FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES最新文献

{"title":"A New Generation of Iconoclasts","authors":"Eleanor L. Rivera","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8552461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552461","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the fall of 1906 crucifixes in primary school classrooms emerged as a point of conflict between national and local authorities. Arguments over these crucifixes demonstrate the narrowing interpretations of laïcité in primary education between the 1880s and 1906. Using the Norman department of Seine-Inférieure as a case study, this article analyzes the place of religious emblems in the classroom, the role of local preferences in primary education, and evolving notions of religious neutrality. Classroom crucifixes offer a new lens to examine the relationship between Catholics and Republicans in the period of educational secularization and highlight the movement from compromise to conflict in educational practice during the early Third Republic.\u0000 A la rentrée de 1906, le crucifix dans les salles de classe de l'enseignement primaire provoque un conflit entre les pouvoirs municipaux et le gouvernement national. Les débats sur le crucifix démontrent une interprétation de plus en plus rigide de la laïcité qui apparaît entre 1880 et 1906. Cet article analyse le cas du département de la Seine-Inférieure, aujourd'hui la Seine-Maritime, pour comprendre la place des emblèmes religieux dans la classe, le rôle de la préférence locale dans l'enseignement primaire, et les différents principes de neutralité religieuse. Les emblèmes religieux offrent une nouvelle perspective sur les relations entre catholiques et républicains au moment de la sécularisation de l'enseignement. Ils mettent ainsi en relief l'évolution du compromis au conflit qui a caractérisé l'éducation primaire au début de la Troisième République.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49457087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In the Image of Pasteur","authors":"Aro Velmet","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8552489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552489","url":null,"abstract":"How does an imperial lens change our view of capitalism and science in early twentieth-century France? Using the colonial expansion of the Pasteur Institutes as a case study, this article argues that French microbiologists developed both new business models and new values of masculine comportment during their time in the colonies. There the dynamic interaction between economic success and demonstration of scientific masculinity became particularly important in reshaping how Pastorians both saw the future of their institution and interpreted the meaning of its past. Against the image of the ascetic, nonprofit scientist, Pastorians in the colonies opposed an ambitious and entrepreneurial hero. After the Great War undermined the ascetic model and weakened the economic power of the metropolitan institute, colonial Pastorians were able to shape representations of the Pastorian network to the public and narrate the history of its founder as a heroic conqueror of the microbial world.\u0000 Comment une optique impériale change-t-elle notre perspective sur le capitalisme et la science au début du vingtième siècle ? Prenant l'expansion coloniale des instituts Pasteur comme exemple, cet article avance que les microbiologistes français ont développé à la fois de nouveaux modèles économiques et de nouvelles valeurs du comportement masculin au cours de leur séjour dans les colonies. Ici, l'interaction dynamique entre le succès économique et la démonstration de la masculinité scientifique est devenue particulièrement importante pour remodeler à la fois la façon dont les pastoriens voyaient l'avenir de leur institution et interpretaient le sens de son passé. Contre l'image du scientifique ascétique, les pastoriens coloniaux opposaient un héros ambitieux et entreprenant. Après que la Grande Guerre a sapé le modèle ascétique et affaibli le pouvoir économique de l'Institut métropolitain, les pastoriens coloniaux ont pu façonner des représentations publiques du réseau pastorien et raconter l'histoire de son fondateur comme conquérant héroïque du monde microbien.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44492294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frank A. Kafker (1931–2020)","authors":"G. Brown, M. Conroy, J. Loveland","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8677195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8677195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41458411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"France Speaks!","authors":"Diego Palacios Cerezales","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8278472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8278472","url":null,"abstract":"In 1851 more than 1.6 million signatures endorsed petitions for an amendment to the 1848 constitution that would have allowed Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte to stand for reelection. Following contemporary critics who claimed that the movement had been orchestrated by the government, scholars have been little impressed by this mobilization, which produced the largest petition of nineteenth-century France. By analyzing the petitions and the signatures themselves, official reports, correspondence of key actors, and the public debate, this article reappraises the campaign, making three claims: that a government-sponsored petition merits analysis in the context of the explosion of popular mobilization that followed 1848, that the depiction provided by the republicans of the participation of the administration in the campaign is partial and incomplete, and that the petitioners were not dependent and manipulated individuals but purposeful citizens who understood and supported the petitions they signed. The article concludes that the campaign would not have succeeded without the genuine popularity of the president and the surfacing of a strong popular Bonapartist undercurrent.