Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Dispensing Malpractice in Community Drug Retail Outlets in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A Simulated Patient Experience.","authors":"Achenef Bogale Kassie,&nbsp;Teklie Mengie Ayele,&nbsp;Melaku Mekonnen Agidew","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S416830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S416830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmacy professionals in community drug retail outlets, as the most accessible personnel for the community, are engaged in consultation and responding to health problems in addition to filling prescriptions. In doing so, different dispensing malpractices are observed and much is not known on the issue in Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed at assessing dispensing malpractice at pharmacies, drug stores and drug vendors in South Gondar zone.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study design with a descriptive approach was applied from April 1 to June 30. The data was collected using the simulated patient method. Seven prescription-only medicines and a diarrheal case were requested during visit. All drug retail outlets in South Gondar zone that were in service during data collection were visited.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Almost all prescription-only medications were dispensed without prescription at all community drug retail outlets. Of all the dispensaries, 19 (82.6%) provided a partial dosage regimen of amoxicillin. Presence of fever and pregnancy status were asked about by dispensers in only 8% and 20% of visits for diarrhea, respectively. Medication history was also rarely requested. Medication was dispensed in 80% of visits for diarrhea, all of which included antimicrobials. Oral rehydration salt was considered in only two (10%) dispensaries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dispensing medications without a prescription is common in community drug retail outlets in South Gondar zone in Amhara Regional State. Our findings also showed that detailed assessments of patients' signs and symptoms are not performed properly by the dispensers to understand the diarrheal case. Training of pharmacy professionals and strict regulatory control are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"12 ","pages":"171-183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0a/51/iprp-12-171.PMC10386832.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9913629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Pharmacists' Views on the Early Stages of Implementation of a National Pilot Independent Prescribing Service in Wales: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Efi Mantzourani,&nbsp;Rhian Deslandes,&nbsp;Karen Hodson,&nbsp;Andrew Evans,&nbsp;Lydia Taylor,&nbsp;Cherie Lucas","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S395322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S395322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A pilot Independent Prescribers' Service (IPS) was introduced in 13 community pharmacies across Wales in June 2020. Independent Pharmacist Prescribers (IPPs) could prescribe in the areas of management of acute conditions, contraception, or opioid withdrawal, as agreed with local commissioners. Access to the patients' medical records was provided via <i>Choose Pharmacy</i>, the national community pharmacy IT platform.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore the experiences of IPPs delivering the service and commissioners responsible for financial resources regarding the IPS in Wales.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative methodology was employed, with purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews, and inductive thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five themes were constructed from 13 interviews (n=9 IPPs; n=4 commissioners): (i) patient experience and safety; (ii) professional enablement and rebalancing workload of GPs; (iii) role and limitations of remote consultations; (iv) funding and business model; (v) functionality on <i>Choose Pharmacy</i> to support patient care. The design of the service allowed pharmacists to determine how best to deliver the IPS, maximizing access for patients and promoting a sense of professional value amongst pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study builds on the body of evidence on enhanced patient experience with prescribing services in the community, reinforcing that IPPs have a key role in rebalancing management of common conditions from GP surgeries to community pharmacies. Several considerations need to be addressed to ensure future success of the service implementation, delivery and enhanced sustainability, such as formal referral pathways and access to medical records. These can be used by other commissioning bodies in the UK and internationally to build a network of suitably supported IPPs, confident to appropriately deal with uncomplicated acute and chronic conditions; and liaise with primary and/or secondary care when referrals are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"12 ","pages":"11-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0d/f1/iprp-12-11.PMC9888007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9213181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Knowledge of Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship Concepts Among Final Year Undergraduate Pharmacy Students in Northern Nigeria.","authors":"Samirah N Abdu-Aguye, Kromdi G Barde, Hadiza Yusuf, Basira Kankia Lawal, Aishatu Shehu, Elijah Mohammed","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S385692","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IPRP.S385692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Well