Francisco Gomez-Delgado , Manuel Raya-Cruz , Juan L. Romero-Cabrera , Pablo Perez-Martinez
{"title":"Contaminación medioambiental y salud cardiovascular. Retos y nuevas perspectivas","authors":"Francisco Gomez-Delgado , Manuel Raya-Cruz , Juan L. Romero-Cabrera , Pablo Perez-Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental pollution is a key factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Several evidences support its impact at the pathophysiology of arteriosclerosis, highlighting the role of the “exposome”, a concept that encompasses all environmental factors such as air pollution, water pollution, climate change and noise and light pollution. These factors are associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, high blood pressure (HBP), heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Currently, air pollution is the main environmental factor related to CVD. Components such as particulates matter (PM<sub>0.1</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (NO<sub>x</sub>), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) have a high capacity to penetrate the body and trigger both local and systemic inflammatory processes. These effects promote a proinflammatory, procoagulant state and an increase in oxidative stress. Similarly, aquatic pollution exposes the body to pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides and microplastics, both through direct contact and via the food chain, thus contributing to the phenomena mentioned above. On the other hand, factors such as noise and light pollution, together with effects caused from climate change (extreme temperatures, wildfires, desertification, among others), have been closely linked to pathophysiological processes that favour the development and progression of atherosclerosis. These mechanisms include sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation, stress hormones release such as cortisol and catecholamines, as well as chronodisruption. This review analyses the role of factors related to the exposome (air pollution, water pollution, noise and light pollution and phenomena associated with climate change) in atherosclerosis progression, as well as their involvement in the incidence, prevalence and prognosis of CVD. Physicians should promote awareness of environmental pollution impact on cardiovascular health, integrating the assessment of environmental factors into their clinical practice, advocating for sustainable policies to prevent diseases and protect present and future health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 3","pages":"Article 500802"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lina Badimon , Juan J. Badimon , Ginés Escolar , Lluís Masana , José López-Miranda
{"title":"Don Carlos A. Villaverde Grote y su legado científico","authors":"Lina Badimon , Juan J. Badimon , Ginés Escolar , Lluís Masana , José López-Miranda","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2026.500909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2026.500909","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 3","pages":"Article 500909"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiyun Long , Zejiang Liu , Qin Guo , Xuhui Song , Yongcan Guo
{"title":"Association between neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) and long-term mortality in community-dwelling adults with chest pain: Evidence from US NHANES 2001–2018","authors":"Qiyun Long , Zejiang Liu , Qin Guo , Xuhui Song , Yongcan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) is a readily available biomarker with prognostic significance across various disease conditions. However, its role in predicting mortality among community patients with chest pain remains underexplored. This study examined NPAR's association with long-term mortality in adults with chest pain using NHANES 2001–2018 data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed data from 6846 community-dwelling adults reporting chest pain. Cox proportional hazards regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were employed to evaluate the relationship between NPAR and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Models were adjusted for demographic, clinical, and laboratory covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Participants were categorized into tertiles based on NPAR values: T1 (<13.0), T2 (13.0–15.0), and T3 (>15.0). Multivariable analysis revealed that the T3 cohort demonstrated significantly increased risks of all-cause mortality (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.32–1.84, <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.37–2.51, <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001) relative to T1. RCS analysis identified a J-shaped relationship between NPAR and mortality risk, with a significant inflection point at NPAR >13.5 (<em>P</em> for non-linearity <0.001). Incremental analysis showed that each unit increase in NPAR was associated with an 11% higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.07–1.14, <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001) and a 14% increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08–1.20, <em>P</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Elevated NPAR levels are independently associated with increased long-term mortality in adults with chest pain. These findings position NPAR as a promising prognostic biomarker in this patient population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 3","pages":"Article 500843"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevención lipídica en la diabetes tipo 1: del riesgo estimado al riesgo acumulado","authors":"Inka Miñambres, Antonio Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2026.500894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2026.500894","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 3","pages":"Article 500894"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146197955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ángel Arturo López-González , José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent , Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá , Hernán Paublini Oliveira , Cristina Martorell Sánchez , Pedro Juan Tárraga López
