Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Therapeutic targets for fibro-inflammation in Graves' orbitopathy.","authors":"Young Jae Kang, Jin Sook Yoon","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00057","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Graves' orbitopathy (GO), a complex autoimmune disorder, remains the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. Its pathogenesis is characterized by a progressive transition from inflammation to fibrosis, leading to debilitating ocular complications. While high-dose intravenous glucocorticoids have been the standard treatment for active moderate-to-severe GO, their lack of specificity to GO pathogenesis and limited efficacy in the fibrotic phase underscore the need for targeted therapies. This review explores emerging therapeutic targets in GO, focusing on pathways implicated in both inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms. Teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor, has revolutionized GO treatment, demonstrating clinical efficacy in reducing proptosis and inflammation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitors including satralizumab are undergoing clinical trials. New studies on molecular pathways have been conducted regarding inflammation and fibrosis of GO, including platelet-derived growth factor/fibroblast growth factor signaling, yes-associated protein 1/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif mechanotransduction, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor axis, bone morphogenic protein 7, IL-11, IL-17 and microRNAs as well as, IGF-1R/thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor crosstalk, and IL-6 trans-signaling. Most studies focus on exploring the potential of therapeutic agents through preclinical investigations but represent promising therapeutic avenues. Therapies targeting these pathways may offer a promising potential efficacy across the entire disease spectrum, from inflammation to fibrosis, thus overcome the limitations of conventional glucocorticoid therapy and expand therapeutic options in GO. Advances in <i>in vivo</i> GO models may bring forward a new era of GO treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 1","pages":"58-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13082808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147700093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How optical coherence tomography has changed the management of macular holes: A narrative review.","authors":"Kotaro Tsuboi, Masaki Fukushima, Ryota Akai","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00056","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of macular holes (MHs). Before OCT, physicians relied on slit-lamp biomicroscopy and angiographic findings, which were often insufficient for differentiating subtle pathologies. By enabling cross-sectional visualization of the retina, OCT has confirmed vitreomacular traction as a key factor in MH formation and supports the safety of surgical intervention. Quantitative OCT parameters have allowed the development of prognostic biomarkers, while spectral-domain OCT has further improved assessment by revealing postoperative photoreceptor integrity, with restoration of the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane correlating with visual recovery. OCT imaging under intraocular gas has enabled early confirmation of MH closure, allowing OCT-guided face-down positioning protocols that reduce postoperative burden without compromising outcomes. En face OCT and three-dimensional volumetric analysis have uncovered new biomarkers, such as preretinal abnormal tissue and inner retinal fluid volume, which aid in surgical planning and visual prognosis. Structural changes, such as dissociation of the optic nerve fiber layer and epiretinal proliferation (EP), are also better understood through OCT, thereby influencing decisions on internal limiting membrane peeling and EP preservation. OCT has not only revolutionized the diagnosis and classification of MHs but also continues to shape their surgical management, bringing us closer to optimizing visual recovery through personalized and data-driven approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 3","pages":"344-353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiation of choroidal metastases based on primary cancer site: An imaging study.","authors":"Anjali Maheshwari, Vishal Raval, Priyanka Walvekar, Purva Agarwal, Swathi Kaliki","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00040","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective is to differentiate choroidal metastases (CM) arising from various primary cancer sites based on clinical presentation and imaging.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective, observational study of 67 eyes (58 patients).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age at presentation was 60 years (range, 29-83 years). At presentation, 37 patients (64%) with CM had a known primary systemic cancer, whereas in 21 patients (36%) CM was the first manifestation of systemic cancer. Overall, the primary cancer sites were lung (<i>n</i> = 32, 55%), breast (<i>n</i> = 12, 21%), gastrointestinal tract (<i>n</i> = 6, 10%), genitourinary tract (<i>n</i> = 3, 5%), and others (<i>n</i> = 5, 9%). Most choroidal lesions were creamy yellow in color (84%), while 5 eyes (7%) displayed orange-colored lesions secondary to lung neuroendocrine tumors. On multimodal imaging, A-scan showed medium-high internal reflectivity in 35 eyes (69%), and medium-low reflectivity in 16 eyes (31%). Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) demonstrated late hypofluorescence in 17 eyes (94%), whereas indocyanine green angiography (ICG) demonstrated hypofluorescence throughout all phases in 11 eyes (69%). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed the presence of a lumpy-bumpy choroid with compression of the overlying choriocapillaries (<i>n</i> = 52, 91%), subretinal fluid (<i>n</i> = 40, 75%), and hyperreflective foci (HRF) (<i>n</i> = 25, 47%). Factors such as right eye involvement, orange tumor, the presence of HRF, increased tumor thickness, CM as the first presentation, and a shorter interval between diagnosis of primary cancer and CM were found to be strongly correlated with the origin of primary cancer from the lung compared with breast (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ancillary imaging along with clinical presentation can provide clues to the origin of CM from various cancer sites, thereby aiding in the early diagnosis, staging, and treatment of primary cancer. CM from lung cancer is more likely to precede the diagnosis of a primary tumor than breast metastases.