International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Physiological responses of pigs to preslaughter handling: infrared and thermal imaging applications.","authors":"Salvador Flores-Peinado,&nbsp;Daniel Mota-Rojas,&nbsp;Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta,&nbsp;Patricia Mora-Medina,&nbsp;Rosy Cruz-Monterrosa,&nbsp;Jocelyn Gómez-Prado,&nbsp;María Guadalupe Hernández,&nbsp;Jesús Cruz-Playas,&nbsp;Julio Martínez-Burnes","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2020.1821574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1821574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loading, transport, unloading, lairage and stunning are the principle <i>ante-mortem</i> events that generate negative responses associated with stress in pigs. For this reason, it is important to verify the condition of animals throughout the supply chain in order to ensure their welfare and obtain, at the end of the slaughtering process, high-quality carcases and meat. Several studies have identified the indicators and samples that need to be taken into account to properly measure and evaluate the responses that these animals emit to the stressors involved. However, these procedures must be carried out quickly and by non-invasive means so as not to impede the flow of animals through the operations of loading, transport, unloading and lairage. Therefore, the objective of this review article is to analyse the stressful events that pigs experience during these events and discuss the use of the infrared thermography (IRT) as an alternative tool for measuring stress based on temperature changes on the surface of pigs' skin. We argue that infrared thermography can be used as a strategy to improve animal welfare during loading, transport, unloading and lairage by preventing fatigue and deaths, and decreasing negative impacts on meat quality, such as pale, soft and exudative (PSE), or dark, firm and dry (DFD) conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"71-84"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2020.1821574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38499052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric and stereological methods for quantifying the coarse structural parameters of the ruminal tissues in sheep.","authors":"Andrew Makanya,&nbsp;Ann Nancy Mills-Thompson,&nbsp;James Nguhiu-Mwangi,&nbsp;Jemimah Oduma,&nbsp;Rodi Ojoo","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2020.1807817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1807817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In ruminants, the rumen is the largest and most significant fore-stomach. Stereological analysis of important structural parameters that may be used to assess the functional capacity of the rumen is lacking. In the current investigation, five rams were used to demonstrate the methods for quantifying salient structural parameters related to rumen function. The sheep were euthanized with 20% sodium pentobarbital intravenously, the rumen was dissected out and divided into the various sacs for gross examination, and fixation by total immersion in 10% formalin. Macroscopic ruminal surface area was estimated using the point-associated area method. Volumes of the ruminal tissues were estimated by the volume displacement method, while volume densities of the components of the ruminal wall were estimated by point counting methods. Tissue blocks for histology were obtained by systematic random sampling and processed to obtain vertical sections for surface area and volume estimations. Papillary densities and numbers were estimated from horizontal sections. The volume of ruminal tissue was 536.54 ± 80.52 cm³, the macroscopic surface area was 1091 ± 115.75 cm² with a papillary packing density of 84.64 ± 10.99 cm^-2. Average absolute surface area was 4726.74 ± 628.56 cm². The total number of ruminal papillae per rumen was 92,884.91 ± 6216.46. The methods documented here provide the possibility of doing a detailed stereological analysis of ruminal tissue in different experimental or even pathological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"59-70"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2020.1807817","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38803965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A possible case of renal oxalate deposit reported in an African fruit bat (<i>Epomops franqueti</i>).","authors":"O O Aina,&nbsp;M A Olude,&nbsp;F E Olopade,&nbsp;A Balkema-Buschmann,&nbsp;M H Groschup,&nbsp;R Ulrich,&nbsp;J O Olopade","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2020.1807816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1807816","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We report a possible spontaneous case of oxalate nephrosis in an African fruit bat (Epomops franqueti), incidentally observed in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria, in an anatomical and serological survey of the species. Wild caught bats underwent sedation, intracardial perfusion, necropsy and histopathology. All 15 wild-caught African fruit bats were apparently healthy. However, light microscopy revealed mild oligofocal tubulonephrosis with intraluminal deposition of polarizing crystals interpreted as subclinical oxalate nephrosis in one case. In summary, we suggest a dietary aetiology, based on seasonal availability of high ascorbic acid or oxalate containing fruits. However, exposure to anthropogenic contaminants cannot be completely ruled out.