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48015058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender, Radicalization, and the October Days","authors":"S. Desan","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8278435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8278435","url":null,"abstract":"In 1789 the forms and legitimacy of revolutionary crowd activism emerged out of Old Regime practices, but the pivotal role of gender dynamics in this radicalizing process has not yet been fully understood. This article rethinks the October Days by examining the occupation of the National Assembly and making three central claims. First, female marchers fused revolutionary political knowledge with older forms of bodily and spatial politics. Second, women's and men's practices operated in tandem. The growing presence of armed, working men deepened the journée's impact on deputies and king. Third, gendered behavior and expectations enabled Parisians to forge revolutionary claims within Old Regime frameworks, including rioting for subsistence and building on and beyond carnivalesque acts of inversion. In essence, the gender dynamics and political context of the event allowed a largely female crowd to smuggle the expansion of popular sovereignty in through the back door.En 1789, les formes et la légitimité de la foule révolutionnaire ont émergé de pratiques issues de l'Ancien Régime. Cependant, notre connaissance du rôle clé joué par la dynamique du genre au sein de ce processus de radicalisation demeure lacunaire. Afin de repenser les journées d'octobre, cet essai examine l'occupation de l'Assemblée nationale et propose trois arguments cruciaux. En premier lieu, les manifestants ont fusionné leur connaissance de la politique révolutionnaire avec des formes plus anciennes de la politique du corps et de l'espace. Deuxièmement, les femmes et les hommes ont mené des pratiques politiques en tandem. La présence croissante d'hommes armés, souvent employés comme ouvriers, a intensifié l'impact de cette journée sur les députés et sur le Roi. Plus généralement, les Parisiennes et les Parisiens ont pu établir, à travers leurs attentes et leurs comportements genrés, des revendications révolutionnaires dans le cadre de coutumes d'Ancien Régime, notamment par le biais d'émeutes de subsistance et d'inversion carnavalesque. En fait, grâce aux dynamiques liées au genre et au contexte politique, une foule majoritairement féminine a introduit l'expansion de la souveraineté populaire par la petite porte.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44623119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Challenge of Minority Nationalism","authors":"Johannes Heuman","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8278500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8278500","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates how the French antiracist movement and its main organizations dealt with Zionism and the Middle East conflict from the liberation of France until the early 1970s. Their generally positive view of Israel and their concern for Arab interests at the end of the 1940s demonstrate these republican organizations' desire to recognize ethnic identities. During the 1950s an ideological split between left-wing antiracism and Zionism began to develop, and by the end of the 1960s a number of new antiracist associations questioned the very foundation of the Jewish state. Overall, the study argues that antiracist organizations' stances on and statements about Zionism and the Middle East conflict influenced Jewish-Arab relations during the postwar period and played an important role for both Jews and Arabs.Cet article examine comment le mouvement antiraciste français et ses principales organisations ont abordé le sionisme et le conflit au Moyen-Orient depuis la Libération jusqu'au début des années 1970. Leur opinion surtout positive d'Israël ainsi qu'un souci pour les intérêts arabes à la fin des années 1940 montrent un certain désir par ces organisations républicaines de reconnaître les identités ethniques. Pendant les années 1950, une fracture idéologique entre l'antiracisme de gauche et le sionisme commence à se développer, et dès la fin des années 1960 un activisme plus poussé a amené de nouvelles associations antiracistes à remettre en question les fondements mêmes de l'Etat juif. Dans l'ensemble, l'étude montre que les organisations antiracistes ont été impliquées dans l'élaboration des relations judéo-arabes après la guerre à travers leurs positions et déclarations sur le sionisme et le Moyen-Orient, des questions qui jouent un rôle important pour les Juifs et les Arabes.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47124862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“This Is No Longer a Book, It Is a Political Event”","authors":"G. Sampaio","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8278486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8278486","url":null,"abstract":"Since its publication in 1919, John Maynard Keynes's Economic Consequences of the Peace has left a deep imprint on interpretations of the Treaty of Versailles and subsequent reparations discussions. Current scholarship on the treaty has accurately reassessed Keynes's conclusion that French peace aims were purely vindictive, but it has erroneously claimed that Consequences was a biased book barely read in France. By placing the reception of Consequences in the context of domestic French debates on the Versailles peace in 1920, this article demonstrates instead that Keynes's book was substantially discussed in France and that it garnered supporters among academic economists and on the left. Furthermore, examining the French networks that helped Keynes publish a translation of his book in the prestigious Nouvelle revue française problematizes his alleged Germanophilia.Dès sa publication en 1919, Les conséquences économiques de la paix de John Maynard Keynes a profondément influencé les analyses faites par les contemporains et les historiens sur le Traité de Versailles et la question des réparations allemandes. Aujourd'hui, l'historiographie concernant ces questions a beaucoup nuancé l'argument de Keynes selon lequel le traité avait imposé une « paix carthaginoise » à l'Allemagne. Mais elle a aussi erronément conclu que Les conséquences était un livre biaisé et par conséquent peu lu en France. En contextualisant les réactions au livre de Keynes dans les débats politiques français sur la paix de Versailles, cet article démontre qu'en fait, le livre a été considérablement discuté en 1920 et qu'il a réuni l'appui des économistes et de la Gauche. Par ailleurs, l'article problématise l'idée que Keynes fut un germanophile en analysant comment ses réseaux parisiens l'ont aidé à publier la traduction des Conséquences dans la Nouvelle revue française.