trained, knowledgeable and competent pharmacists are indispensable in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a current global public health problem. The aim of this work was to assess knowledge of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial stewardship of fifth year pharmacy students at three universities in Northern Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study that used a paper-based questionnaire to collect data from July to September 2021 was conducted. The questionnaire was self-administered and divided into four sections. The first section collected information about the demographic data of respondents, while section B explored their knowledge of antibiotics and AMR. Section C contained six questions assessing knowledge of various aspects of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), while the final part assessed respondents' preparedness to work with antibiotics and perceptions of their current knowledge of these concepts. Descriptive statistics were used to report the results obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 164 questionnaires were retrieved. Majority of respondents were male (58.3%) and aged between 21 and 25 years (53.4%). Most of them had some knowledge of antibiotics and AMR, however several misconceptions with respect to these concepts were identified. Only 80 (48.8%) of respondents indicated that they knew what AMS was, although most of these students were correctly knowledgeable about the goals and scope of AMS and composition of the AMS team. Generally, less than half of respondents agreed that their current knowledge of antibiotics, AMR or AMS was adequate for their future careers, and over 90% of them agreed that they would like more education about these topics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Many of the study's' respondents were somewhat knowledgeable about these concepts, although several knowledge gaps were also observed. Improving undergraduate pharmacy education with respect to these concepts is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"11 ","pages":"187-195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a3/cb/iprp-11-187.PMC9793721.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10446272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of HIV Rapid Test Kits Inventory Management Practice and Challenges in Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [Corrigendum]","authors":"Azmeraw Bekele, Fenet Gemechu, Mihretu Ayalew","doi":"10.2147/iprp.s369644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s369644","url":null,"abstract":"[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2147/IPRP.S356134.].","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"66 1","pages":"95 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72486373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Potential Drug Interactions with AiDKlinik® in a Random Population Sample","authors":"J. Schmidberger, C. Kloth, Martin Müller, W. Kratzer, J. Klaus","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S351938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S351938","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose Undesirable drug interactions are frequent, they endanger the success of therapy, and they lead to adverse drug reactions. The present study aimed to evaluate statistically potentially drug interactions in a locally circumscribed, random sample population. Patients and Methods In a random sample population of 264 patients taking medications, we performed analyses with the drug information system AiDKlinik®. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.4. Results Statistically potentially drug interactions were recorded in 82/264 (31.1%) subjects, including 39/82 (47.56%) men, and 43/82 (52.43%) women (χ2= 0.081; p = 0.776). The average number of potential possible interactions detected per person was 1.60 ± 1.21. The regression model with the variables age, body-mass-index and number of long-term-medications shows a significant association between the number of long-term medications taken and the number of moderately severe and severe reactions to drug interactions (F(3.239) = 28.67, p < 0.0001; (t(239) 8.28; p < 0.0001)). After backward elimination, the regression model showed a significant interaction with the number of long-term medications (t (240) = 8.73, p < 0.0001) and body-mass-index (t (240) = 2.02, p = 0.0442). In descriptive analysis, the highest percentages of potential drug interactions occurred in 42/82 (51.22%) subjects with body mass indices (BMIs) >25 kg/m2 and in 28/82 (34.15%) subjects aged 61–70 years. Conclusion Number of long-term medications use, age, and obesity may lead to increased drug–drug interactions in a random population sample.","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"49 1","pages":"61 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73404435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of HIV Rapid Test Kits Inventory Management Practice and Challenges in Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"Azmeraw Bekele, Fenet Gemechu, Mihretu Ayalew","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S356134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S356134","url":null,"abstract":"Background Many people with undiagnosed HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa and vulnerable laboratory systems undermine testing services. Methods A facility-based mixed-approach cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1 to February 1, 2020. A total of 23 health facilities were included in the study which stratified into hospitals and health