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"56-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2020.1807816","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38400939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kick-starting ovarian cyclicity by using dietary glucogenic precursors in post-partum dairy cows: a review.","authors":"W Kaewlamun,&nbsp;B Grimard,&nbsp;C Duvaux-Ponter,&nbsp;A A Ponter","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2020.1773188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1773188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this review is to describe how dietary glucogenic precursors could stimulate ovarian activity in post-partum dairy cows and improve reproductive success. Although the nutrient requirements for the early resumption of ovarian cycles, and for follicle and embryo development are quantitatively small, reproductive success is deteriorated by post-partum negative energy balance. Since very little glucose is absorbed directly from the digestive tract of ruminants one of the targets for nutritional manipulation could be the glucogenic potential of the diet. This could be achieved by giving rumen-resistant starch or mono-propylene glycol. Both these adaptations increase glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 plasma concentrations and stimulate ovarian follicle growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2020.1773188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38400937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index to assess the intraoperative nociception using different premedication drugs in anaesthetised dogs.","authors":"Christelle Mansour,&nbsp;Nour El Hachem,&nbsp;Patrick Jamous,&nbsp;Georges Saade,&nbsp;Emmanuel Boselli,&nbsp;Bernard Allaouchiche,&nbsp;Jeanne-Marie Bonnet,&nbsp;Stéphane Junot,&nbsp;Rana Chaaya","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2020.1783090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1783090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dynamic variations of the Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) index were evaluated to assess nociception in dogs undergoing anaesthetic protocols with different premedication drugs. Sixty-six dogs, divided into three groups of 22 dogs each, were given different premedication drugs \"morphine\" (0.2 mg/kg), \"morphine + medetomidine (5 μg/kg)\", \"morphine + acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg)\", then similarly induced and maintained under general anaesthesia. The PTA, HR (heart rate) and MAP (mean arterial pressure) were assessed at S (steady-state), Cut (cutaneous incision), PTA_E (PTA Event, assessed 1 min before a significant PTA decrease), HDR (Haemodynamic reaction, assessed 5 min before an increase of ≥ 20% in HR and/or MAP). For each group, the dynamic variation of PTA (ΔPTA) was calculated and a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was performed to detect if any of the premedication drugs may alter the performance of PTA index to predict intraoperative haemodynamic reactions. In all groups, a haemodynamic reaction was detected after Cut, PTA_E and HDR and was preceded with a significant decrease of PTA, except for \"morphine + medetomidine\" group which showed a significant drop of PTA only at PTA_E and HDR. The ΔPTA showed a fair performance in all groups (a mean [95% CI] AUC of 0.73 [0.62-0.82], 0.70 [0.59-0.79] and 0.71 [0.59-0.80] respectively in morphine, morphine + ACP and morphine + medetomidine). Although ΔPTA was rather altered by the premedication drug, it was able to predict, to a certain extent, haemodynamic reactions in all groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"49-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2020.1783090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38400938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and tissue residue of enrofloxacin in healthy, <i>Eimeria</i>-infected broiler chickens and those pre-treated with amprolium and toltrazuril.","authors":"M Atef,&nbsp;H A El-Banna,&nbsp;H Y Elzorba,&nbsp;A M Soliman","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2020.1765720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1765720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin was compared in healthy chickens, <i>Eimeria</i> infected chickens and in <i>Eimeria</i> infected chickens pre-treated with amprolium or toltrazuril following a single IV and oral administration at dose 10 mg/kg. The blood samples were taken