Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of PM2.5 Mass in Relation to PM1.0 and PM10 in Megacity Seoul","authors":"Jihyun Han,&nbsp;Seahee Lim,&nbsp;Meehye Lee,&nbsp;Young Jae Lee,&nbsp;Gangwoong Lee,&nbsp;Changsub Shim,&nbsp;Lim-Seok Chang","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.124","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the PM_2.5 characteristics in Seoul in relation to those of PM_1.0 and PM₁₀. Samples were typically collected daily on filters and a few hours sampling were conducted during a few haze events (March 2007 to June 2008). Mean mass concentrations of PM_1.0, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ were 19.7 μg/m³, 26.0 μg/m³, and 48.2 μg/m³, respectively, and PM_2.5 was reasonably correlated with PM_1.0 (γ=0.79) and PM₁₀ (γ=0.52). Three mass group types were mainly distinguished. Group 1 (31%): linear increase of PM_1.0 with PM₁₀ and high OC and NO₃⁻; Group 2 (17%): PM₁₀ considerably higher than PM_1.0 and high Ca²⁺ and SO₄²⁻; Group 3 (52%): PM_1.0 relatively more enhanced than PM₁₀ and highest carbonaceous fraction against mass. The fine mode fraction was lowest (highest) in Group 2 (Group 3). Haze and dust episodes relating to Chinese outflows were mostly evident in Groups 1 and 2, respectively; average PM_2.5 concentrations were visibly higher than in Group 3. Non-Negative Matrix Factorization analysis demonstrated that traffic-related urban primary (28%) and coal-fired industry (27%) emissions equally contributed to the PM_2.5 mass, followed by aged urban secondary (19%), soil mineral (16%), and biomass combustion (10%) sources. Seasonal variations were apparent in air mass trajectories. Urban primary and coal-fired industry factors were predominant in Group 3 under stagnant conditions in the warm season and under a strong northerly wind in the cold season, respectively. However, contributions of the other three factors were higher in Groups 1 and 2. This study shows that the PM_2.5 mass in Seoul is largely dependent on high concentration episodes occurring mostly in cold seasons. It also shows that local emissions contribute considerably during warm months, while the influence of Chinese outflow predominates during cold months.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.124.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70709787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Characterization of PM2.5 Organic Carbon by Using Carbon-fraction Profiles of Organic Materials","authors":"Shuichi Hasegawa","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.128","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organic aerosols (OA) in the atmosphere have complex emission sources and formation processes that must be determined to understand the OA composition and behavior. The thermal optical method is generally used to analyze organic carbon (OC) in OAs, and the resulting thermally fractionated OC profiles can be considered to be a synthesis of the organic materials contained in OAs. In this study, carbon-fraction profiles of 43 organic materials were determined and categorized into five types on the basis of their profile patterns. Then a chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis using the five types and the measured carbon-fraction profiles of particulate OC from various emission sources was conducted. The major sources thus determined were generally reasonable considering the known chemical properties of emission source particles. In addition, the seasonal organic matter composition in ambient particulate OC measured at a suburban site of Tokyo was experimentally estimated by a CMB analysis using the five types, and the potential of making good use of thermally fractionated OC data to understand the characteristics of OAs was discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.128.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70709825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of the Calm Situations in the Atmosphere of Almaty","authors":"Edige Zakarin,&nbsp;Alexander Baklanov,&nbsp;Larissa Balakay,&nbsp;Tatyana Dedova,&nbsp;Kairat Bostanbekov","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2022.007","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2022.