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 1","pages":"132-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13082809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of deep learning in the analysis of optical coherence tomography images for glaucoma-related diagnostics.","authors":"Kyle Bolo, Benjamin Y Xu","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00162","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Imaging of the ganglion cell complex and retinal nerve fiber layer with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution means of diagnosing and quantitatively monitoring glaucoma. In the anterior segment, OCT can also be used to assess the anterior chamber angle and identify angle closure, a risk factor for glaucoma. The interpretation of OCT images for accurate diagnosis requires expert-level knowledge of both the technology and glaucoma. Deep learning (DL) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), which is gaining prominence in health care for its ability to interpret images and approximate clinician judgment. This review summarizes recent research that demonstrates how DL can contribute to the analysis of OCT images in glaucoma. Deep neural networks can assist clinicians in checking the quality of OCT scans, quantifying the thickness of optic nerve tissues, evaluating the anterior chamber angle, diagnosing glaucoma, and detecting the progression of existing glaucoma. As further work expands on the generalizability, equity, and explainability of these DL techniques, AI-driven clinical support tools may become available for glaucoma diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 3","pages":"354-363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical, functional outcomes, and complications of human amniotic membrane graft for macular hole: A systematic review.","authors":"Ari Andayani, Ari Djatikusumo, Ni Made Ari Suryathi, Anak Agung Mas Putrawati Triningrat, Kevin Anggakusuma Hendrawan, Yudistira Yudistira","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00119","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Standard surgical management of macular hole (MH) has its own limitations due to the broad spectrum and subtypes of the pathology itself. Human amniotic membrane (hAM) grafts have been proposed as one of the promising alternatives to the standard protocol. We conducted a systematic review to assess the anatomical, functional outcomes, and complication of the utilization of hAM grafts in the treatment of variety of MH. We searched for studies published in Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Proquest, and Cochrane databases. We included studies which reporting the use of hAM for the treatment of MH with the outcomes are MH closure, visual acuity improvement, and complications/adverse events. A total of 18 studies on 221 eyes were included in this study. In all studies, the MH closure rate was 100% in primary MH, 91% in persistent/refractory MH, 92% in high myopia (HM), 95% in retinal detachment (RD), and 100% in large MH subgroup. The VA improvement rate was 86% in primary MH subgroup, and 66% in persistent/refractory MH subgroup, 77% in HM-MH subgroup, 93% in MH-RD subgroup, and 64% in large MH subgroup. Only seven cases of complications reported in this systematic review. Transplantation of hAM plug as treatment for various MH cases results in favorable anatomical and functional outcomes. Additionally, using hAM demonstrates a low incidence of postoperative complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 2","pages":"285-293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13431226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148670877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent avascular retina in eyes with retinopathy of prematurity: A comprehensive review.","authors":"Tomoya Murakami, Eric Nudleman","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00157","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persistent avascular retina (PAR) refers to retinal areas where vascular development permanently arrests in premature children. In the last decade, the first-line treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has shifted from laser photocoagulation to antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, leading to the increased observation of PAR in eyes treated for ROP. Emerging evidence suggests that PAR could pose a risk for late reactivation of ROP, retinal breaks, or detachment. Consequently, PAR has emerged as an important finding in eyes of regressed ROP. In this review, we summarize the recent understanding of PAR, including its pathophysiologic mechanism, prevalence, clinical pathological significance, and management. We conclude that PAR can be often observed in eyes treated with anti-VEGF therapy (type 1 ROP) and in those that regress without treatment (type 2 ROP). Current management of PAR lacks consensus; however, since PAR can potentially cause late reactivation or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after achieving regression of ROP, treatment with laser photocoagulation should be considered, and lifelong monitoring is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 2","pages":"267-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13431205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography quantitative analysis and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in the general population.","authors":"Lidia Remolí-Sargues, Clara Monferrer-Adsuara, Belén López-Salvador, Enrique López-Sánchez, Ester Francés-Muñoz, Verónica Castro-Navarro","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00055","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of our study was to analyze the association between different cardiovascular risk scores and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) quantitative parameters in the general population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective study. This study enrolled 111 eyes of 111 healthy patients. OCTA quantitative parameters (vessel density [VD] and foveal avascular zone area of superficial capillary plexus [SCP], deep capillary plexus [DCP], total capillary plexus, and choriocapillaris [CC]) of the OCTA cube of 4.5 mm × 4.5 mm were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A decrease of parafoveal and total VD in TCP was demonstrated in patients with higher cardiovascular risk (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Conversely, no differences were demonstrated in VD at SCP, DCP, and CC (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Correlation analysis showed a significant, although poor, negative correlation between parafoveal and total VD at SCP and TCP and 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (<i>P</i> < 0.05 and <i>r</i> < 0.500).