Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment最新文献

{"title":"Integration of remote and in situ optical techniques to estimate fine dust and gaseous emissions in an industrial complex in South Korea","authors":"Naghmeh Dehkhoda,&nbsp;Juhyeon Sim,&nbsp;Juseon Shin,&nbsp;Sohee Joo,&nbsp;Youngmin Noh,&nbsp;Dukhyeon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s44273-025-00054-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-025-00054-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rapid industrialization has intensified air pollution, particularly in areas where industrial and residential zones overlap. This study analyzed emissions from the Yeosu Industrial Complex, South Korea, a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH₄), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and particulate matter (PM). Advanced remote and in situ optical techniques—solar occultation flux (SOF), sky differential optical absorption spectroscopy (SkyDOAS), mobile extraction Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (MeFTIR), sniffer 4D, and LiDAR—were employed to assess spatial pollutant distribution across five zones. Zones A and B exhibited the highest emissions (8,622,468 kg/year and 21,826,416 kg/year), largely due to petrochemical and rubber manufacturing activities. Pollutants, particularly alkanes, NO₂, and SO₂, were highest during southeasterly winds, which transported emissions to nearby residential areas, increasing health risks. A comparison with the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) inventory highlighted underestimations of VOC emissions in national records. Discrepancies in PM₁₀ measurements by Sniffer 4D (2–6 µg/m³) and LiDAR (14–15 µg/m³) in zone A emphasized the importance of integrating measurement methods to improve emission accuracy. This study demonstrates the potential of combining mobile and remote sensing techniques to enhance emission inventories and provides critical insights for targeted air quality management in industrial-residential interfaces.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-025-00054-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of national air pollutant emissions in 2020 and re-estimation results for emissions from past years (2016–2019)","authors":"Seongwoo Choi,&nbsp;Dongjae Lee,&nbsp;Yera Choi,&nbsp;Kwonhee Choi,&nbsp;Eunji Shin,&nbsp;Hyungcheon Kim,&nbsp;Myeonggeun Cha,&nbsp;Hyeongdo Song,&nbsp;Chul Yoo","doi":"10.1007/s44273-025-00051-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-025-00051-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center (NAIR) has refined emissions estimation methods to enhance the accuracy and reliability of national statistics on air pollutant emissions. The center estimated 2020 national emissions by applying 23 items identified to have been improved from the improvement research and re-estimated the national emissions from 2016 to 2019 to secure the coherence of national annual emissions. This study compares national emissions of the past years before and after the re-estimation and analyzes the major causes of changes in 2020 national emissions compared to those of 2019.</p><p>The re-estimation of national emissions from 2016 to 2019 revealed the following change rates for each substance: CO, − 5.5 to 5.8%; NOx, − 3.9 to 1.8%; SOx, − 14.7 to − 0.6%; PM_2.5, − 31.5 to − 27.0%; VOCs, − 1.3 to 1.1%; NH₃, − 15.4 to 14.3%; and BC, − 4.9% to 5.5%. National air pollutant emissions in 2020 were as follows: CO, 711,399 tons; NOx, 929,227 tons; SOx, 180,157 tons; PM_2.5, 58,558 tons; VOCs, 990,629 tons; and NH₃, 261,207 tons. It turned out that the year-on-year reduction rates of emissions were as follows: CO, − 5.5%; NOx, − 11.1%; SOx, − 23.9%; PM_2.5, − 4.9%; VOCs, − 2.0%; NH₃, − 2.9%; and BC, − 11.6%.</p><p>National statistics on air pollutant emissions serve as basic data for establishing, implementing, and evaluating national atmospheric environment policies to improve air quality. It is necessary to establish effective atmospheric environment policies based on highly accurate emission statistics to improve air quality. To this end, it is imperative to conduct ongoing research including studies on improving the national air pollutant emissions estimation method as well as on verifying emissions using air quality modeling and satellite observation data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-025-00051-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the National Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory (2021) in the Republic of Korea","authors":"Jeongpil Jang,&nbsp;Eunmi Han,&nbsp;Jinha Heo,&nbsp;Suah Choi,&nbsp;Jihoon Park,&nbsp;Kang-San Lee,&nbsp;Jongmin Joo,&nbsp;Hyeongdo Song,&nbsp;Chul Yoo","doi":"10.1007/s44273-025-00050-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-025-00050-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the Republic of Korea, air pollutant emissions are annually estimated and published. These emissions are used to formulate and evaluate national air quality policies. In this study, the 2021 National Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory