International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine最新文献

{"title":"In field evaluation of impact on clinical signs of an inactivated autogenous vaccine against <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> in rabbits.","authors":"G Casalino, F D'Amico, G Bozzo, F R Dinardo, M Schiavitto, D Galante, A Aceti, E Ceci, D Romito, F P D'Onghia, M M Dimuccio, A Camarda, E Circella","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2348900","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2348900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Italy, the use of autogenous inactivated vaccines prepared with the bacterial strains isolated from affected animals is authorized by the Ministry of Health in farms where bacterial diseases occur frequently. The autogenous vaccine performed using <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> is frequently used in rabbit farms, but the feedback of its application is not available. Therefore, the aim of this study is to give information about the impact on the clinical signs of a bivalent autogenous vaccine in rabbits of a genetic centre. The vaccine was prepared using two <i>P. multocida</i> strains belonging to serogroups A and F, equipped with virulence genes and responsible for cyclical outbreak of pasteurellosis in the farm. The vaccine was administered with a first injection, followed by another one after 15 days, then another one four months after the first injection, and then continuing with a further injection every six months to all rabbits. Clinical conditions and mortality rates were monitored for two years after the first vaccination. The improvement in clinical condition and the decrease of the mortality rate were significant especially in the first year post-vaccine. In addition, the number of animals removed due to the disease decreased greatly. Based on the finding of <i>P. multocida</i> strains belonging to serogroup D and serogroup A equipped with different virulence-gene patterns from those previously found, we suggest that the vaccine was unable to prevent the introduction and spreading of new strains among the rabbits.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11159587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141297002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Streptococcus iniae</i> in aquaculture: a review of pathogenesis, virulence, and antibiotic resistance.","authors":"María Zulema Juárez-Cortés, Luz Edith Casados Vázquez, Sergio Francisco Martínez Díaz, César Salvador Cardona Félix","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2348408","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2348408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the main challenges in aquaculture is pathogenic bacterial control. <i>Streptococcus iniae</i> stands out for its ability to cause high mortality rates in populations of commercially important fish populations and its recent recognition as an emerging zoonotic pathogen. The rise in identifying over 80 strains some displaying antibiotic resistance coupled with the emerging occurrence of infections in marine mammal species and wild fish underscores the urgent need of understanding pathogenesis, virulence and drug resistance mechanisms of this bacterium. This understanding is crucial to ensure effective control strategies. In this context, the present review conducts a bibliometric analysis to examine research trends related to <i>S. iniae</i>, extending into the mechanisms of infection, virulence, drug resistance and control strategies, whose relevance is highlighted on vaccines and probiotics to strengthen the host immune system. Despite the advances in this field, the need for developing more efficient identification methods is evident, since they constitute the basis for accurate diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11095286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140945320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of dietary-nucleotides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derivatives on growth-performance, antioxidant-capacity, immune-response, small-intestine histomorphometry, caecal-<i>Clostridia</i>, and litter-hygiene of broiler-chickens treated with florfenicol.","authors":"Tamer Mohamed Abo-Sriea, Elshaimaa Ismael, Basant Mohsen Sobhi, Neven H Hassan, Ebtihal M M Elleithy, Sherif AbdElmonam Omar, Ahmed M Soliman, Khaled Nasr El-Din Fahmy, Amer Ramadan","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2324411","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2324411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress in poultry production is energy-demanding. Nucleotides and yeast cell-wall products are essential nutrients for broiler performance, gut function, and immune response. Antibiotics, like florfenicol, negatively affect the immune system. A total of 600 one-d-old broiler chickens (Cobb-500) were weighed and randomly allotted into four groups with three replicates each. The control group (G1) received the basal diet, G2 received a diet supplemented with a combination of nucleotides and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> derivatives (250 g/Ton), G3 received the basal diet and medicated with florfenicol (25 mg/Kg body weight) in drinking water for 5 days, while G4 received a combination of nucleotides and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>-derivatives (250 g/Ton) and medicated with florfenicol in drinking water. Growth performance criteria were recorded