SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles最新文献

{"title":"Design Optimization Methods for Forced Lubrication System Used in\u0000 Automotive Transmissions","authors":"R. Shamini, P. Jadhav, S. Deshpande, S. Chavan","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Lubrication has been a major area of interest in engineering. Especially in\u0000 vehicle transmissions, lubrication plays a very crucial role because gears and\u0000 bearings are constantly subjected to heavy loads. Proper lubrication is\u0000 essential for maintaining system performance and ensuring endurance life.\u0000 Insufficient lubrication can lead to excessive wear, increased friction, and\u0000 eventually, failures in the transmission components. However, excess lubrication\u0000 can result in power losses due to the resistance offered by the excessive\u0000 lubricant. Therefore, achieving effective lubrication using optimized\u0000 lubrication system design is vital for ensuring the longevity and efficiency of\u0000 the transmission system.\u0000\u0000 \u0000Majorly, two types of lubrication methods are used in transmissions: splash\u0000 lubrication and forced lubrication. This article focuses on forced lubrication,\u0000 where the lubrication system actively delivers the required flow of lubricant to\u0000 specific locations within the transmission. Pump outflow, orifice diameters, and\u0000 channel dimensions are a few of the critical design parameters of the forced\u0000 lubrication system. This article presents two design optimization methods: one\u0000 using ANSYS DX (3D) and the other using GT-Suite (1D) tool. In the 3D method,\u0000 ANSYS Fluent is used for CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations and\u0000 subsequently ANSYS DesignXplorer (DX) is leveraged for design optimization.\u0000 Predictions from CFD simulations are validated against physical test data and\u0000 show good agreement (>90% match for flow rate). GT-SUITE is used in the 1D\u0000 method, which is validated with predictions from 3D CFD method. The optimized\u0000 designs obtained from both methods are effective in achieving the desired flow\u0000 rate distribution, demonstrating their reliability. The ANSYS DX method provides\u0000 an advantage in terms of reduced overall turnaround time (50% less) for the\u0000 optimization. On the other hand, co-simulation (CFD+1D) approach can prove\u0000 beneficial if it is required to perform minor routing changes on the lube system\u0000 layout.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45864276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Load Reconstruction Technique and Application on\u0000 Commercial Vehicle Suspension","authors":"Subhash Hanmant Bhosale, Rajat Pratap, Amol A. Apte","doi":"10.4271/02-16-03-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-03-0019","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to predict the durability of a structure depends on the knowledge of\u0000 operating loads experienced by the structure. Typically, multi-body dynamics\u0000 (MBD) models are used to cascade measured wheel loads to hard points. However,\u0000 in this approach, there are many sources by which errors creep into cascaded\u0000 forces. Any attempt to reduce sources of such errors is time consuming and\u0000 costly. In typical program development timelines, it is very difficult to\u0000 accommodate such model calibration efforts. Commercial load cells exist in the\u0000 industry to give engineers insight into understanding the complex real-world\u0000 loading of their structures. A significant limitation to the use of load cells\u0000 is that the structure needs to be modified to accept the load cell, and not all\u0000 desired loading degrees of freedom (DOFs) can be measured. One of the innovative\u0000 solutions to calculate operating loads is to convert the structure itself into\u0000 its own load transducer. The D-optimal algorithm along with the pseudo-inverse\u0000 technique provides a theoretically sound and versatile method to identify\u0000 optimum positions and locations to place the sensors (i.e., strain gauges) on\u0000 the structure where its response is to be measured. A pre-calculated calibration\u0000 matrix through pseudo-inverse is then used along with measured responses to\u0000 reverse calculate loads acting on the structure. The accuracy of calculated\u0000 loads with this approach is typically high compared with conventional load\u0000 cascading methods as sources of errors are less in this method.\u0000\u0000 \u0000This work is focused on load reconstruction, FE analysis, and lightweighting of\u0000 the bell crank lever of a commercial vehicle. Practical difficulties associated\u0000 with the load reconstruction method and solutions are also discussed in this\u0000 research paper.