after administration at different time intervals (5 min to 24 hours) to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin. The different concentrations of enrofloxacin were determined by using HPLC assay method. Serum concentrations versus time were analysed by a non-compartmental method. The results explored a significant decrease in serum concentrations of enrofloxacin at different time intervals and a significant change in pharmacokinetic profiles in <i>Eimeria</i> infected chickens compared with those values in healthy chickens whereas, amprolium improves these values. Toltrazuril leads to a significant decrease in enrofloxacin concentrations compared with infected non-treated chickens. Multiple-dose study revealed a longer withdrawal period of enrofloxacin in infected non-treated and infected chickens pre-treated with amprolium compared with the healthy group.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2020.1765720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38377111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of the epidemic of the H3N8 subtype of the equine influenza virus in large-scale donkey farms.","authors":"Yu Yongfeng,&nbsp;Sun Xiaobo,&nbsp;Xia Nan,&nbsp;Zhang Jingwen,&nbsp;Liu Wenqiang","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2020.1739844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2020.1739844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To monitor the occurrence of equine influenza in large-scale donkey farms in Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, serological investigation and sequence analysis of HA/M protein gene of equine influenza virus (EIV) were carried out. Samples (n = 65) of the lung and nasal swab were collected in six different large-scale donkey farms and detected with RT-PCR for HA and M protein gene. The homology and evolution of HA and M genes were analysed with known sequences. Antibody titres of serum samples (n = 120, unvaccinated) level was determined by the HI test. The average seropositive rate was 32.5% (39/120) with great diversity among different populations. The positive rate of EIV HA/M protein gene was 21.5% (14/65) by RT-PCR. The equine influenza H3N8 virus was confirmed by gene sequencing, and the homology of the sequence was 99.77% with isolates from Northeast China (equine/heilongjiang/1/2010), consistent with the input of donkeys. This suggested that EIV has become an important threat to large-scale donkey farms in Liaocheng and threats from the input area must be vigilant.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"26-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2020.1739844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37878404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haemato-biochemical changes and prevalence of parasitic infections of indigenous chicken sold in markets of Kiambu County, Kenya.","authors":"Peninah Wamboi,&nbsp;Robert M Waruiru,&nbsp;Paul G Mbuthia,&nbsp;James M Nguhiu,&nbsp;Lilly C Bebora","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1708577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1708577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed at determining parasitic prevalence and probable haemato-biochemical changes that may occur from parasitic infections in marketed indigenous chickens in Kiambu County, Kenya. Thirty adult chickens were purchased and examined for ectoparasites, haemoparasites and haemato-biochemical changes. Post mortem was conducted to recover gastro-intestinal parasites and fecal samples taken for egg/oocyst counts. Forty-seven percent (14/30) of chickens examined were in poor body condition, 43% (13/30) in fair and 10% (3/30) in good body condition. Ectoparasites infection prevalence was 66.7% (20/30). Four haemoparasites were isolated. Overall helminths prevalence was 86.6% (26/30), nematodes at 76.7% (23/30) and cestodes at 40% (12/30). After processing fecal samples, 30% (9/30) were positive for helminth eggs and 30% (9/30) had coccidial oocysts. Relative to normal values, total erythrocyte count was low and total leucocyte count with band cells high. Mean haematocrit and heterophil values were high (p=0.0005; p=0.0061). Mean lymphocyte count was low (p=0.0128) in chickens with ectoparasitic infestation. Eosinophils increased significantly (p=0.0363) although mean erythrocytes counts decreased (p=0.0176), in chickens with gastrointestinal parasites. Creatine phosphokinase and blood glucose levels were high, serum protein and albumin levels were low. Blood glucose level decreased significantly (p=0.0239) and total plasma protein increased (p=0.045) in chickens with Haemoproteus spp. infection. The study showed, ecto- and endo-parasites are prevalent and may contribute to alteration of haemato-biochemical parameters of sub-clinically infected marketed indigenous chickens. These results are expected to contribute towards and encourage usage of clinico-pathological parameter testing as a measure of poultry health status for enhanced poultry disease diagnoses.