centers. Six months of bin card records and request and resupply forms (RRFs) were reviewed. Data were collected through physical inventory, observation, and document review. After the data was imported into the MS Excel 2016 spreadsheet, it was analyzed using SPSS | Version 20 | Software. In addition, 12 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted and responses were analysed using a thematic approach. Results The entire health facility had RRF reports and bin card records while the availability of HIV rapid test kits was 75%. More than half, 38 (55.1%) of the bin card records were updated and the average data accuracy of bin cards was 84.1%. The data quality of the RRF reports was determined accurate 18 (78.3%), complete 15 (65.22%), and on-time 7 (30.3%). Sixteen (69.6%) health facilities experienced at least one stock out with an average daily stock out of 4%. The wastage rate was 0.0083%. Only 9 (39.1%) health facilities have fulfilled acceptable storage conditions. Conclusion Most of the health facilities did no longer fulfilled acceptable storage conditions. Similarly, the data quality of most bin card records and RRF reports was poor. This deprived inventory management practice was likely related to supply, staff, and documentation challenges.","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"85 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83630946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Inventory Management Using ABC-VEN Matrix Analysis in Selected Health Facilities of West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Magarsa Bayissa Deressa, T. B. Beressa, Awol Jemal","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S354810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S354810","url":null,"abstract":"Background The medical materials, medical supplies, and medicines cover about one-third of the annual health care organization’s budget. Effective inventory management is required to balance inventory expenditure against demands for medications. The study aimed to analyze the pharmaceuticals inventory management using ABC-VEN Matrix in selected health facilities of the West Shewa zone. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in health facilities of the West Shewa zone from March 15, 2019, to May 31, 2019, and analyzed by using an MS Excel spreadsheet. Results At selected public health facilities of West Shewa zone in three years between September 12, 2015, and September 5, 2018, about 539 pharmaceutical items were utilized and consumed 30,837,628.61 ETB. ABC analysis indicated that 64 (11.9%), 68 (13.74%), and 38 (11.14%) of items were classified as the class “A” items and consumed around 70% of the total pharmaceutical expenditures (TPE) at selected health facilities (aggregated), hospitals, and health centers (HC), respectively. VEN analysis revealed that 115 (35.94%), 99 (35.61%), and 40 (20.83%) items were categorized as vitals and consumed 53.9%, 51.59%, and 36.93% of TPE at selected health facilities. ABC-VEN matrix analysis indicated that category I items consumed 85% of TPE. Conclusion ABC-VEN matrix analysis of present study showed that the category I pharmaceuticals consumed a majority of TPE that need great attention for control.","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"20 1","pages":"47 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82611276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges Associated with Addressing Counterfeit Medicines in Nigeria: An Exploration of Pharmacists' Knowledge, Practices, and Perceptions.","authors":"Obi Peter Adigwe,&nbsp;Godspower Onavbavba,&nbsp;Diana Oyin-Mieyebi Wilson","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S387354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S387354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Counterfeit medicines are substandard pharmaceutical products that are produced and sold with the intent to deceptively represent their authenticity, origin, or effectiveness. The risk of the existence of such products in healthcare provision remains a significant threat to public health. Pharmacists represent the most critical stakeholders in the supply, manufacture, purchase, and dispensing of pharmaceutical products, and as such can play critical roles in detecting and reducing the circulation of fake medicines. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of pharmacists in Nigeria in relation to counterfeit medicines as well as the challenges associated with preventing and mitigating this menace in the country.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was undertaken to administer questionnaires to pharmacists across various sectors of practice in Nigeria. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 390 valid responses were received. The respondents indicated that online drug commerce (72.68%), inadequate inspection (90.93%), inadequate legislation (88.83%), poor collaboration (89.94%), and poor cross-border enforcement (90.43%) were primary challenges to the mitigation of fake medicines circulation in the country. Whilst pharmacists were knowledgeable about counterfeit drugs, gaps were observed in their practices towards detection of these products, as about one-third (30.7%) of the sample indicated that their current knowledge and skills were inadequate to detect counterfeit medicines. Age, years of practice, and area of practice significantly influenced the abilities of the participants to detect counterfeit medicines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Evidence from the study revealed that pharmacists had good knowledge of medicine counterfeiting in Nigeria. However, factors such as poor collaboration among regulatory agencies, inadequate inspection and legislation on the regulation of the pharmaceutical sector and online sales of medicines have contributed to the circulation of counterfeit medicines, and this has in turn affected healthcare services in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"11 ","pages":"177-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/07/71/iprp-11-177.PMC9766527.