{"title":"Asociación entre variables sociodemográficas, estilos de vida y estrés con los valores de los cocientes lipoproteicos","authors":"Ángel Arturo López-González , José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent , Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá , Hernán Paublini Oliveira , Cristina Martorell Sánchez , Pedro Juan Tárraga López","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial process underlying major cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Among the associated risk factors, lipoprotein ratios have been identified as key indicators of atherogenic risk. However, the influence of sociodemographic variables, lifestyle factors, and stress levels on lipoprotein ratios remains underexplored.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To analyze the relationship between sociodemographic variables, healthy lifestyle habits, and stress levels with lipoprotein ratios and atherogenic risk in a large cohort of Spanish workers.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24,244 Spanish workers. The association between age, gender, socioeconomic status, tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and stress levels with atherogenic risk scales, including atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) and atherogenic índices, was evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A significant association was found between all analyzed variables and lipoprotein ratios. The strongest associations were observed with age and gender, followed by occupational status, tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, and stress levels. Men exhibited a higher atherogenic risk compared to women (OR 2.36; 95% CI 2.18-2.55). The risk increased significantly with age, peaking in the 50-69 age group (OR 5.00; 95% CI 3.70-6.31). Manual workers had a higher prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia compared to non-manual workers (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.27-1.41). Furthermore, smoking (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.71-1.97) and alcohol consumption (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.36-1.55), physical inactivity (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.76-2.05), and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.60-1.84) were associated with higher atherogenic index values.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The presence of an adverse lipoprotein profile is strongly influenced by sociodemographic factors, lifestyle habits, and stress. Identifying these determinants may enable the implementation of preventive strategies aimed at reducing atherogenic risk and improving cardiovascular health in working populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 2","pages":"Article 500803"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Gabriel David-Pardo , Julián E. Barahona-Correa , Nancy M. Herrera-Leaño , Lauren S. Calvo Betancourt , Óscar Mauricio Muñoz Velandia , Daniel G. Fernández-Ávila , Ángel Alberto García Peña
{"title":"Evaluation of video content quality on PCSK9 inhibitors in social media","authors":"David Gabriel David-Pardo , Julián E. Barahona-Correa , Nancy M. Herrera-Leaño , Lauren S. Calvo Betancourt , Óscar Mauricio Muñoz Velandia , Daniel G. Fernández-Ávila , Ángel Alberto García Peña","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>The internet is a major source of health information, with platforms like YouTube® and Facebook® widely used by patients to learn about diseases and treatments. However, the reliability of content on PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), a therapy for dyslipidemia, remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the general characteristics, user engagement metrics, reliability, comprehensiveness, and quality of English- and Spanish-language PCSK9i videos on YouTube® and Facebook®.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Analytical observational study. Paired evaluations were conducted using validated tools: the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) for reliability, a modified content score for comprehensiveness, and the Global Quality Score (GQS) for quality. Comparisons were made based on platform, source, and language.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 203 videos were analyzed. YouTube® videos had significantly higher median views, longer duration, and greater engagement than Facebook® videos, while Facebook® contained a higher proportion of non-valuable content (19.6% vs. 3.2%, <em>p</em> <!--><<!--> <!-->0.001). Most videos targeted patients and healthcare professionals, with professional organizations and independent users as the primary contributors. YouTube® videos were more frequently rated as “good or better” based on mDISCERN, content score, and GQS. Notably, for-profit organizations achieved the highest content scores and GQS values. Inter-rater reliability was excellent across all scoring tools, with kappa coefficients exceeding 0.89.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>YouTube® videos on PCSK9i had higher engagement and reliability than those on Facebook®. For-profit organizations produced the most reliable and exhaustive videos. However, overall quality remains suboptimal, underscoring the need for greater oversight and effective strategies to ensure the dissemination of accurate, high-quality information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 2","pages":"Article 500829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estándares de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis 2026: una brújula para el manejo del riesgo vascular","authors":"Jose María Mostaza","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2026.500897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2026.500897","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 2","pages":"Article 500897"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rosa Fernández-Olmo , Jesús Lara Mariscal , Ana García Ruano , Alberto Cordero , Juan Manuel Castillo Casas , Diego Franco
{"title":"Relación entre isoformas de apolipoproteína(a) y niveles de lipoproteína(a) en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo","authors":"Rosa Fernández-Olmo , Jesús Lara Mariscal , Ana García Ruano , Alberto Cordero , Juan Manuel Castillo Casas , Diego Franco","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lp(a) is a cardiovascular risk factor influenced by the LPA gene and apo(a) isoforms. Their relationship is not always linear and there are discordant phenotypes, for this reason in our work we evaluated the association between apo(a) isoforms and Lp(a) levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). To this end, 43 patients with ACS and Lp(a) ><!--> <!-->50<!--> <!-->mg/dL were studied. The isoforms were characterized in 12<!--> <!-->bands by Western blotting. The association between bands and Lp(a) concentrations was evaluated by statistical analysis. It was observed that the intermediate molecular weight bands (b5-b8) were the most frequent, with band 8 predominating. No significant association was found between isoform size and Lp(a) levels (<em>P</em> <!-->><!--> <!-->.05). We conclude that in this cohort no correlation was observed between apo(a) and Lp(a) isoforms. Other genetic or regulatory mechanisms could explain the observed variability, supporting the need for larger studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 2","pages":"Article 500870"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145330337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José María Mostaza , Xavier Pintó , Pedro Armario , Carlos Guijarro , Luis Masana , José T. Real , Teresa Arrobas-Velilla , Ramón Baeza-Trinidad , Pilar Calmarza , Jesús Cebollada , Miguel Civera-Andrés , José I. Cuende Melero , José L. Díaz-Díaz , Jacinto Fernández Pardo , Carlos Jericó , Carlos Lahoz , Beatriz López-Melgar , José López-Miranda , Sergio Martínez-Hervás , Ovidio Muñiz-Grijalvo , Juan José Tamarit
