SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles最新文献

{"title":"A Review of Cavitation Phenomenon and Its Influence on the Spray\u0000 Atomization in Diesel Injector Nozzles","authors":"Tianyi Cao, Puyu Qu","doi":"10.4271/02-17-01-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-17-01-0005","url":null,"abstract":"In view of the combustion efficiency and emission performance, various new clean\u0000 combustion modes put forward higher requirements for the performance of the fuel\u0000 injection system, and the cavitating two-phase flow characteristics in the\u0000 injector nozzle have a significant impact on the spray atomization and\u0000 combustion performance. This article comprehensively discusses and summarizes\u0000 the factors that affect cavitation and the effectiveness of cavitation, and\u0000 presents the research status and existent problems under each factor. Among\u0000 them, viscosity factors are a hot research topic that researchers are passionate\u0000 about, and physical properties factors still have the value of further in-depth\u0000 research. However, the importance of material surface factors ranks last since\u0000 the nozzle material was determined. Establishing a more comprehensive\u0000 cavitation–atomization model considering various factors is the focus of\u0000 research on cavitation phenomena. The improved model can ultimately serve high\u0000 combustion efficiency and great emission performance.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral Control for Driverless Mining Trucks with the Consideration\u0000 of Steering Lag and Vehicle–Road States","authors":"Qiushi Chen, Guangqiang Wu, Qi Zeng, Jianzhuang Zong","doi":"10.4271/02-17-01-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-17-01-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Lateral control is an essential part of driverless mining truck systems. However,\u0000 the considerable steering lag and poor tracking accuracy limit the development\u0000 of unmanned mining. In this article, a dynamic preview distance was designed to\u0000 resist the steering lag. Then the vehicle–road states, which described the\u0000 real-time lateral and heading errors between the vehicle and the target road,\u0000 was defined to describe the control strategy more efficiently. In order to trade\u0000 off the tracking accuracy and stability, the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy method was\u0000 used to adjust the weight matrix of the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) for\u0000 different vehicle–road states. Based on the actual mine production environment\u0000 and the TR100 mining truck, experimental results show that the TS-LQR algorithm\u0000 performed much better than the pure pursuit algorithm.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138971738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multibody Dynamics Modeling of a Continuous Rubber Track System. Part\u0000 2—Experimental Evaluation of Load Prediction","authors":"Olivier Duhamel, Antoine Faivre, Jean-Sébastien Plante","doi":"10.4271/02-17-01-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-17-01-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicles equipped with rubber track systems feature a high level of performance\u0000 but are challenging to design due to the complex components involved and the\u0000 large number of degrees of freedom, thus raising the need to develop validated\u0000 numerical simulation tools.\u0000\u0000 \u0000In this article, a multibody dynamics (MBD) model of a continuous rubber track\u0000 system developed in Part 1 is compared with extensive experimental data to\u0000 evaluate the model accuracy over a wide range of operating conditions (tractor\u0000 speed and rear axle load). The experiment consists of crossing an instrumented\u0000 bump-shaped obstacle with a tractor equipped with a pair of rubber track systems\u0000 on the rear axle. Experimental responses are synchronized with simulation\u0000 results using a cross-correlation approach.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The vertical and longitudinal maximum forces predicted by the model,\u0000 respectively, show average relative errors of 34% and 39% compared to\u0000 experimental data (1–16 km/h). In both cases, the average relative error is\u0000 lower for tractor speed from 1 to 7 km/h, namely 20% and 35%. The model and\u0000 experimental amplitudes spectra of the force signals are compared using the\u0000 coefficient of determination r2. In the 1 to 7 km/h\u0000 tractor speed range, the average vertical and longitudinal coefficients of\u0000 determination are, respectively, 0.83 and 0.42. The coefficients, respectively,\u0000 reduce to 0.27 and 0.14 for speeds over 7 km/h.\u0000\u0000 \u0000In summary, the model can predict the maximum vertical and longitudinal forces in\u0000 addition to the amplitude spectrum of those signals for operating conditions up\u0000 to 7 km/h, regardless of the rear axle load, with accuracy acceptable for many\u0000 applications, such as load case determination for preliminary structural design.\u0000 Several factors affecting the accuracy of the model at higher tractor speed are\u0000 identified for future work including suspension creeping, suspension compression\u0000 characterization at high strain rates, and temperature dependence of material\u0000 properties.