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10423804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Community Pharmacist's Practice and Patient Counselling Toward Acute Diarrhea Treatment in Khartoum Locality: A Simulated Patient Study.","authors":"Riham M Hamadouk,&nbsp;Ahmed H Arbab,&nbsp;Bashir A Yousef","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S340528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S340528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute diarrhea is one of the most common health problems globally as a minor ailment, it is widely managed by community pharmacists (CPs). Professional patient counseling provided in community pharmacies is essential to decide about acute diarrhea and avoid treatment failure properly.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess CPs' history-taking practice, medication dispensing, and patient counseling in response to acute diarrhea in adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional, covert simulated patient (SP) study was conducted in 235 community pharmacies in the Khartoum locality. Two scenarios were used, one scenario assesses afterwards compliance to treatment guidelines and patient counseling, and second scenario determines afterwards if pharmacists referred patients to medical consultation. Six final-year pharmacy students were involved as SPs. All encounters were audio-recorded by SP. Then the investigator filled the checklist that was intended to evaluate the overall practice of pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As planned, 235 pharmacies were visited twice, resulting in a total of 470 visits (visit completion rate: 100%). In history taking, the most asked questions were the patient's age (89.8% for scenario 1 and 88.5% for scenario 2). Followed by the presence of blood in the stool (25.5% for scenario 1 and 28.1% for scenario 2). In scenario 1, loperamide was the most dispensed medication (81.3%), while oral rehydration solution (ORS) was dispensed in 0.9% of the visits. In counseling, verbal and written instructions were provided in 47.7% of the visits. Duration of medications was mentioned in 3.8%, advice about fluid intake was offered in 7.2% of the visits. In scenario 2, 17% of the pharmacists managed patient history well to refer patients to medical consultation, while 42.6% recommended referral after sufficient information was provided by the SP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CPs' practice in counseling toward acute diarrhea was poor; referral to medical consultation was below expectation. The current CPs dispensing practices need improvement; thus, professional education should be encouraged.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"10 ","pages":"145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/96/7d/iprp-10-145.PMC8605881.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39653696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacist's Intervention to Improve Medication Titration for Heart Failure: First Experience from Sudan.","authors":"Kannan O Ahmed,&nbsp;Imad Taj Eldin,&nbsp;Mirghani Yousif,&nbsp;Ahmed A Albarraq,&nbsp;Bashir A Yousef,&nbsp;Nasrein Ahmed,&nbsp;Anas Babiker","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S341621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S341621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medications known to improve outcomes in heart failure (HF) are either not prescribed or prescribed at sub-therapeutic doses. The addition of clinical pharmacists to the HF team positively impacts optimizing prognostic medications for a patient with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the intervention of the clinical pharmacist as part of the multidisciplinary (MD) team in up-titration to achieve target doses of key therapeutic agents for HFrEF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective one group pretest-posttest interventional study; a comparison of the target dose achievement of key therapeutic agents for HFrEF was performed before and after clinical pharmacist interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 110 HFrEF patients, 57.3% were males, and the mean age of patients was 55.8 years (SD 12.6). Cardiomyopathy was the leading cause of HF. At baseline, 86% were on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ACEIs/ARBs/ARNi) and 93.6% on beta blockers (BBs). At the end of study, the proportion of patients achieved the target dose was significantly increased (0 vs 77.4%, 6.8 vs 85.4%, and 0 vs 55.6%) for ACEIs, ARBs and ARNi, respectively, and (8.6% vs 66.1%; P = 0.001) for BBs. Moreover, the up-titration process was associated with significant improvement in most clinical as ejection fraction and New York Heart Association (NYHA) scale and laboratory characteristics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As a part of the MD team in the outpatient HF clinic, the clinical pharmacists increased the percentage of HFrEF patients achieving the target or maximal doses of key therapeutic agents and improving clinical and laboratory parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"10 ","pages":"135-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d8/31/iprp-10-135.PMC8593340.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39638215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}