{"title":"Bone Metabolism in SARS-CoV-2 Disease: Possible Osteoimmunology and Gender Implications.","authors":"Gianmaria Salvio, Claudio Gianfelice, Francesca Firmani, Stefano Lunetti, Giancarlo Balercia, Gilberta Giacchetti","doi":"10.1007/s12018-020-09274-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12018-020-09274-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Even though inflammatory conditions are known to exert adverse effects on bone metabolism, there are no published data regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent fracture risk. We present a brief review of the molecular mechanisms linking inflammatory diseases to increased fracture risk/osteoporosis and of the therapeutic strategies that can prevent bone resorption in patients with inflammatory disease, focusing on the RANK-RANKL system. We also make some considerations on gender differences in infection response and on their implications for survival and for the consequences of COVID-19. Several inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, stimulate osteoclast activity, favoring bone resorption through the RANK-RANKL system. Data from the previous SARS-CoV outbreak suggest that the present disease also has the potential to act directly on bone resorption units, although confirmation is clearly needed. Even though the available data are limited, the RANK-RANKL system may provide the best therapeutic target to prevent bone resorption after COVID-19 disease. Vitamin D supplementation in case of deficiency could definitely be beneficial for bone metabolism, as well as for the immune system. Supplementation of vitamin D in case of deficiency could be further advantageous. In COVID-19 patients, it would be useful to measure the bone metabolism markers and vitamin D. Targeting the RANK-RANKL system should be a priority, and denosumab could represent a safe and effective choice. In the near future, every effort should be made to investigate the fracture risk after SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7459260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38360919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bone Health and BMD Research in Pediatric and Adolescent Individuals with ASD: Current Data, Evaluation, and Next Steps","authors":"K. Barnhill, Morgan Devlin, L. Hewitson","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09268-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09268-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09268-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49572069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bone Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Celiac Disease","authors":"C. Valero, Mª José Docampo García","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09269-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09269-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09269-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46883713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current and Emerging Pharmacotherapy for Gaucher Disease","authors":"P. Giraldo","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09267-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09267-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09267-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45366003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica Sammut, Miriam Giordano Imbroll, Mark Gruppetta
{"title":"X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets: the Challenges of Treatment","authors":"Jessica Sammut, Miriam Giordano Imbroll, Mark Gruppetta","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09266-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09266-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09266-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42003927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Skeletal Changes Associated with Osteoarthritis","authors":"N. Mathavan, O. Kennedy","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09264-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09264-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09264-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46711908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Socio-economic Determinants of Bone Health from Past to Present","authors":"J. Miszkiewicz, Karen M Cooke","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09263-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09263-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09263-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41854809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of Efficacy of Pharmacologic Treatments in Pregnancy- and Lactation-Associated Osteoporosis","authors":"N. Hong, Y. Rhee","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09262-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09262-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09262-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42494136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Osteoporosis in Veterans with Spinal Cord Injury: an Overview of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatments","authors":"M. Trbovich, Denny Mack, J. Bruder","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09265-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09265-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09265-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41486040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bone Health in the Transgender Population","authors":"M. Rothman, Sean J. Iwamoto","doi":"10.1007/s12018-019-09261-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-019-09261-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45316,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12018-019-09261-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45249378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}