Turkish Journal of Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Primary Cutaneous Adiaspiromycosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.","authors":"Sateesh Chavan S, Chandrashekar T N, Arathi S, Sunitha Vernekar","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.13977","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.13977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To document a case of primary cutaneous Adiaspiromycosis.</p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adiaspiromycosis is a rare emerging fungal infection caused by Chrysosporium Parvum var Crescens now called as \"Emmonsia Crescens\" belonging to the genus Emmonsia, order Onygenales, family Ajellomycetes.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 38-year-old male presented with an ulcerated nodule over the infra-axillary region with itching for 3 months. The lesion began as small nodule slowly growing to attain the present size. His routine investigations were within normal limits. Serological tests such as HBsAg and HIV were nonreactive. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed 'suppurative granulomatous' inflammation. The nodule was excised and sent for histopathological examination. Histopathology showed numerous noncaseating granulomas and suppuration. Amidst suppuration, as well as inside the giant cells and within granulomas, numerous varying sized, thick-walled, round to oval 'adiaspores' were seen. There was no evidence of budding or septation or endosporulation. They were PAS and GMS positive. He was treated with topical luliconazole and oral fluconazole. There was no recurrence on follow up of one years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adiaspiromycosis is a rare fungal infection and primary cutaneous involvement is a rare distinct entity. Detailed morphological assessment in histopathology is essential for its identification as the organisms are difficult to isolate in fungal culture from human clinical material.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Tumor Proportion in Smear Slides for Reliable Molecular Analysis.","authors":"Cisel Aydin Mericoz, Ibrahim Kulac, Pinar Firat","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.13923","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.13923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The use of molecular pathology is critical in diagnostics and theranostics. Today, cytological smears are utilized for molecular testing more often than ever. Accurate tumor cell percentage estimation is essential for reliable molecular testing, but its consistency remains uncertain. This study evaluates the reliability of tumor cell percentage estimations among an expert cytopathologist, a molecular cytopathologist, and a molecular pathologist.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Digital images from May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG)-stained smear slides of ten EBUS-guided mediastinal lymph node samples were selected. Five regions per slide were evaluated (50 areas from 10 patients). Three pathologists independently estimated tumor cell percentages using predefined categories (0-10%, 11-20%, 21-50%, etc.). Cells were also counted manually as the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The molecular cytopathologist (Observer 1 -) showed the highest consistency (Kappa = 0.69), followed by the expert cytopathologist (Observer 3 -, Kappa = 0.64), both demonstrating substantial agreement with the gold standard. The molecular pathologist (Observer 2 -) displayed moderate consistency (Kappa = 0.52). Agreement was most significant in the 71-100% category, aligning in over 95% of cases. The lowest value occurred in the 11-20% category. In this category, tumor proportions were frequently overestimated compared to the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Variability in tumor percentage estimations shows the need for standardized protocols and training. Substantial agreement was reached in specific categories. However, discrepancies in borderline cases highlight the importance of accurate assessments. More research is needed to improve estimation methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"40-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12925395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145245398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Role of Taurine in Mitigating the Deleterious Effects of Tartrazine on the Kidneys in Rats: Experimental Study.","authors":"Abdelmonem Awad Hegazy, Walaa Abdel Haliem-Rashad, Gehad Mohammad Elsayed-Ali, Mai Ahmed Gobran, Basma A Ibrahim, Emtethal Mamdouh El-Bestawy","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.14451","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.14451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Tartrazine (TZ) is an anionic azo dye widely used to color food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics; however, its harmful effects on the kidneys are still unclear and need to be confirmed. Meanwhile, taurine (TA) is a natural antioxidant amino acid that can provide protection against various forms of glomerulonephritis. Our aim was to study the structural, and biochemical effects of TZ on the kidney and evaluate the potential protection provided by taurine.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We used 28 adult male albino rats equally divided into 4 groups. The control group did not receive TZ or TA. The TA group received 100 mg/kg/day of TA. The TZ group received 100 mg/kg/day of TZ dissolved in distilled water. The TZ/TA group received both TZ and TA. Animal blood samples were obtained to estimate blood urea, creatinine, and random glucose levels. Kidneys samples were examined for structure as well as oxidative enzymes and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the control group, the TZ group showed hyperglycemia, increased markers of oxidative stress, and shrunken, lobulated glomeruli with mesangial expansion, pyknosis, and vacuolation in the tubular lining. There was also strong immunoreactivity for PCNA and caspase-3, a thickened glomerular capillary basement membrane lacking fenestrations, swollen mitochondria with destructed cristae, and increased expression of the KIM-1. In the TZ/TA group, the convoluted tubules mostly retained the normal histological structure, but some tubules still showed a wide lumen and nuclear pyknosis of lining cells. Oxidative markers and random blood glucose levels were significantly reduced.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TZ is suggested to cause adverse kidney effects in rats, including kidney injury and structural changes, which can be mitigated by co-administration with TA.