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"33 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multibody Dynamics Modeling of a Continuous Rubber Track System: Part\u0000 1—Model Description","authors":"Antoine Faivre, Olivier Duhamel, Masoud Hemmatian, Jean-Sébastien Plante","doi":"10.4271/02-17-01-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-17-01-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous rubber track systems for farming applications are typically designed\u0000 using multiple iterations on full-scale physical prototypes which is costly and\u0000 time consuming. The development of numerical design tools could speed up the\u0000 design process and reduce development costs while improving product performance.\u0000 In this article, a rigid multibody dynamics (MBD) model of a continuous rubber\u0000 track system is presented. This article is the first part of a two-part study:\u0000 Part 1 focuses on the model description and part 2 describes the experimental\u0000 evaluation of the MBD model. The modeling methodology is based on a track\u0000 discretization as a set of rigid body elements interconnected by 6\u0000 degrees-of-freedom bushing joints. The mathematical formalism and experimental\u0000 characterization of all critical subsystems such as the roller wheels,\u0000 tensioner, suspensions, and contact models are also presented. Several\u0000 simulation results are presented to illustrate the capability of MBD models in\u0000 design activities to rapidly evaluate new concepts as a result of the relative\u0000 short-solving time of the model (approximately 3 h). The MBD model is shown to\u0000 be a powerful design tool to provide input boundary conditions for structural\u0000 analysis or as a design space explorer and optimization tool.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Friction Performance Analysis of Mine Wet Multi-Disc Brake","authors":"Chuanwei Zhang, Xiaohe Jin, Dawei Zhao, Jinpeng Liu","doi":"10.4271/02-17-01-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-17-01-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>This article takes the wet multi-disc brake used in mining Isuzu 600P as the research object, establishes a simplified three-dimensional model of its key components through SOLIDWORKS and imports it into ANSYS Workbench to establish the flow field and structure field model of the wet brake. Based on the fluid–solid coupling, the finite element simulation of the temperature field and stress field of the friction pair of the wet brake under different braking pressures, braking initial speeds, and fluid viscosities was carried out, and then the position changes of the friction pairs at high temperature hot spots and high stress points were analyzed to determine the stability of its friction performance. Finally, by comparing the temperature change curves of the same point during the braking process under different braking conditions, the validity of the finite element analysis results is verified. The results show that the flow field pressure inside the wet brake is opposite to the flow field velocity, the initial braking velocity is the most influential factor on the friction performance of the friction pair, affected by the fluid, the maximum equivalent stress of the groove between the core plates is the same as the braking force. Pressure, braking initial speed, and fluid viscosity are proportional.</div>","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136232400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewers","authors":"Corina Sandu","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0029","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Reviewers</div>","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135303959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Computational Fluid Dynamics Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Models for Bluff Bodies Aerodynamics","authors":"Sivamoorthy Kanagalingam, Youhanna E. William","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Since the steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models offer low-cost and sensible accuracy, they are frequently utilized for bluff bodies’ external aerodynamics investigations (e.g., upwind, crosswind, and shape optimization). However, no firm certainty is made regarding the best model in terms of accuracy and cost. Based on cost and accuracy aspects, four RANS turbulence models were studied, which are Spalart–Allmaras, realizable k-ε, RNG k-ε, and SST k-ω. Ahmed body with a 25° slant angle benchmark case was introduced for this investigation. Two grids were generated to satisfy the near-wall treatment of each turbulence model. All grid settings were proposed and discussed in detail. Fluid-structure analysis was performed on five different planes. Regarding flow field prediction, realizable k-ε and renormalization group (RNG) k-ε models demonstrated a remarkable consistency with experimental data, while Menter’s shear stress transport (SST) k-ω showed a poor agreement. The obtained computational values of drag and lift coefficients were compared with experimental results. All investigated RANS turbulence models had reported results in excellent agreement with experimental drag coefficient values. The SST k-ω model has underestimated lift coefficient value with an error of about −45% with experimental value. Only realizable k-ε and RNG k-ε presented an error &amp;lt;10% for predicting drag and lift coefficients.