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44255447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La production de linge à Paris à l'ère des nouveautés (1520–1620)","authors":"Astrid Castres","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8018455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8018455","url":null,"abstract":"Au cours du seizième siècle, le linge blanc, gage de propreté et signe de distinction sociale, prit une place grandissante dans l'habit. Au gré des modes de la cour et de la venue d'artisans étrangers qualifiés, ou passés par les Flandres et l'Italie, des nouveautés techniques et formelles (point coupé, dentelles, fraises et porte-fraises, etc.) furent peu à peu introduites dans la capitale du royaume de France. En partant du cas parisien, cet article examine les mutations que connut la production de linge entre 1520 et 1620, à la suite de l'apparition de ces procédés nouveaux. Pour la plupart mis en œuvre et transmis par des femmes, ils conduisent à réfléchir aux particularités d'exercice de savoir-faire féminins ainsi qu'au rôle joué par les lingères et par les ouvrières en linge dans le processus d'innovation textile au début de l'époque moderne.A sign of cleanliness and of social distinction, white linen played an increasingly important role in dress throughout the sixteenth century. Novelties and new technologies (cutwork, lace, and the construction of ruffs, supportasse, etc.) appeared in French workshops in order to follow courtly fashion trends, and because of the arrival of foreign workers trained in Flanders and in Italy. Focusing on the Parisian case, this article examines the influence of these new processes on linen production between 1520 and 1620. The analysis of these techniques, which were implemented and transmitted mostly by women, leads to a broader reflection on the features of feminine know-how and the role played by women workers in early modern textile innovation.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41556047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Final Bows","authors":"Sara Hume","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8018511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8018511","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 How did people actually dress across rural Alsace from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century? The image that fills the popular imagination of Alsatian dress during this period is of a regional costume, including a large head bow. This stereotype was developed and reinforced by intellectuals who documented and preserved these disappearing styles. The survival of this static folk dress obscures the actual transformation of regional dress into styles that more closely resembled those worn in urban areas. This study looks at rural costume in Alsace to understand its transition from distinctive regional dress into styles more in line with urban styles, by making use of a range of source material, including notarial acts, surviving garments preserved in museum collections, and photographs of weddings and other religious ceremonies.\u0000 Comment s'habillaient les gens en Alsace rurale de la fin du dix-neuvième au début du vingtième siècle ? L'image qui nous vient tout de suite à l'esprit est celle du grand nœud noir. Ce stéréotype a été développé et renforcé par les intellectuels qui ont documenté et préservé ces modes en voie de disparition. La survivance de ce costume folklorique cache cependant la transformation qu'ont connue les habits régionaux, sous l'influence des vêtements portés en ville. Cet article étudie le costume rural en Alsace pour mieux comprendre comment s'est réalisée la transition des vêtements régionaux en vêtements dont le style était plus conforme à celui des villes. Pour ce faire, il utilise une variété de sources, y compris les actes notariés, les vêtements préservés dans les collections des musées, et les photographies de mariages et d'autres cérémonies religieuses.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48764807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“The Desire to Banish Any Constraint in Clothing”","authors":"Kendra Van Cleave","doi":"10.1215/00161071-8018469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8018469","url":null,"abstract":"Led by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Enlightenment concerns about the negative consequences of luxury and artifice, as well as clothing's physical and moral effects, meant that by the late eighteenth century naturalism, simplicity, comfort, health, and morality had become the bywords of dress. In the newly invented French fashion press, editors adopted philosophes' arguments to resolve potential conflicts between consumption and Enlightenment ideas. However, they did so primarily with Ottoman-inspired French fashions rather than with the English styles that have thus far been the primary scholarly concern. Turquerie—Turkish-focused Orientalism—allowed the creators of these magazines to connect fashion to Enlightenment principles while reinforcing consumption through more subtle promotions of luxury; moreover, unlike the democratically linked English-inspired styles that followed, turquerie did not challenge France's autocratic monarchy.Dans la seconde moitié du dix-huitième siècle, le mouvement des Lumières a eu des effets considérables sur la culture française, notamment sur l'habillement et l'apparence. Soulevées par le philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau, les préoccupations des Lumières au sujet des méfaits du luxe et de l'artifice, ainsi que les conséquences physiques et morales du port du vêtement, ont fait du naturalisme, de la simplicité, du confort, de la santé et de la moralité les maîtres mots du vêtement à la fin du dix-huitième siècle. Dans la presse de mode française, nouvellement créée, les éditeurs adoptèrent les arguments des philosophes afin de résoudre les conflits potentiels entre la consommation et les idées des Lumières. Cependant, ils le firent principalement à travers la promotion des modes françaises d'inspiration ottomane, plutôt qu'avec les styles anglais qui jusque-là ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études. La turquerie—l'orientalisme turc—permit en effet aux éditeurs des journaux de réconcilier la mode avec les principes des Lumières tout en renforçant l'incitation à la consommation via la promotion du luxe par des moyens plus subtils. Contrairement aux styles d'inspiration anglaise liés à la démocratie qui s'en suivirent, la turquerie ne remettait pas en cause la monarchie autocratique française.","PeriodicalId":45311,"journal":{"name":"FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49210244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}