in the Republic of Korea was estimated. In addition, emission sources and primary causes affecting changes in emissions were analyzed. As a result, air pollutant emissions in the Republic of Korea were 57,317 tons of PM-2.5, 160,993 tons of SOx, 884,454 tons of NOx, 1,002,810 tons of VOCs, and 262,008 tons of NH₃. PM-2.5, SOx, and NOx emissions in 2021 were lower than those in 2020 because of the reduction policy effects, such as the shutdown of old coal-fired power plants and stricter emission standards in workplaces. However, emissions of VOCs and NH₃ in 2021 increased those in 2020 due to socioeconomic effects, particularly in everyday activity sector. Specifically, it was caused by increased use of paint for construction and shipbuilding to meet rising demands as well as a rise in cattle numbers due to increased meat consumption. Spatially, Gyeonggi-do had the highest emissions of PM-2.5, NOx, and VOCs due to its dense populations and heavy traffic, while Ulsan and Chungcheongnam-do had the highest emissions of SOx and NH₃ from production process in their large national industrial complexes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-025-00050-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of factors causing long-term trends and annual variations of sulfur and nitrogen deposition amount in Japan from 2000 to 2020","authors":"Satoru Chatani,&nbsp;Hikari Shimadera,&nbsp;Kyo Kitayama,&nbsp;Kazuya Nishina","doi":"10.1007/s44273-025-00052-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-025-00052-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The deposition of sulfur and nitrogen from the atmosphere to the ground surface is harmful to ecosystems. This study performed long-term air quality simulations to quantify the influences of factors, including anthropogenic emissions in Japan, meteorological fields, transboundary transport, and volcanic emissions, on the long-term trends and annual variations in sulfur and nitrogen deposition in Japan from 2000 to 2020. The air quality simulations performed well in reproducing the long-term trends and annual variations in the wet deposition amount, whereas the simulated dry deposition amount may contain larger uncertainties. The decreasing trends in sulfur deposition were statistically significant during the entire study period (2000–2020) in most of Japan. They were caused by the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂ emissions in Japan and China, which was accomplished by the implementation of stringent emission controls, as well as a gradual decrease in SO₂ emissions from the Miyakejima volcano, which erupted in 2000. No significant decreasing trends were found in nitrogen deposition in Japan during the first half of the study period (2000–2010). Decreases caused by the reduction in anthropogenic NO_x emissions in Japan were compensated for by increases caused by increasing NO_x emissions in China and changes in the gas-aerosol partitioning of nitrates instead of sulfates. The decreasing trend in nitrogen deposition in Japan became statistically significant during the second half of the study period (2010–2020) after anthropogenic NO_x emissions started to decline in China. Meteorological fields primarily influenced annual variations in the amount of nitrogen deposition. This study reveals that long-term air quality simulations are useful for quantifying the influences of various factors on long-term trends and annual variations in sulfur and nitrogen deposition.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-025-00052-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of collision mechanism that causes particle tribocharging in dry powder inhaler","authors":"Ryosuke Mitani,&nbsp;Muhammad Aiman bin Mohd Nor,&nbsp;Takuto Iinuma,&nbsp;Tatsuhiro Mori,&nbsp;Tomoaki Okuda","doi":"10.1007/s44273-025-00049-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-025-00049-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is induced by inhalation of toxic substances such as cigarettes and air pollution. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are the primary treatment for these diseases. However, they have some problems, such as residuals in a capsule caused by electrostatic force before reaching the human lungs. This study investigated the particle tribocharging mechanism in a DPI using a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and a combined discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics (DEM-CFD) approach. In the TDMA experiment, the charging state of the particles changed from negative to positive charge in the DPI device fabricated by the 3D printer. This is because tribocharging is caused by particle–particle collisions and particle–wall collisions. In the numerical simulation, particle–wall collisions occurred more frequently than particle–particle collisions. Therefore, the particle–wall collisions change the charging state of the particle in the DPI device. These results suggest that collisions between particles and walls of the device cause the particles to become charged, leading to a decrease in their deposition in the deeper regions of the lungs. Moreover, the large turbulence kinetic energy of the airflow in the DPI device caused particle–wall collisions because the particles were widely dispersed in the DPI device. These results suggest that optimum turbulence kinetic energy is necessary to reduce particle aggregation and improve the delivery efficiency of DPIs to the human lungs.