</div>","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135109139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soft Computing-Based Driver Modeling for Automatic Parking of Articulated Heavy Vehicles","authors":"Hamidreza Rezaei Nedamani, Mostafa Soleymanifard, Ali Safaeifar, Parisa Masnadi Khiabani","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Parking an articulated vehicle is a challenging task that requires skill, experience, and visibility from the driver. An automatic parking system for articulated vehicles can make this task easier and more efficient. This article proposes a novel method that finds an optimal path and controls the vehicle with an innovative method while considering its kinematics and environmental constraints and attempts to mathematically explain the behavior of a driver who can perform a complex scenario, called the articulated vehicle park maneuver, without falling into the jackknifing phenomena. In other words, the proposed method models how drivers park articulated vehicles in difficult situations, using different sub-scenarios and mathematical models. It also uses soft computing methods: the ANFIS-FCM, because this method has proven to be a powerful tool for managing uncertain and incomplete data in learning and inference tasks, such as learning from simulations, handling uncertainty, and capturing expert parking expertise. The results obtained from the proposed method show that the use of a soft computation method significantly reduces the cumulative errors: errors resulting from summing up each sub-maneuver. Of course, the main source of these errors is related to starting from the random point that exists at the beginning of the predefined complex scenario. This implies that our method can effectively handle the uncertainty and variability of parking scenarios.</div>","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135982166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driveline System Effects on Powertrain Mounting Optimization for\u0000 Vibration Isolation under Actual Vehicle Conditions","authors":"Jitender Singh, Amitabh Sarna, Navin Kumar, Vikas Sharma","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle vibration is the key consideration in the early stage of vehicle\u0000 development. The most dynamic system in a vehicle is the powertrain system,\u0000 which is a source of various frequency vibration inputs to the vehicle. Mostly\u0000 for powertrain mounting system design, only the uncoupled powertrain system is\u0000 considered. However, in real situations, other subsystems are also attached to\u0000 the powertrain unit. Thereby, assuming only the powertrain unit ignores the\u0000 dynamic interactions among the powertrain and other systems. To address this\u0000 shortcoming, a coupled powertrain and driveline mounting system problem is\u0000 formulated and examined. This 16 DOF problem is constructed around a case of a\u0000 front engine-based powertrain unit attached to the driveline system, which as an\u0000 assembly resting on other systems such as chassis, suspensions, axles, and\u0000 tires. First, the effect of a driveline on torque roll axis and other rigid body\u0000 modes decoupling is examined analytically in terms of eigensolutions and\u0000 frequency responses. It is observed from the analysis that when the optimized\u0000 uncoupled powertrain system is introduced in real vehicle conditions, the\u0000 vibration isolation level of the powertrain mountings gets degraded. Then, a new\u0000 improved approach of considering coupled powertrain and driveline systems in the\u0000 initial design phase itself is proposed. The mounting system parameters such as\u0000 mount location, mount orientation angle, and stiffness rate are optimized and\u0000 redesigned for the proposed system. The results of the redesigned system show\u0000 that the decoupling of the rigid body mode parameters is improved and\u0000 consequently powertrain vibration performance is also improved in static and\u0000 dynamic conditions of the vehicle. Overall, the findings of this study suggest\u0000 that considering the driveline along with the powertrain as a coupled system at\u0000 the early phase of the mounting system design itself improves the vibration\u0000 performance of the vehicle during real-life situations.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46656482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Intelligence-Based Vehicles Path Planning","authors":"B. Hao, Jianshuo Zhao, Qi Wang","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous researchers are committed to finding solutions to the path planning\u0000 problem of intelligence-based vehicles. How to select the appropriate algorithm\u0000 for path planning has always been the topic of scholars. To analyze the\u0000 advantages of existing path planning algorithms, the intelligence-based vehicle\u0000 path planning algorithms are classified into conventional path planning methods,\u0000 intelligent path planning methods, and reinforcement learning (RL) path planning\u0000 methods. The currently popular RL path planning techniques are classified into\u0000 two categories: model based and model free, which are more suitable for complex\u0000 unknown environments. Model-based learning contains a policy iterative method\u0000 and value iterative method. Model-free learning contains a time-difference\u0000 algorithm, Q-learning algorithm, state-action-reward-state-action (SARSA)\u0000 algorithm, and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm. Then, the path planning method based\u0000 on deep RL is introduced based on the shortcomings of RL in intelligence-based\u0000 vehicle path planning. Finally, we discuss the trend of path planning for\u0000 vehicles.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48163620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}