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article addresses modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer of the city of Almaty (Kazakhstan) in stagnant, environmentally unfavorable conditions using WRF Model. The city is located on the northern slope of Trans-Ili Alatau, where the rate of recurrence of calm and low-wind (1–2 m/sec) days reaches about 80%. All simulations were made for a period from 28.11.2016 to 05.12.2016, covering main synoptic situations of the stagnant atmosphere: the extent of Asian anticyclone, higher and lower pressure gradient fields. The model integrated three nested domains with grid sizes 9, 3 and 1 km, respectively. The initial boundary conditions were formed based on ERA5-reanalysis. Subject to the WRF model requirements, the land-use map with a standard USGS set (24 categories) was developed, to which 3 categories of the urban areas were added. The most relevant configuration of parameterization methods was selected: short-wave and long-wave radiation (Mlawer), surface layer (Monin-Obukhov similarity theory), urban area (BEP), boundary layer (Bougeault-Lacarrere), turbulence (Smagorinsky). The article demonstrates that the WRF model adequately reflects fundamental urban atmosphere patterns in the most unfavorable anticyclone periods of the autumn-winter season. It was established that the accuracy of estimates decreases with the transition to weak cyclonic activity. Based on the simulation results and remote sensing data, the territory in question is divided into four climatic zones to which a comparative method was applied; however for a detailed correlative analysis a denser network of meteorological stations is required. Calculations showed that the wind along the Ili river valley prevails in the northern part, regularly changing its western direction to eastern. Near the mountain area mountain-valley wind circulation prevails. The blocking inversion layer has a strong impact. The urban heat islands strongly depend on wind conditions. For example, a nocturnal heat island is cooled by the cold wind flow from the mountains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2022.007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Atmospheric Particulates Reduction Policy: The Case of South Korea","authors":"Hyuk Han,&nbsp;Hyunsub Kum,&nbsp;Yong Pyo Kim,&nbsp;Chang Hoon Jung","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.130","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a situation where various policy measures can be used to reduce atmospheric particulates, effectiveness and efficiency may vary depending on how the policy is designed. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of atmospheric particulates reduction policy in order to contribute to effective and efficient policy design. To this end, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of 1^st Basic Plan on Metropolitan Area Air Quality Improvement and explored the cause of the effectiveness. As a result of the study, this study did not confirm that the effect of reducing PM₁₀ caused by the plan in the metropolitan area was significantly different from that of the non-metropolitan area where the policy was not implemented. In particular, distinct effect was not confirmed on the installation of DPF, which required a large number of costs. Based on the results, more effective and efficient policy measures will be used based on the causal relationship of atmospheric particulates generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.130.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70709618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Methodological Comparison on Spatiotemporal Prediction of Criteria Air Pollutants","authors":"Pankaj Singh,&nbsp;Rakesh Chandra Vaishya,&nbsp;Pramod Soni,&nbsp;Hemanta Medhi","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.087","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution monitoring devices are widely used to quantify at-site air pollution. However, such monitoring sites represent pollution of a limited area, and installing multiple devices for a vast area is costly. This limitation of unavailability of data at non-monitoring sites has necessitated the Spatio-temporal analysis of air pollution and its prediction. Few commonly used methods for Spatio-temporal prediction of pollutants include - ‘Averaging’; ‘Best correlation coefficient method’; ‘Inverse distance weighting method’ and ‘Grid interpolation method.’ Apart from these conventional methods, a new methodology, ‘Weighted average method,’ is proposed and compared for air pollution prediction at non-monitoring sites. The weights in this method are calculated based on both on the distance and directional basis. To compare the proposed method with the existing ones, the air pollution levels of NO₂ (Nitrogen dioxide), O₃ (Ozone), PM₁₀ (Particulate matter of 10 microns or smaller), PM_2.5 (Particulate matter of 2.5 microns or smaller), and SO₂ (Sulphur dioxide) were predicted at the non-monitoring site (test stations) by utilizing the available data at monitoring sites in Delhi, India. Preliminary correlation analysis showed that NO₂, PM_2.5, and SO₂ have a directional dependency between different stations. The ‘average’ method performed best with the mode RMSE of 18.85 µg/m³ and R² value 0.7454 when compared with all the methods. The RMSE value of the new proposed method ‘weighted average method’ was 21.25 µg/m³, resulting in the second-best prediction for the study area. The inverse distance weighting method and the Grid interpolation method were third and fourth, respectively, while the ‘best correlation coefficient’ was the worst with an RMSE value of 41.60 µg/m³. Results also showed that the methods that used dependent stations had performed better when compared to methods that used all station data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.087.