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46123426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Design and Analysis of Sliding Composite Mono Leaf\u0000 Spring","authors":"Lubin Wang, Chendi Zhu, Xiaoqin Lu, Zhengpeng Zhang, Shiwen Liang","doi":"10.4271/02-16-03-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-03-0020","url":null,"abstract":"The lightweight structure of a semitrailer composite leaf spring is designed and\u0000 manufactured using glass fiber composite to replace the conventional steel leaf\u0000 spring. The sliding composite mono leaf spring was designed based on the\u0000 conventional parabolic spring design theory. The composites product design (CPD)\u0000 module of CATIA software is used to create the lamination of the composite leaf\u0000 spring. Using finite element analysis of the position and proportion of ±45°\u0000 biaxial layer by OptiStruct software, it is found that a certain proportion\u0000 (nearly 5%) of a ±45° biaxial layer can effectively reduce the shear stress\u0000 under the condition of keeping the total number of layers fixed. Then, the\u0000 natural frequency, stiffness, and strength of the composite leaf spring are\u0000 simulated by the finite element method. Finally, the stiffness, fatigue, and\u0000 matching of the designed spring are tested by experiments. The design weight of\u0000 the composite leaf spring is 18.5 kg, which is 55.4% lighter than the\u0000 conventional steel leaf spring. The composite mono leaf spring has good fatigue\u0000 performance; the vertical fatigue cycles are more than 300,000 times, 1.6 times\u0000 of the traditional steel leaf spring. The results of the system bench test show\u0000 that the movement state of the composite mono leaf spring is consistent with the\u0000 steel leaf spring. It can be preliminarily speculated that the composite leaf\u0000 spring structure can meet the requirement of vehicles. A proposed method\u0000 combining theoretical analysis, calculation, and finite element simulation can\u0000 be used to design and test composite products quickly. This method has a high\u0000 significance for the structural optimization of other laminated composite\u0000 products.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49015865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaction Rod Link in Rear Cab Suspension to Control Cab Dynamics in\u0000 Tractor-Semitrailer Vehicles","authors":"Sindhoor Bhat","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Articulated vehicles form an important part of our society for the transport of\u0000 goods. Compared to rigid trucks, tractor-trailer combinations can transport huge\u0000 quantities of load without increasing the axle load. The fifth wheel (FW) acts\u0000 as a bridge between the tractor and trailer, which can be moved within the range\u0000 to achieve rated front and rear axle loads. When the FW is moved front, it\u0000 adversely affects the cab dynamics and cab suspension forces. Compared to the\u0000 cab pitch and roll, yaw motion increases drastically. The current study tries to\u0000 address this issue by providing reaction rod links in the rear cab\u0000 suspension.\u0000\u0000 \u0000In this study, a 4×2 tractor with a three-axle semitrailer is considered by\u0000 keeping the FW at its frontmost position, which is the worst-case scenario for a\u0000 cab. Three different cases of reaction rod arrangement and its influence on cab\u0000 dynamics are studied in comparison with a model without reaction rods. To assess\u0000 this, time signal–based relative pseudo-fatigue damage, power spectral density\u0000 (PSD), and level crossing plots are analyzed.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The outcome shows that cab pitch, roll, and yaw motion reduce by a considerable\u0000 amount with the presence of a reaction rod. Cab suspension forces will also\u0000 reduce. The horizontal V-inclination of the reaction rod plays a major role in\u0000 improving cab yaw motion and reducing the lateral forces. A straight link\u0000 without any inclination helps in reducing the pitch and roll motion of the\u0000 cab.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43191976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Fuel Economy Benefits of Radar-Based Driver Assistance\u0000 in Randomized Traffic","authors":"Lindsey Kerbel, Daniel Yoon, K. Loiselle, B. Ayalew, A. Ivanco","doi":"10.4271/02-16-03-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-03-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Certain advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to boost\u0000 energy efficiency in real-world scenarios. This article details a radar-based\u0000 driver assistance scheme designed to minimize fuel consumption for a commercial\u0000 vehicle by predictively optimizing braking and driving torque inputs while\u0000 accommodating the driver’s demand. The workings of the proposed scheme are then\u0000 assessed with a novel integration of the driver assistance functionality in\u0000 randomized traffic microsimulation. Although standardized test procedures are\u0000 intended to mimic urban and highway speed profiles for the purposes of\u0000 evaluating fuel economy and emissions, they do not explicitly consider the\u0000 interactions present in real-world driving between the ego vehicle equipped with\u0000 ADAS and other vehicles in traffic. This article presents one approach to\u0000 address the drawback of standardized test procedures for evaluating the fuel\u0000 economy benefits of ADAS technologies. This approach is demonstrated by using a\u0000 microsimulation of a traffic network into which the ego vehicle with the\u0000 proposed driver assistance scheme is embedded for continuous interaction with\u0000 the traffic. The analysis and results from stochastic simulations consider\u0000 variations in the behavioral style of the driver of the ego vehicle and the\u0000 traffic density. Strong variations, up to 10% in the fuel economy benefits, are\u0000 observed between both variations presented in this study and what is obtained in\u0000 typical deterministic evaluations mirroring standard test procedures.