weekly. Blood, intestinal contents, small-intestine sections, and litter samples were collected to measure birds' performance, carcass yields, leukocytic counts, antioxidant capacity, antibody titres, phagocytic index, caecal <i>Clostridia</i>, intestinal histomorphometry, and litter hygiene. Nucleotide-supplemented groups (G2 and G4) revealed significant (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) improvements in feed conversion, and body weight, but not for carcass yields in comparison to the control. Dietary nucleotides in G2 elevated blood total proteins, leucocytic count, antioxidant capacity, and phagocytic index, while they lowered blood lipids and litter moisture and nitrogen (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). Dietary nucleotides in G4 ameliorated the immunosuppressive effect of florfenicol (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) indicated in reducing caecal <i>Clostridia</i>, improving duodenal and ileal villi length, and increasing blood albumin and globulin levels, and phagocytosis%. Supplementing diets with nucleotides and yeast products has improved the immune system and provided a healthier gut for broilers.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"11-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10939105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140132842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breed and non-genetic risk factors associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in livestock systems of Arauca, Colombian orinoquia.","authors":"Arcesio Salamanca-Carreño, Mauricio Vélez-Terranova, Diana Patricia Barajas-Pardo, Rita Tamasaukas, Raúl Jáuregui-Jiménez, Pere M Parés-Casanova","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2310451","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2024.2310451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) is caused by several factors associated with the interaction of the individual cow, cow management, and the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the breed and non-genetic risk factors on the prevalence of SCM in cows from the dual-purpose livestock system on the floodplain of Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia. Milk samples were taken from the individual mammary quarters of 481 cows representing 28 different farms where the electrical conductivity (EC) test applied. To determine the factors associated with SCM, a multiple logistic regression analysis was used. The response variable was the SCM presence (1), or absence (0) obtained with the EC test. Breed was included as a genetic risk factor, and as non- genetic risk factors: number of cows in production, daily milk production, lactation month, cow age, climatic period, body condition, and calving number. The factors that were significantly associated with the SCM presence were body condition, climatic period, and breed (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Odds ratio (OR) analysis of significant effects indicates that for each unit increase in body condition, the OR of having animals with SCM is reduced by 71%. In the dry period the OR of animals with SCM increases by 150% compared to the rainy period. Composite breeds reduce the OR of SCM animals by 73%, compared with <i>Indicus</i>-predominance animals. In this study, the occurrence of SCM in extensive management systems in Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia, is determined by the risk factors of breed, climatic period, and body condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10916920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140060717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody detection against Kunitz-type protein in <i>Fasciola hepatica</i> experimentally infected sheep using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)","authors":"María Ahumada, Agustina Godino, Lorena Guasconi, Carla Deheza, Marilla Amaranto, Cesar Iván Pruzzo, Gabriel Vitulli-Moya, Laura Chiapello, María Elena Carrizo, José Luis Barra, Laura Cervi","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2273678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2023.2273678","url":null,"abstract":"Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease considered as emerging and neglected by the WHO. Sheep are highly susceptible to this disease, and affected flocks experience decreased productivity due to increased mortality, and the reduced quality of their products, such as wool and meat. To effectively control this disease, reliable and early diagnosis is essential for making decisions regarding antiparasitic application and/or the removal of affected animals. Currently, the diagnosis of F. hepatica in sheep relies on the detection of parasite eggs in faeces, a method that becomes reliable from week 10 post-infection. Consequently, there is a need for earlier diagnostic tools based on immune response. However, obtaining antigens for antibody detection has proven to be difficult and expensive. The aim of this study was to evaluate members of the Kunitz protein family of F. hepatica expressed in the form of a fusion protein in the serological diagnosis of F. hepatica in sheep. The performance of three recombinant F. hepatica Kunitz-type inhibitors (FhKT1.1, FhKT1.3, and FhKT4) was compared with a synthetic Kunitz-type peptide (sFhKT) in sera from sheep experimentally infected with F. hepatica, using an ELISA. Of these, FhKT1.1 showed the most promising diagnostic indicators, exhibiting high precision and low cross-reactivity, and thus potential for standardized production. The results of our study demonstrated that the application of FhKT1.1 is a valuable tool for early-stage diagnosis of F. hepatica in sheep. Such an early diagnosis can aid in implementing timely interventions and effectively managing the disease in sheep populations.