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"7-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12925398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of ROS1 Gene Rearrangement in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Concordance Between ROS1 SP384 Immunohistochemistry and ROS1 FISH Assay in a Single Center in Türkiye.","authors":"Claudia Andrea Gómez-González, Gurdeniz Serin, Pinar Gursoy, Ali Veral, Deniz Nart","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.14968","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.14968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Lung cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among men and women in Türkiye. National guidelines have been established to standardize molecular pathology diagnoses for the detection of driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer with impact in the management and treatment of the disease. This study examines ROS1 gene alterations comparing immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) diagnostic techniques in a single-center cohort.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 200 biopsy specimens, including tissue and cytology samples from Ege University Hospital and external consultations (2019-2022), diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were analyzed. ROS1 SP384 IHC staining patterns (H-Score) and reflex molecular testing for EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 34 ROS1 IHC-positive cases (16.9%), ROS1 FISH positivity was observed in 7 cases (3.5%), including 5 IHC-positive (5/34; 14.7%) and 2 IHC-negative (2/166; 1.2%). The median H-Score of FISH-positive cases was 60.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ROS1 IHC exhibited staining in cases harboring ALK, EGFR, and KRAS mutations, including one case with concurrent EGFR and ROS1 alterations. The ROS1 SP384 clone demonstrated 71.43% sensitivity and 84.97% specificity, with a negative predictive value of 99.3%. ROS1 IHC is a valuable screening modality for molecular alterations. FISH validation is recommended, and discordant cases may require NGS or RT-PCR for rare mutations or unidentified fusion partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"74-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13250934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Document-Based Comparative Analysis of Physical Infrastructure Planning in Pathology Laboratories.","authors":"Mustafa Huz","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.15090","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.15090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Medical pathology laboratories have a long-standing tradition while continuously evolving through the integration of traditional and modern diagnostic techniques. Today, rapidly evolving and transforming laboratories require renewal in organizational, infrastructure, and managerial approaches. The aim of this study is to conduct a document-based comparative analysis of physical infrastructure criteria related to pathology laboratories and to examine how convergent and divergent standards are reflected in critical planning decisions.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A document-based comparative analytical design was applied using predefined infrastructure parameters. International guidelines, technical standards, and selected scientific publications, published between January 1, 2000, and April 30, 2025, addressing pathology laboratories or laboratory environments involving chemical and biological risks were included. Infrastructure-related criteria were systematically extracted, classified, and compared across predefined domains to identify areas of convergence, divergence, and indeterminate guidance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Core safety principles-including controlled airflow direction, negative pressure relationships, source-based vapor capture, and contamination-resistant surface materials-demonstrated strong cross-document alignment. In contrast, variability emerged in numeric thresholds and implementation models, particularly for air change rates, lighting parameters, and selected environmental comfort indicators. These variations directly affected planning flexibility, renovation sequencing, and risk-based infrastructure decisions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Physical infrastructure planning in pathology laboratories requires contextual interpretation of international standards rather than direct transfer of prescriptive thresholds. A flexible, risk-informed planning approach is essential for sustainable and operationally resilient laboratory environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"139-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retracted: Diagnostic Discrepancies Between Intraoperative Frozen Section and Permanent Histopathological Diagnosis of Brain Tumors.","authors":"Maher Kurdi, Saleh Baeesa, Yazid Maghrabi, Anas Bardeesi, Rothaina Saeedi, Taghreed Al-Sinani, Alaa Samkari, Ahmed Lary, Sahar Hakamy","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.01551-rn","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.01551-rn","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":"42 2","pages":"120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13267096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Quantification of Progesterone Receptor Expression in Meningiomas: Associations with WHO Grade and Clinicopathological Features.","authors":"Yasemin Akca, Elif Büşra Gökçe","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.14663","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.14663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Progesterone receptor (PR) expression is a well-recognized marker in meningiomas, but manual immunohistochemical assessment is subjective and prone to variability. Digital pathology offers objective and reproducible quantification. Despite the availability of FDA-cleared digital PR scoring algorithms in some tumors like those of the breast, their implementation in meningiomas and systematic evaluation of their correlations with clinicopathological features remain scarce.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 129 meningioma cases resected between 2018 and 2024. Digital PR expression was quantified using the FDA-cleared Ventana uPath PR 1E2 algorithm, originally developed for breast carcinoma. Subsequently, tumors were stratified by age, sex, WHO grade, histological subtype, and localization, while Ki-67 index and mitotic counts were also recorded. Associations with digital PR H-scores were evaluated using non-parametric tests, correlation analysis, and ordinal logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Digital PR H-scores progressively decreased across WHO grades, with Grade 1 tumors showing the highest values, followed by Grade 2 and Grade 3 (p=0.002). PR expression was inversely correlated with proliferative markers, including Ki-67 index (ρ = -0.42, p < 0.001) and mitotic count (ρ = -0.35, p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed by age or sex. Convexity meningiomas tended to have higher scores than skull base and spinal tumors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Digital PR H-score assessment confirmed the inverse association between PR expression and WHO grade, as well as its correlation with proliferative activity. Using an FDA-cleared algorithm originally developed for breast carcinoma, this method provides objective and reproducible evaluation in meningiomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12925396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145655969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological and Molecular Features of Adenomatous and Serrated Colon Adenomas, Characteristics and Overlapping Features, Challenges in the Nomenclature.","authors":"Buket Bambul Sigirci, Ismail Yilmaz, Sibel Erdamar Çetin, Enver Yarikkaya, Merve Cin, Esra Pasaoglu, Nevra Dursun","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.13786","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.13786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Colorectal cancer develops from precursor epithelial polyps, including tubular adenomas, villous or tubulovillous adenomas, sessile serrated lesions, and traditional serrated adenomas. Although diagnostic criteria for these lesions have been established, overlapping features often complicate classification. This study aimed to define the characteristics and shared features of colorectal adenomas.