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70709396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Sources and Pollution Level of Airborne Toxic Metals through Foliar Dust in an Urban Roadside Environment","authors":"Triratnesh Gajbhiye,&nbsp;Tanzil Gaffar Malik,&nbsp;Chang-Hee Kang,&nbsp;Ki-Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Sudhir Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.121","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Concentrations of 19 elements (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Na, S, Ti, Ba, Sr, Zn, V, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Co, and Cd) in foliar dust samples were determined from 6 different roadside locations of Bilaspur city (Chhattisgarh), India. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated the significance of vehicular activities followed by sources such as firework events and other industrial/regional/transboundary sources in foliar dust in the area of study. Risk assessment of metal levels in foliar dust was performed using several indices based on the data collected from different sites. The geo-accumulation index (<i>Igeo</i>) analysis indicated foliar dust was moderately and extremely polluted with S and Cd, respectively, while practically unpolluted with most other elements (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Ti, Ba, Sr, Zn, V, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Co). The values of pollution (<i>I</i>_POLL) index and contamination factor (CF) of Cd indicated a high pollution level. Comparable results were found for the ecological risk (Erⁱ) of Cd (above 320) with a very high Erⁱ at all sites. In addition, the overall Erⁱ index (<i>RI</i>) of foliar dust at all sites was very high due to a greater Cd contribution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.121.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70709776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Surface Ozone Levels at Climatologically and Topographically Distinct Metropolitan Cities in India","authors":"Ganesh Kutal,&nbsp;Amol Kolhe,&nbsp;Chandrashekhar Mahajan,&nbsp;Sandeep Varpe,&nbsp;Rupesh Patil,&nbsp;Prayagraj Singh,&nbsp;Gajanan R Aher","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2022.004","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2022.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface ozone (O₃) data at Pune (1998–2014) and Delhi (1998–2013) are studied to examine their temporal characteristics. Study also examines role of meteorology and atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) in modulating surface O₃ at these sites. Using diurnal variability of surface O₃, rate of change of surface O₃, [d(O₃)/dt] is estimated to infer the nature of surface O₃ formation/destruction mechanisms. Analysis of data reveals that at both locations, surface O₃ concentrations during daytime are significantly high as compared to those during nighttime. Seasonally, at Pune averaged daytime surface O₃ concentrations are high during pre-monsoon and low in monsoon while those during winter and post-monsoon are found to be significantly higher than those in monsoon but half as compared to those in pre-monsoon. At Delhi, averaged daytime surface O₃ concentration is minimum in winter and maximum in pre-monsoon with monsoon and post-monsoon values being about 0.79–0.82 times with respect to pre-monsoon O₃ concentrations. High natural/anthropogenic pollutant concentration, abundance of ozone precursor gases, high temperature and high rate of photo-oxidation of precursor gases due to solar flux are the causal factors for increased surface O₃ concentrations in pre-monsoon season. Reduced solar flux decreases photo-dissociation of ozone precursor gases resulting in low O₃ concentration during winter season. Occurrence of low surface O₃ during early morning hours in monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons is because of low ABLH and low stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE). [d(O₃)/dt] values during morning/evening at Pune and Delhi are indicative of asymmetric and symmetric nature of ozone formation/destruction mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2022.004.