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"18-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2019.1708577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37702452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-viable chicken embryos: an overlooked niche harbouring a significant source of multidrug resistant bacteria in the poultry production.","authors":"Ruwani Karunarathna,&nbsp;Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed,&nbsp;Mengying Liu,&nbsp;Chenfang Yu,&nbsp;Shelly Popowich,&nbsp;Kalhari Goonewardene,&nbsp;Thushari Gunawardana,&nbsp;Shanika Kurukulasuriya,&nbsp;Ashish Gupta,&nbsp;Lisanework E Ayalew,&nbsp;Philip Willson,&nbsp;Musangu Ngeleka,&nbsp;Susantha Gomis","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1698145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1698145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue, posing a grave threat to the public, animal, and environmental health. The AMR surveillance at the level of the hatchery is crucial to develop an AMR control strategy in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the AMR profiles of bacteria isolated from yolk material of non-viable broiler chicken embryos at hatch from commercial hatcheries in western Canada. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method focusing on <i>Escherichia coli</i> (n = 170) and <i>Enterococcus</i> (n = 256) species, which are commonly used as indicators of AMR evolution. <i>E. coli</i> isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, triple sulpha, ceftiofur, gentamycin, and spectinomycin at the rate of 52.9%, 50.6%, 40.0% 31.8%, 29.4%, 29.4%, 21.8% respectively. Among those, 37.1% of <i>E. coli</i> were multidrug resistant. The descending order of antimicrobial resistance of <i>E. faecalis</i> was; tetracycline (61.9%), ceftiofur (46.2%), bacitracin (43.9%), erythromycin (31.4%) and tylosin (27.4%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 40.4% of <i>E. faecalis</i> isolates, and 85.7% of <i>E. faecium</i> isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on AMR surveillance of non-viable chicken embryos. Overall, the present study revealed that non-viable chicken embryos, an overlooked niche for AMR surveillance, harbour multidrug-resistant <i>E. coli</i>, and enterococci that can be a substantial source of superbugs in the environment. Our data also highlight the urgency of including non-viable chicken embryos in AMR surveillance programme to understand AMR dissemination and its control.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2019.1698145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37665531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preservation techniques of stem cells extracellular vesicles: a gate for manufacturing of clinical grade therapeutic extracellular vesicles and long-term clinical trials.","authors":"Mohamed M Bahr,&nbsp;Mohamed S Amer,&nbsp;Khaled Abo-El-Sooud,&nbsp;Ahmed N Abdallah,&nbsp;Omar S El-Tookhy","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2019.1704992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2019.1704992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles released by different cells and have been separated from most of the body fluids. These vesicles play a central role in cell-to-cell communications as carry a distinct cargo including proteins, RNA species, DNAs, and lipids that are meant to be shipped and exchanged between cells at both systemic and paracrine levels. They serve in regulating normal physiological processes. EVs released from stem cells exert similar therapeutic effect to their originating cells. Clinical application of EVs requires the preparation of sufficient and viable active therapeutic EVs as well as implementing suitable methods for long-term preservation to expedite both their clinical and commercial uses. Cryopreservation is the most common method used to preserve decomposable biomaterials. However, cryopreservation causes cryoinjury to cells which therefore necessitate the use of cryoprotectants. Two types of cryoprotectants exist: penetrating and non-penetrating. In freeze drying, the watery content is sublimed from the product after it is frozen. This drying process is pertinent to thermo-liable substances and those unstable in aqueous solutions for prolonged storage periods. In spray drying technique, the solution containing EVs is firstly atomized, then droplets are rapidly converted into a dry powder using heated gas. Even with the exposure to high temperatures of the drying gas, spray drying is considered suitable for heat-sensitive materials. EVs are considered a promising cell-free therapy, but the lack of proper preservation limits its benefits. Preservation of EVs will initiate a vast amount of clinical trials on different species and different clinical problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23144599.2019.1704992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37665530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}