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 140 adenomas were evaluated, comprising 71 conventional adenomas, 34 sessile serrated lesions, and 35 traditional serrated adenomas. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed. Macroscopic features, including sessile or polypoid structure, were documented from pathology and endoscopy reports. Histopathological features were assessed first as present or absent, and then by extent using a four-tiered scale (0: less than 10%, 1: 10-25%, 2: 25-75%, 3: more than 75%). Sixteen adenomas with overlapping features were classified as hybrid or unclassified. Molecular studies, including mutation analysis of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF, as well as microsatellite instability and MLH1 promoter methylation, were performed in 50 cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No gender predominance was identified. Sessile morphology was most common in sessile serrated lesions and hybrid adenomas. Conventional adenomas showed serration in 50% of cases and ectopic crypts in 23%, though usually involving less than 25% of the lesion. Adenomatous dysplasia was present in most traditional serrated adenomas and nearly half of sessile serrated lesions, while serrated dysplasia occurred in a minority of conventional adenomas. KRAS mutations predominated in conventional (55%) and hybrid adenomas (80%), whereas BRAF mutations were most frequent in sessile serrated lesions (60%) and traditional serrated adenomas (40%); MLH1 promoter methylation was observed across all types, while no NRAS mutations or microsatellite instability were detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Histopathological features overlapped among all adenoma types, and no single feature was lesion-specific. Applying quantitative thresholds may improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce interobserver variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"121-130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147436332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathological Study of Placentae of Twin Pregnancies with Emphasis on Exploration of Expression of Two Novel Markers, Annexin A5 and Apelin.","authors":"Senjuti Dasgupta, Uma Banerjee, Partha Mukhopadhyay, Biplab DAS, Saswata Saha","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.14668","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2026.14668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Twin pregnancies are accompanied by various perinatal complications. The study of placentae is important for understanding the underlying pathogenesis and pathologies. Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is an anti-thrombotic agent, which is expressed by the placental trophoblasts. Apelin is a novel adipokine with a significant role in angiogenesis of the placenta. The aim of the present study was to compare the gross, histopathological findings and immunohistochemical expression of ANXA5 and apelin of twin placentae with those of matched controls. These findings were also correlated with the clinical features of both mother and neonate.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A prospective, observational study was undertaken for a span of one year. Twin placentae were collected along with their matched controls. The gross and microscopic features, as well as immunohistochemical expression of ANXA5 and apelin in these placentae were noted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significantly lower expression of ANXA5 and apelin in the 24 twin placentae collected when compared with matched controls. The histopathological features of twin placentae included villous infarction (8, 33%), fibrin deposition (24, 100%), chorangiosis (18, 75%), and intraplacental hematoma (18, 75%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both ANXA5 and apelin are vital for placental homeostasis. The reduction in expression of these markers in twin pregnancies indicates their contribution to adverse outcomes of these cases. Studies with larger sample size are required in the future for further exploration of the role of these novel markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"131-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of PD-L1 in the Pathogenesis of Pre-Eclampsia and Its Association with Adverse Fetal Outcomes.","authors":"Sonal Tripathi, Kachnar Varma, Vatsala Misra","doi":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.13658","DOIUrl":"10.5146/tjpath.2025.13658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by impaired maternal-fetal immune tolerance. The maternal immune system plays a crucial role in maintaining pregnancy, and its dysfunction is believed to contribute to preeclampsia. Immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), may play a key role in this process. This study evaluated PD-L1 expression in the placentae of patients with pre-eclampsia (PE) and eclampsia (EC). We also compared PD-L1 expression with histomorphological features and fetal outcomes.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A prospective case-control study was conducted, including fifty pre-eclampsia cases, twenty-five eclampsia cases, and twenty-five normal pregnancy controls. Detailed clinicopathological data, histomorphological features of the placenta, and fetal outcomes were collected. PD-L1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry, with a semi-quantitative scoring system. The relationship between PD-L1 expression, histopathological scores, and fetal outcomes was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, a lower expression of PD-L1 was observed in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia as compared to a normal pregnancy. Adverse fetal outcomes were associated with lower PD-L1 expression and with reduced placental weight and high histopathological scores ( > 5).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower PD-L1 expression was observed in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. Reduced PD-L1 expression correlated with histomorphological changes in the placenta and adverse fetal outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":45415,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Pathology","volume":"1 1","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13250928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}