{"title":"Social support, violence exposure and mental health among young South African adolescents.","authors":"Annette Humm, Debra Kaminer, Anneli Hardy","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2018.1476358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2018.1476358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cumulative violence exposure has been associated with both internalising and externalising difficulties in youth. Therefore, it is important to identify protective factors that may ameliorate both exposure to and the impact of cumulative violence. This study aimed to identify sources of perceived social support amongst early adolescents in a low-income, high-violence community in South Africa, and to examine the association of perceived support with exposure to violence and with the severity of depression, aggression and conduct disorder symptoms.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A sample of 615 Grade 7 learners completed measures of perceived social support, different types of violence exposure and symptoms of depression, aggression and conduct disorder.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maternal, paternal and overall family support were weakly associated with a reduced risk of domestic violence, but not with other forms of violence exposure, and were also weakly associated with a reduced risk of mental health difficulties. Peer support was associated with higher symptomatology across all mental health outcomes while teacher support was associated with greater severity of depression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The stress-buffering effects of social support may not be maintained in contexts of high exposure to violence. Implications for interventions to enhance youth safety and resilience in high-violence contexts are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2018.1476358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36230638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trajectories of depression in adolescents and young adults in Vietnam during rapid urbanisation: evidence from a longitudinal study.","authors":"Quyen Tt Bui, Lan Th Vu, Dien M Tran","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2018.1478299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2018.1478299","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This paper investigates the trajectories of depression symptoms in adolescents and young adults, and explores factors associated with their depression. Method: For each respondent, three waves of data were collected in 2006, 2009 and 2013 from adolescents and young adults aged 10 to 24 years. The modified Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to interview participants, while the generalised estimating equation (GEE) model was used to identify whether certain factors were associated with depression. Results: The mean depression scores in 2006, 2009 and 2013 were 29.76, 30.80 and 30.51 respectively. Compared to boys, girls reported higher initial levels of depressive symptoms. The depression score was found to be highest among adolescents aged 15 to 17 years. Depression among young people was associated with age, gender, marital status, education levels, general health and living location. Conclusion: Using longitudinal design, this research demonstrated the different trajectories of depression scores between boys and girls over time and provided evidence for interventions improving adolescent mental health in a semi-urban area of Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2018.1478299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36230640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clifford Odimegwu, Nicole De Wet, Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun
{"title":"Perceptions of social capital and sexual behaviour among youth in South Africa.","authors":"Clifford Odimegwu, Nicole De Wet, Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1388246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1388246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With about one quarter of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occuring in young people, there is an on-going debate regarding the role of social capital on youth sexual behaviour. Some studies have suggested that high levels of family and community social capital may act as protective factors that lessen the likelihood of negative consequences; while others have concluded that social capital may be a risk factor for risky sexual behaviour among youth. Using data from the Third National Communications Survey (2012) conducted in South Africa, we examined the relationship between perceptions of social capital and youth sexual behaviour measured by age at first sex and condom use among 3 399 males and females (aged between 16 and 24 years). We assessed community perceptions of social capital with questions that measured trust, social participation, and support. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to predict the risk for early sexual debut. Logistic regression was used to predict the odds of condom use. There was no association between perceptions of social capital and youth sexual behaviour. This work reveals that youth sexual behaviour in South Africa may be influenced by socio-economic characteristics, especially at the individual level.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1388246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35562346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ronél van der Watt, Carina Pheiffer, Stephen Brown
{"title":"The psychosocial themes of children with a congenital heart defect.","authors":"Ronél van der Watt, Carina Pheiffer, Stephen Brown","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1405815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1405815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children living with a congenital heart defect (CHD) carry the burden of a condition affecting their biological, psychological, and social functioning. Even though the physical heartbeats of these children might be inaudible and defective, their intra- and inter-personal 'stories in sound' need to be heard and understood. The aim of this research study was to explore these 'stories in sound' in children diagnosed with CHD. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study using thematic analysis was conducted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six boys and three girls between the ages of eight and fourteen years, who were diagnosed with CHD. The developmental psychopathology model (DPM) served as a conceptual framework. Five main themes emerged and were related to (i) the participants' understanding of their cardiac diagnoses; (ii) the participants' perceptions regarding their post-operative cardiac statuses; (iii) the participants' psychological experiences related to their cardiac statuses; (iv) the effects of living with CHD on their social functioning; and (v) a unique relationship to their chronic cardiac condition. Within each of these themes, thirteen subthemes were identified. The article concludes that an age-appropriate understanding of CHD and post-operative cardiac status is important, as children's perceptions have implications for their psychosocial experiences and acceptance of living with CHD. These children need comprehensive support from health care professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1405815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35656416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Screen viewing time and externalising problems in pre-school children in Northern Thailand.","authors":"Supakanya Tansriratanawong, Orawan Louthrenoo, Weerasak Chonchaiya, Chawanan Charnsil","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1409226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1409226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>There are increasing reports of younger children accessing media and screen. This study aims to describe screen use in pre-school children and its association with externalising problems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study of pre-schoolers aged two to five years was conducted. Their caregivers were asked to provide data regarding screen use by their children and themselves. The Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) was completed by caregivers to assess their child's behaviour.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants included 200 caregivers of pre-school children. There were 47% of pre-schoolers who had used at least three types of media. When comparing the 0-1, >1 to 2, and >2 hours per day of screen viewing time groups, the children who had experienced more screen time also had significantly more background media and their caregivers had more screen time (p < 0.001). The externalising problem scores increased with more screen viewing time, although the relationship was not statistically significant. However, age and gender of the child were factors associated with externalising problems from the multiple linear regression analysis (p = 0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pre-schoolers with more screen viewing time did not have a significantly greater externalising problem score than those with less screen time. A longitudinal study with a larger sample size would provide more information.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1409226","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35656415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saeeda Paruk, Khatija Jhazbhay, Keshika Singh, Benn Sartorius, Jonathan K Burns
{"title":"The clinical impact of a positive family history of psychosis or mental illness in psychotic and non-psychotic mentally ill adolescents.","authors":"Saeeda Paruk, Khatija Jhazbhay, Keshika Singh, Benn Sartorius, Jonathan K Burns","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1389741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1389741","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A family history of psychosis is associated with negative clinical characteristics of psychosis.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to determine the relationship between a family history (in first-degree relatives) of psychosis (FHP) or of any mental illness (FHM), and the clinical features (including cannabis use) of first episode early onset psychosis (EOP).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Forty-five adolescents with first episode EOP presenting to psychiatric services were assessed by clinical interview with the following tools: socio-demographic questionnaire, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Symptom Onset in Schizophrenia (SOS) inventory, and the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) for cannabis misuse. Forty-five gender and age matched controls with incident non-psychotic mental illness were recruited from the same clinical sites.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While there was evidence of trend associations, EOP adolescents and controls did not differ in terms of either FHP or FHM. However, adolescents with a non-psychotic mental illness (controls) were significantly more likely to have a family history of non-psychotic mental illness (EOP = 13%; controls = 47%, p = 0.001). In EOP adolescents, a positive FHP was associated with a significantly lower mean PANSS positive score (p = 0.009), but not with other clinical features.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FHP may be a diagnostic clue in adolescents and is not necessarily associated with negative clinical characteristics at disease onset in EOP. However, this requires further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1389741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35562347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Suicide behaviour among Guyanese orphans: identification of suicide risk and protective factors in a low- to middle-income country.","authors":"Ellen-Ge D Denton, George J Musa, Christina Hoven","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1372286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1372286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Suicide is the leading cause of death among youth in Guyana, a low- and middle-income country (LMIC), which globally ranks first in female adolescent suicides over the last decade. Worldwide, Guyana has experienced the largest increase in youth suicide, despite focused public health efforts to reduce suicide. Further, youth in Guyana, who are clients of the orphanage system and have faced early childhood trauma, may have an additive risk for suicide. Guided by an ideation-to-action theoretical framework for suicide prevention, the goal of the proposed research study is to describe and identify risk and protective factor correlates of youth suicidal behaviour among those at highest risk for suicide - orphans who reside in a LMIC institutional setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a preliminary sample of 25 orphan youth, one licensed psychologist and two social workers administered the DSM-5 Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure and Behavioural Assessment Schedule for Children, 2nd Edition (BASC-2) during a semi-structured interview.