham (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2019), pp. x + 233.","authors":"James E. Crimmins","doi":"10.1017/s0953820822000437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820822000437","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45288165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Of trolleys and self-driving cars: What machine ethicists can and cannot learn from trolleyology 电车和自动驾驶汽车:机器伦理学家能和不能从电车学中学到什么
IF 0.9 2区 哲学
Utilitas Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0953820822000395
Peter Königs
{"title":"Of trolleys and self-driving cars: What machine ethicists can and cannot learn from trolleyology","authors":"Peter Königs","doi":"10.1017/s0953820822000395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953820822000395","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Crashes involving self-driving cars at least superficially resemble trolley dilemmas. This article discusses what lessons machine ethicists working on the ethics of self-driving cars can learn from trolleyology. The article proceeds by providing an account of the trolley problem as a paradox and by distinguishing two types of solutions to the trolley problem. According to an optimistic solution, our case intuitions about trolley dilemmas are responding to morally relevant differences. The pessimistic solution denies that this is the case. An optimistic solution would yield first-order moral insights for the ethics of self-driving cars, but such a solution is difficult to come by. More plausible is the pessimistic solution, and it teaches us a methodological lesson. The lesson is that machine ethicists should discount case intuitions and instead rely on intuitions and judgments at a higher level of generality.","PeriodicalId":45896,"journal":{"name":"Utilitas","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44302585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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