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-025-00049-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shapes in submicron ammonium sulfate particles after long-term exposure on tree leaves","authors":"Kenichi Yamane,&nbsp;Satoshi Nakaba,&nbsp;Masahiro Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Katsushi Kuroda,&nbsp;Yuzou Sano,&nbsp;I. Wuled Lenggoro,&nbsp;Takeshi Izuta,&nbsp;Ryo Funada","doi":"10.1007/s44273-024-00046-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-024-00046-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessing the effects of air pollutants, including aerosols, on trees is important for protecting forests in the future. This study determined the adsorption of particles on trees after 1- or 2-year long-term exposure (for 1 or 2 h/day) to submicron-scale ammonium sulfate (AS) particles using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was also used to distinguish particles resulting from exposure from those present on the leaves under natural conditions prior to the 1- or 2-year exposure. We found submicron-sized AS particles were deposited on the leaf surfaces of four tree species after long-term exposure in a growth chamber &lt; 70% humidity. These particles occurred as individual deposits without aggregation on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces. The particle shape deposited on the leaf surface in short-term (3–30 min) exposures in a growth chamber &lt; 70% humidity was spherical with no corners, whereas that in long-term exposures was nonspherical flattened, angular, or irregular. Few micrometers was also observed, differing from 300 to 600 nm in diameter at exposure. These differences could be caused by the possibility that the particles have been deposited for a long time or that the humidity on the leaf surface has caused them to deliquescence and change shape after deposition. We hypothesized that these particle changes facilitate the uptake of AS into the leaf interior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-024-00046-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced PM2.5 prediction in Delhi using a novel optimized STL-CNN-BILSTM-AM hybrid model","authors":"T. Sreenivasulu,&nbsp;G. Mokesh Rayalu","doi":"10.1007/s44273-024-00048-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-024-00048-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate air pollution predictions in urban areas facilitate the implementation of efficient actions to control air pollution and the formulation of strategies to mitigate contamination. This includes establishing an early warning system to notify the public. Creating precise estimates for PM2.5 air pollutants in large cities is a challenging task because of the numerous relevant factors and quick fluctuations. This study introduces a novel hybrid model named STL-CNN-BILSTM-AM. It combines the seasonal-trend decomposition method with LOESS (STL) to simplify learning tasks and increase prediction accuracy for complex, nonlinear time-series data. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) extract features from decomposed components of PM2.5 and other feature variables, such as pollutants and meteorological variables. Bidirectional long-short-term memory (BILSTM) uses these features to extract temporal relationships, enabling the forecasting of daily PM2.5 levels at four locations in Delhi. This hybrid model uses attention mechanisms to extract the most significant information, as well as Bayesian optimization to tune the hyperparameters. The suggested model greatly improved performance in all four regions used in this study, as evidenced by the findings. We compared it with the CNN-BILSTM, BILSTM, LSTM, and CNN models, and the suggested model outperformed the state-of-the-art models by utilizing STL decomposition components and other features. The overall results show that the STL-CNN-BILSTM-AM is better at predicting air quality, especially the concentration of PM2.5 in cities when the data has a high seasonal trend and is complex.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-024-00048-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiostatic effect of indoor air quality management with low-concentration gaseous chlorine dioxide on fungal growth","authors":"Ryosuke Mitani,&nbsp;Hiroko Yamanaka,&nbsp;Yo Ishigaki,&nbsp;Daisuke Nakayama,&nbsp;Mitsuharu Sakamoto,&nbsp;Chihiro Watanabe,&nbsp;Tatsuhiro Mori,&nbsp;Tomoaki Okuda","doi":"10.1007/s44273-024-00047-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-024-00047-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biological contamination of fresh produce by fungi in storage is becoming a serious problem. Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) has been used to prevent fungal growth on fresh produce; however, the specific effects of gaseous ClO₂ at concentrations low enough to be safe for the human body on fungal growth remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of low-concentration gaseous ClO₂ on fungal growth in sweet potatoes over 1 month. Here, a mechanochemical reaction involving the collision of two types of powders was used to produce low concentrations of gaseous ClO₂. The experiment was conducted in a container and chlorine dioxide gas was diffused by a circulator to verify its microbiostatic effect in a large space. A clear microbiostatic effect was observed in potatoes without skin when exposed to low-concentration ClO₂ for 3 days. Notably, low concentrations (&lt; 1.0 ppm) of ClO₂ reduced <i>Rhizopus stolonifer</i> growth in sweet potatoes with skin over 1 month. Therefore, low concentrations of gaseous ClO₂ are sufficient to inhibit fungal growth via gas diffusion.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-024-00047-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case study on the effect of contaminated inlet tubes on the accuracy of mid-cost optical particle counters for the ambient air monitoring of fine particles","authors":"Trieu-Vuong Dinh,&nbsp;Byeong-Gyu Park,&nbsp;Sang-Woo Lee,&nbsp;Da-Hyun Baek,&nbsp;In-Young Choi,&nbsp;Jo-Chun Kim","doi":"10.1007/s44273-024-00045-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-024-00045-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the impact of the long-term use of inlet-heated tubes on the performance of mid-cost optical particle counters (OPCs) for ambient air monitoring of fine particles (PM_2.5). Two OPCs, equipped with inlet-heated tubes, were deployed over a 6-month period, with a beta attenuation monitor (BAM) serving as the reference device. The performance of the OPCs using the same inlet tubes for the first 3 months was compared to their performance after the frequent replacement of clean tubes during the final 3 months. The correlation coefficients (<i>r</i>²) for the 1 h and 24 h average PM_2.5 concentrations between the OPCs and the BAM were lower with long-term contaminated tubes (0.82 &lt; <i>r</i>² &lt; 0.93) compared to clean tubes (<i>r</i>² &gt; 0.93). The relative mean errors and biases significantly increased over time with contaminated tubes. Temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind speed were found to have an insignificant effect (<i>r</i>² &lt; 0.1) on the performance of the two OPCs with inlet-heated tubes over the 6-month period. The relative average PM_2.5 error when using clean tubes was less than 4%. These findings highlight the importance of inlet-heated tubes in improving OPC performance, particularly for mitigating humidity effects.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-024-00045-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristic of PM2.5 concentration and source apportionment during winter in Seosan, Korea","authors":"Soo Ran Won,&nbsp;Kwangyul Lee,&nbsp;Mijung Song,&nbsp;Changhyuk Kim,&nbsp;Kyoung-Soon Jang,&nbsp;Ji Yi Lee","doi":"10.1007/s44273-024-00044-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44273-024-00044-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seosan is a concentrated industrial complex in the midwestern region of Korea. A study was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021, measuring PM2.5 and chemical components in Seosan using online instruments every hour. The concentration of PM2.5 during the winter season was 31.4±17.8 μg/m³, exceeding the national ambient air quality standard of Korea. The mass fraction of organic matter, elemental carbon, three major ions, five minor ions, crustal elements, and trace elements in PM2.5 accounted for 24.5%, 4.36%, 32.0%, 2.82%, 4.11%, and 5.17% of the total PM2.5 mass concentration, respectively. Source identification was conducted using positive matrix factorization modeling, revealing eight sources of PM2.5: Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), vehicle exhaust, industry, coal combustion, biomass burning/incinerator, oil combustion, soil, and aged sea salt. Source contributions varied during high pollution episodes (HPE), with SIA dominating in HPE1 and soil and aged sea salt in HPE2. The potential source contribution function and conditional probability function were utilized to estimate the potential local and regional emission areas for the identified sources. In Seosan, vehicle exhaust and biomass burning/incinerator were primarily influenced by local sources. SIA, industry, and oil combustion sources were significantly affected by short-range transport from eastern China. Soil and aged sea salt, which exhibited high contributions during HPE2, were associated with long-range transport from Inner Mongolia. Coal combustion was attributed to both local sources, particularly large industrial complexes near Seosan, and long-range transport from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":45358,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44273-024-00044-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142587854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}