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"26 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: tularaemia in a white-handed gibbon ( <i>Hylobates lar</i> ), Germany","authors":"Calvin Mehl, Kerstin Mätz-Rensing, Jörg Linde, Barbara Struve, Gabriele Ismer, Christiane van Hümmel, Rainer G. Ulrich, Herbert Tomaso","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2264084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23144599.2023.2264084","url":null,"abstract":"In 2021, a white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) succumbed to illness shortly after transfer from one zoo to another in Germany, due to Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica infection. To determine the source of infection, whole genome sequencing of the gibbon-derived isolate was performed and wild pest rodents (and captive squirrels) from both zoos were screened for F. tularensis. The F. tularensis whole genome sequence obtained from the gibbon was closely related to previous subclade B.281 sequences obtained from hares from Baden-Wuerttemberg, the same region where the gibbon was first housed. However, F. tularensis DNA was detected in one Norway rat from the receiving zoo. Therefore, neither zoo can be excluded as the source of infection.","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"107 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135267463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the distinct immunological reactions of bovine neutrophils towards major and minor pathogens responsible for mastitis.","authors":"Anyaphat Srithanasuwan,&nbsp;Laorat Tata,&nbsp;Warunya Tananupak,&nbsp;Weerin Jaraja,&nbsp;Witaya Suriyasathaporn,&nbsp;Phongsakorn Chuammitri","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2262250","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2262250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bovine mastitis is primarily caused by a group of bacteria known as <i>Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Streptococcus</i>. However, additional types of bacteria, such as bovine non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) as well as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), are considered minor pathogens and have less impact on cows. Modulating bovine neutrophil activities and gene expressions in response to bacterial stimuli prompted the cells to execute effector functions to combat udder infections. Although neutrophils can manage major mastitis-causing bacteria, this strategy has not been tested against minor pathogens, i.e. NASM, <i>Weissella</i> spp. Our main objective was to investigate how neutrophils interacted with major and minor pathogens during <i>in vitro</i> bacterial stimulation. The results reveal that neutrophils performed offensive duties regardless of the type of bacteria encountered. Neutrophils generated high levels of reactive oxygen species, efficiently phagocytosed both types of bacteria, and facilitated extracellular killing by releasing NET structures against all bacteria. In addition, neutrophils migrated preferentially towards the majors rather than the minors, although myeloperoxidase (MPO) degranulation did not differ substantially across bacteria. Furthermore, the killing capacity of neutrophils was not dependent on any particular bacterium. The correlation of effector functions is intimately linked to the up-regulation of genes associated with the above functions, except for <i>IL6</i>, which was down-regulated. Furthermore, neutrophil apoptosis can be modulated by altering apoptosis-associated genes in response to harmful stimuli. These findings provide valuable information on how neutrophils react to major and minor mastitis-causing bacteria. However, future research should explore the interplay between minor pathogens and the host's responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"106-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/62/2d/TVSM_11_2262250.PMC10569347.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horse serum potentiates cellular viability and improves indomethacin-induced adipogenesis in equine subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs).","authors":"Valeria Petrova,&nbsp;Penka Yonkova,&nbsp;Galina Simeonova,&nbsp;Ekaterina Vachkova","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2248805","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2248805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subcutaneous fat tissue is an accessible and abundant source of multipotent stem cells for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. Successful trilineage differentiation is required to define the stemness features of the obtained mesenchymal cells, and adipogenesis is a part of it. Since indomethacin is bound to serum albumin, replacing foetal bovine serum (FBS) with horse serum (HS) in adipogenic induction protocols would suppress its cytotoxic effect and reveal a better adipogenic potential in equine MSCs. The equine subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were separately induced in adipogenesis by three different concentrations of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, IBMX (0.5 mM; 0.25 mM and 0.1 mM) and