{"title":"Estándares SEA 2026 para el control global del riesgo vascular","authors":"José María Mostaza , Xavier Pintó , Pedro Armario , Carlos Guijarro , Luis Masana , José T. Real , Teresa Arrobas-Velilla , Ramón Baeza-Trinidad , Pilar Calmarza , Jesús Cebollada , Miguel Civera-Andrés , José I. Cuende Melero , José L. Díaz-Díaz , Jacinto Fernández Pardo , Carlos Jericó , Carlos Lahoz , Beatriz López-Melgar , José López-Miranda , Sergio Martínez-Hervás , Ovidio Muñiz-Grijalvo , Juan José Tamarit","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vascular diseases are the main cause of mortality in Spain, are associated with a high degree of disability and involve high healthcare costs. The Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis meets this challenge by trying to improve the knowledge, prevention and management of these disorders. For prevention to be effective, the multifactorial nature of atherosclerosis encourages a global approach that addresses all risk factors. This document updates the clinical evidence, summarizes recent progress in research and covers all phases of the vascular patient's journey: initial examination and tests, diagnostic criteria, vascular risk assessment, general and pharmacological recommendations and criteria for referral and discharge. Furthermore, guidelines to set up a vascular risk consultation are issued. The aim is to provide healthcare professionals with a reference handbook for the daily practice in the vascular field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 2","pages":"Article 500889"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jose María Mostaza , Miquel Camafort Babkowksi , Soraya Sotto Rodriguez , Cristina Vehi Gasol , Juan Carlos Yáñez Wonenburguer , Miguel Chopo Alcubilla , Carlos Escobar , Maria Luisa Fernández Bujia , Fernando Gallo Trébol , Mar Gracia , Marta Martín Millán , Guillermo Pinillos , Juan Pedro Justel Pérez
{"title":"Real-world characterization of clinical management and achievement of the recommended risk-based low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure goals in patients with arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. The SNAPSHOT study","authors":"Jose María Mostaza , Miquel Camafort Babkowksi , Soraya Sotto Rodriguez , Cristina Vehi Gasol , Juan Carlos Yáñez Wonenburguer , Miguel Chopo Alcubilla , Carlos Escobar , Maria Luisa Fernández Bujia , Fernando Gallo Trébol , Mar Gracia , Marta Martín Millán , Guillermo Pinillos , Juan Pedro Justel Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arteri.2025.500830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia are two of the most relevant modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), and they often coexist. No recent studies specifically evaluating the achievement of LDL-C and blood pressure (BP) targets in hypertensive patients with dyslipidemia are available in Spain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The SNAPSHOT study was a multicenter, cross-sectional observational study conducted in cardiology and internal medicine (IM) departments/clinics and primary care (PC) centers in Spain. The study enrolled consecutive adult patients (≥18 years of age) diagnosed with both hypertension and dyslipidemia. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving both the LDL-C goals recommended by the 2021 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines and the BP targets established in the 2018 ESC/European Society of Hypertension (ESH) guidelines. Cardiovascular (CV) risk (very high, high, low-to-moderate) was centrally assessed according to the updated Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE2) and SCORE2-Older Person (OP) algorithms recommended in the 2021 ESC guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between December 2021 and April 2022, a total of 443 evaluable patients were enrolled (males: 54%; ≥65 years of age: 66.1%; obesity: 37.4%; diabetes mellitus: 37.3%; coronary artery disease [CAD]: 25.7%). Out of the 388 patients in whom CV risk could be assessed, 34.3% and 56.4% were considered as having high and very high risk, respectively. Overall, 24% of the patients had achieved their risk-based LDL-C goals (21.8% of the patients at high-CV risk and 25.1% of those at very high risk), and 30.3% of the patients had reached the recommended BP targets (27.1% of the patients at high risk and 36.1% of those at very high risk). A total of 8.8% of the patients had achieved both the LDL-C and BP targets. Overall, 51.4% of the patients with concurrent diabetes had achieved glycemic control (HbA1c <7%), while only 9.4% of the diabetic patients had reached simultaneous control of LDL-C, BP and HbA1C targets (7.8% of the patients at high risk and 10.4% of those at very high risk).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The attainment of LDL-C and BP goals is still suboptimal in patients with dyslipidemia and hypertension in the real-world setting in Spain, with approximately 75% of the patients at very high risk of cardiovascular disease failing to reach their risk-based LDL-C and BP targets. Additionally, the rate corresponding to simultaneous control of LDL-C, BP and HbA1c is likewise very low. The present study thus highlights the current challenge of controlling multiple CVRFs that significantly contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events and mortality and emphasizes the need for more effective management of CVRFs in the real-world setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45230,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis","volume":"38 2","pages":"Article 500830"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145276227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}