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41432243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Seat Static Comfort Evaluation Based on Objective\u0000 Interface Pressure","authors":"T. Zhang, Jindong Ren","doi":"10.4271/02-16-04-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-04-0023","url":null,"abstract":"The interface pressure distribution is an important indicator for evaluating the\u0000 static comfort of the seat. At present, the interface pressure of a real person\u0000 is acquired through testing and used in assessing the seat comfort, which has\u0000 poor consistency and accuracy, and it is difficult to combine the test results\u0000 of different persons to make an objective evaluation. The idea is presented to\u0000 evaluate the seat static comfort by the objective interface pressure. The\u0000 H-point machine (HPM) is the standard loading device which can be used to\u0000 acquire the objective interface pressure. The test criterion was made, and the\u0000 measurement consistency of the standard loading device passed the experimental\u0000 verification. As a case study, five seats were selected to obtain the subjective\u0000 rating of static comfort and the objective interface pressure data. Based on\u0000 these data, the evaluation model of seat static comfort was established. The\u0000 above standard loading device, the objective interface pressure test criteria,\u0000 and the seat static comfort evaluation model form a comprehensive system for\u0000 assessing seat static comfort. By using the system in evaluating and optimizing\u0000 the studied seat and by the afterward validation, the method of evaluating the\u0000 seat static comfort by the objective interface pressure illustrated reliable and\u0000 accurate performance, which is easy to use and showed the good value of\u0000 engineering application.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46578797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Torque Distribution Control Strategy of Electric Wheel Loader with\u0000 Multiple Drive Motors Based on Optimal Motor Efficiency","authors":"Yangjun Wang, Yulun Hu, Qiaohong Ming","doi":"10.4271/02-16-03-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-03-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Wheel loaders are widely used in construction projects. In order to reduce\u0000 pollution and energy consumption, major wheel loader manufacturers are\u0000 developing electric powertrain technology. Our main research goal is to reduce\u0000 the energy consumption of a pure electric loader. This study is intended to\u0000 build a vehicle simulation model of a multiple drive motor electric loader.\u0000 According to the common working conditions and empirical formulas of the loader,\u0000 the simulation data of the electric loader are calculated. The torque\u0000 distribution control strategy based on the optimal efficiency of the motor is\u0000 designed for the multiple drive motor electric loader and is compared with the\u0000 equal proportion distribution control and the axle load ratio distribution\u0000 control through simulation analysis. The simulation results show that the\u0000 proposed torque distribution control strategy based on motor optimal efficiency\u0000 can reduce energy consumption by 7–12%.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45455000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-emptive Braking Control for Stability Improvement of Autonomous\u0000 Vehicles on a Curved Road Based on Vehicle-to-Everything\u0000 Technology","authors":"C. Huang, Fei Lai","doi":"10.4271/02-16-03-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-03-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology has played an important role in improving\u0000 the active safety of autonomous vehicles. In order to improve the stability of\u0000 the autonomous vehicle on the curved road, this article presents a pre-emptive\u0000 braking control method based on V2X technology. Instead of using the active\u0000 safety system to try to stabilize the vehicle in case of danger, the pre-emptive\u0000 braking action is proposed to reduce the vehicle speed in advance to a level\u0000 that allows safe navigation of the turn to avoid danger. It is assumed that the\u0000 friction and curvature of the curved road ahead can be obtained through V2X\u0000 technology. Combined with a linear two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) bicycle model,\u0000 an optimal control method is adopted to calculate the front and rear wheel\u0000 steering angles to track the centerline of the curve lane. A more complex\u0000 vehicle dynamics model established earlier is selected for simulation analysis\u0000 to verify the proposed control method. The results show that the proposed\u0000 control method can improve greatly the stability of the autonomous vehicle on\u0000 the curved road.","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42199103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Simulation of Human-Seat Interface Pressure with\u0000 Consideration of the Effect of Seat Cover","authors":"Tianming Zhang, Jindong Ren, Shimin Qi, Baoguo Yuan, Hao-Tse Huang","doi":"10.4271/02-16-03-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-03-0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47569020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensionless Analysis of Rearward Amplification of Trucks with\u0000 Single and Double Trailers: A Frequency Analysis","authors":"Zichen Zhang, Yang Chen, M. Ahmadian","doi":"10.4271/02-16-03-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/02-16-03-0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45281,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46415845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}