indomethacin (0.1 mM; 0.05 mM and 0.02 mM) for 48 h. In contrast to the IBMX, indomethacin in all concentrations caused dramatic cellular detachment. Further, the same induction concentrations were used in FBS and HS conditions for adipogenic induction. The MTT assay revealed that the culture media supplemented with HS raised cellular vitality by about 35% compared to those cultured in FBS. Based on those results, an adipogenic cocktail containing indomethacin (0.05 mM) and IBMX (0.5 mM), supplemented with HS and FBS, respectively, was applied for 18 days. The adiponectin gene expression was significantly up-regulated in HS-supplemented media since established changes in PPAR-gamma were insignificant. The tri-lineage differentiation was successful, and a cross-sectional area of adipocytes was performed. The albumin concentration was higher in HS than in FBS. In conclusion, our study revealed that HS is an appropriate supplement in induced adipogenesis since it probably suppresses the indomethacin-related cytotoxic effect and increases adipogenic ability in equine subcutaneous ASCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"94-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0a/8f/TVSM_11_2248805.PMC10467519.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10140184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and clinical evaluation of a quantitative fluorescent immunoassay for detecting canine CRP.","authors":"Jawun Choi,&nbsp;Min-Jae Yoo,&nbsp;Ye-Ji Jang,&nbsp;Byeonghak Na,&nbsp;Seul-Ki Seo,&nbsp;Joungdae Moon,&nbsp;Jihoo Lee,&nbsp;Jae-Won Seol","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2247250","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2247250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is one of the major positive acute phase proteins in dogs and is commonly measured to detect and monitor systemic inflammation as well as the efficacy of treatment. Traditional methods for testing cCPR, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have some drawbacks, such as a long time for diagnosis and the requirement of well-equipped laboratories. Therefore, there is a need for a rapid and precise diagnostic test for cCRP at point-of-care. This study assessed the accuracy, precision, and validated clinical effectiveness of a diagnostic test based on fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay to detect cCRP. For the standard cCRP concentration ranging from 0 to 200 μg/mL, the cCRP diagnostic test showed strong linearity with R² of 0.9977 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and both inter- and intra-assay CVs were <14%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 4.0 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL, respectively. The cCRP serum concentration was evaluated in 21 client-owned dogs and the results were compared to a previously validated ELISA. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the diagnostic test kit and ELISA was 0.942 [95% confidence interval: 0.859 to 0.976, <i>p</i> < 0.001], and the Bland-Altman plot indicated a bias of 26.82% [95% limits of agreement: -56.03 to 109.67], indicating a significant correlation and the agreement between the data from the cCRP diagnostic test and ELISA. In conclusion, the fluorescent immunoassay based diagnostic test is a suitable option for rapidly and precisely detecting cCRP in dogs, providing a convenient alternative to traditional methods for diagnosing acute inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"87-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10464547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10128303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interspecies transmission of SARS CoV-2 with special emphasis on viral mutations and ACE-2 receptor homology roles.","authors":"Mervat E Hamdy, Ayman H El Deeb, Naglaa M Hagag, Momtaz A Shahein, Osama Alaidi, Hussein A Hussein","doi":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2222981","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23144599.2023.2222981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 outbreak was first reported in 2019, Wuhan, China. The spillover of the disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), to a wide range of pet, zoo, wild, and farm animals has emphasized potential zoonotic and reverse zoonotic viral transmission. Furthermore, it has evoked inquiries about susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2 infection and role of these animals as viral reservoirs. Therefore, studying susceptible and non-susceptible hosts for SARS-CoV-2 infection could give a better understanding for the virus and will help in preventing further outbreaks. Here, we review structural aspects of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the effect of the different mutations observed in the spike protein, and the impact of ACE2 receptor variations in different animal hosts on inter-species transmission. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 spillover chain was reviewed. Combination of SARS-CoV-2 high mutation rate and homology of cellular ACE2 receptors enable the virus to transcend species barriers and facilitate its transmission between humans and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":45744,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"55-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bf/a0/TVSM_11_2222981.PMC10334861.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9820002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}