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Lockdown: Impact on PM10 and PM2.5 in Six Megacities in the World Assessed Using NASA’s MERRA-2 Reanalysis","authors":"Sara Said,&nbsp;Zeinab Salah,&nbsp;Ibrahim Abdelmageid Hassan,&nbsp;Mohamad Magdy Abdel Wahab","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.146","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The changes in air quality were investigated in six megacities during the shutdown phases in 2020 and were compared to the same time periods in the previous 10 years (2010–2019) using the data of Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis and Research and Application, version 2 (MERRA-2). The concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were greatly reduced in all megacities during the lockdown in 2020 when compared to the same period in 2019 and in the previous ten years. The highest reduction in PM₁₀ was recorded in Delhi, and São Paulo (21%, and 15% and by 27%, and 9%), when compared with the concentrations in 2019 and in the period 2010–2019, respectively. Similarly, levels of PM_2.5 in Delhi, São Paulo, Beijing, and Mumbai decreased by 20%, 14%, 12%, and 10%, respectively in 2020 when compared to the last ten years. Results indicated that the lockdown is an effective mitigation measure to improve air quality. The MERRA-2 reanalysis dataset could be a vital tool in air quality studies in places with a lack of In-situ observations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.146.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Eruption of Nishinoshima Volcano in the Summer of 2020 on Air Quality in Fukuoka and Busan","authors":"Chang-Jin Ma,&nbsp;Gong-Unn Kang","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.120","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A thick foggy weather and worst visibility in Fukuoka, Japan and Busan, South Korea occurred from the late July to early August 2020 due to the Nishinoshima volcanic eruption. In this study, an intensive measurement was made to clarify the chemical nature of the ambient particulate matter (PM) and rain water collected in Fukuoka and Busan during the Nishinoshima volcanic eruption (episode period) and non-eruption (non-episode period). In this study, one week after volcanic eruption, which recorded the usual PM concentration, was defined as the non-episode period. Compared to non-episode period, the PM_2.5 concentration during the episode period increased 4.32 times in Busan and 6.03 times in Fukuoka. The sulfur and chlorine concentrations in the total suspended particles (TSP) and rainwater of episode period were particularly higher than those of non-episode period. The sulfate concentration in PM_2.5 was 1.81 and 27.98 µg/m³ in non-episode and episode periods, respectively. The sulfate concentration during the episode period accounted for 55.4% of PM_2.5 (50.45 µg/m³). Strong correlation between trace elements in TSP and those in rainwater during the episode period indicates that the volcanic ashes could be incorporated into raindrops.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.120.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70709765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Elemental Composition and Valence State of Cyclone-collected Aerosol Particles Using EDXRF and XAFS at Three Sites in Japan","authors":"Weidong Jing,&nbsp;Katsutomo Saito,&nbsp;Takuma Okamoto,&nbsp;Hibiki Saito,&nbsp;Kazuki Sugimoto,&nbsp;Chiharu Nishita-Hara,&nbsp;Keiichiro Hara,&nbsp;Masahiko Hayashi,&nbsp;Shuichi Hasegawa,&nbsp;Tomoaki Okuda","doi":"10.5572/ajae.2021.137","DOIUrl":"10.5572/ajae.2021.137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The valence state and concentration of metallic pollutants are important factors contributing to the health effects of respirable particulate matter (PM); however, they have not been well studied. In this study, coarse and fine powder samples of atmospheric PM were collected using a cyclone system at Kanagawa (KO), Saitama (SA), and Fukuoka (FU) in Japan in 2017. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) was used to measure the concentrations of nine metallic elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was used to analyze the valence states of target elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn). The EDXRF results indicated that the average contents of Fe, Ti, and Zn were much higher than those of the other six elements in all samples. The XAFS results showed that the major valence states of the elements were Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II). The percentages of Mn(IV), Fe(II), and Cu(0) were higher in KO and SA samples than in FU samples. Mn(0) and Zn(0) were detected in some samples only, and Cu(I) was not detected in any samples. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed on the EDXRF and XAFS data of the target elements. The source identification results showed that the sources of metal contaminants in the samples varied considerably between sampling sites and depended on the industrial structure and geographical location of the sampling area. Our findings on the different valence states of the elements may be important for determining the toxicity of PM at different locations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.5572/ajae.2021.137.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70710074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}