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine of the 25 (36%) orphans reported a previous suicide attempt. Youth who endorsed suicidal behaviour had clinically elevated interpersonal relations scale scores when compared to youth who did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Interpersonal skills may be protective for youth at highest risk for suicide.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1372286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35513151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevalence, demographic and psychosocial correlates for school truancy among students aged 13-15 in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states.","authors":"Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1377716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1377716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Truancy among adolescents may negatively affect the achievement of academic goals. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and correlates of school truancy in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states. The analysis included 28 419 school children aged 13-15 years from seven ASEAN member states that participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) between 2007 and 2013. The overall prevalence of past 30 day truancy across six ASEAN countries (excluding Brunei) was 24.8%; ranging from below 20% in Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam to more than 30% in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, socio-demographic factors (older age, being male, the experience of hunger), externalising behaviour (tobacco use, alcohol use, having been in a physical fight, being bullied, having sustained an injury), and lack of protective social-familial factors (lack of peer support and lack of parental or guardian support) were found to be associated with truancy. High rates of truancy were found in ASEAN member states calling for interventions aimed to reduce truancy considering identified associated factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1377716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35513152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Adam Lovas, Kathleen Pajer, Jill MacLaren Chorney, Dzung X Vo, Melissa Howlett, Ashley Doyle, Adam Huber
{"title":"Mindfulness for adolescent chronic pain: a pilot feasibility study.","authors":"David Adam Lovas, Kathleen Pajer, Jill MacLaren Chorney, Dzung X Vo, Melissa Howlett, Ashley Doyle, Adam Huber","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1355807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1355807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chronic pain is common in paediatric populations and many patients do not respond to the currently available evidence-based treatments. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have a growing evidence-base in adults, but evidence is limited in youth with chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an open-label pilot study to test the feasibility of an 8-week MBI for this population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven adolescents (age range 14-17; median age 15; six female) completed the intervention. There were no dropouts. Median class attendance was seven of eight total sessions (SD = 0.76). Only one (14.3%) participant reported not finding it useful; five (71.4%) reported that they would recommend it to a friend; and the remaining two (28.6%) reported \"maybe\". There was no worsening of internalizing symptoms. Secondary outcomes included significant reduction of pain intensity, which was maintained at three-month follow-up. Somatic symptoms and functional disability were both non-significantly lower immediately following the intervention; but were significantly improved at three-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An eight-week group MBI is a feasible intervention for adolescents with chronic pain, and warrants further investigation as a potential alternative to cognitive behavioural therapy in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1355807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35468542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medhat S Attia, Kholoud Y Tayel, Zeinab N Shata, Sally S Othman
{"title":"Psychosocial profile of institutionalised street children in Alexandria, Egypt: a comparative study with school children.","authors":"Medhat S Attia, Kholoud Y Tayel, Zeinab N Shata, Sally S Othman","doi":"10.2989/17280583.2017.1339606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1339606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The phenomenon of street children in Egypt constitutes a public health concern. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of institutionalised street children in Alexandria, to compare the prevalence of substance abuse and conduct disorder between street children and school children, and to identify predictors of these mental health outcomes among street children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Institutionalised street children (n = 102) participated in a cross-sectional comparative study with a matched group of school children (n = 156). An interviewing questionnaire was used to assess demographic characteristics and substance use. Conduct disorder was measured using the Revised Ontario Child Health study scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Poverty, family breakdown, and domestic violence were the main reasons for street children having left home. Street children recorded significantly higher rates of substance use (9.8%) and conduct disorder (35.3%) compared to school children. In street children, smoking was a significant predictor of substance use and conduct disorder. Other predictors of conduct disorder included physical illness and having 5 to 7 siblings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Substance abuse and conduct disorder were present among institutionalised street children at higher rates than school children. Absence of basic life needs and disrupted families constituted the main reasons for leaving home. Interventions at the governmental and non-governmental levels are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":45290,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2989/17280583.2017.1339606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35468540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}