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When normative data are available, OCTA quantitative analysis might be used as a main tool for the primary prevention of CVD. Nevertheless, further prospective studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 3","pages":"435-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13668187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovation in neuro-ophthalmology: The validation of smartphone-based self-screening for early detection of disorders.","authors":"Milzan Murtadha, Doni Widyandana, Hartono, Indra Tri Mahayana","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00105","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This diagnosis study evaluated the diagnostic validity of Neuro-ophthalmology Disorder Early Screening (NODES), a telemedicine-based smartphone application that integrates structured anamnesis and simple neuro-ophthalmology examination for early detection of neuro-ophthalmological disorders.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was conducted at Sardjito Eye Center Neuro-ophthalmology subdivision, assessing the diagnostic validity of the NODES mobile application of 16 neuro-ophthalmology diagnoses compared to confirmative diagnoses of neuro-ophthalmologists. A total of 126 participants meeting inclusion criteria underwent two treatments: simple examination using the NODES application, compared to confirmative examination by neuro-ophthalmologists. Standard protocols were integrated into both treatments to evaluate the diagnosis accuracy of the examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NODES showcase promising results as a new diagnostic tool for these four disorders; myasthenia gravis (MG) with the area under the curve (AUC) =0.951, multicranial nerve palsy orbital apex (MNP OA) with AUC = 0.900, monocranial nerve palsy N.III (MNP N.III) with AUC = 0.824, and monocranial sixth nerve palsy (MNP N.VI) with AUC = 0.764.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The NODES application can be used as a new diagnostic screening tool for several euro-ophthalmology diagnoses including MG, multicranial nerve palsy orbital apex, monocranial nerve palsy N.III, and monocranial sixth nerve palsy. The high specificity of NODES in other neuro-ophthalmology diagnoses can be quite useful to identify individuals without the condition, reducing the occurrence of false positives and crucial in preventing unnecessary stress, further testing, and potential misdiagnoses for those who do not actually have the condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 4","pages":"626-631"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12782521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of dry eye parameters and meibomian gland loss in allergic rhinitis patients using ocular surface analyzer.","authors":"Gim-Seah Chuah, Julieana Muhammed, Norasnieda Md Shukri, Juanarita Jaafar","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00121","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the upper respiratory tract that can significantly diminish quality of life. AR contributes to dry eye disease (DED) and meibomian gland alterations due to ocular surface inflammation triggered by repeated exposure to environmental allergens. This study aims to evaluate DED and meibomian gland loss (MGL) in patients with AR.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 79 patients with AR at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The subjects underwent a detailed evaluation of dry eye parameters using noninvasive ocular surface analyzer including assessment of noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), lipid layer thickness (LLT), and tear meniscus height (TMH). MGL was assessed by meibography. The results were compared with those of a control group of 81 age-matched healthy individuals without AR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with AR showed statistically significantly lower NIBUT, LLT, and TMH values compared to the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Meibomian gland analysis revealed a statistically significant MGL in patients with AR compared to controls. A significant negative correlation was observed between MGL and TMH and NIBUT (<i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with AR are at an increased risk of DED with a notable change in dry eye parameters and MGL. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and management of DED in patients with AR to prevent further ocular surface damage and improve their quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 1","pages":"125-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13082798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147700050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical profile and associated risk factors of diabetic retinopathy at a tertiary eye center in Brunei Darussalam.","authors":"Fitri Othman, Siti Nurliyana Abdullah, Ted Maddess, Mohan Ramalingham, Sharimawati Sharbini, Zhe Woon Lim","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00167","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study was to determine the proportion of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among individuals with type II diabetes mellitus (T2D) and its associated risk factors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a retrospective analysis of 988 DR outpatients attending a tertiary eye center, Brunei Darussalam, between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight hundred and fifty one patients (56.8 ± 10.9 years) with a total of 1702 eyes were included. The relative proportion of nonproliferative DR (NPDR) (<i>n</i> = 985, 59.1%) was higher than proliferative DR (PDR) (<i>n</i> = 681, 40.9%), especially in females (32.8%) and Malays (53.4%). The largest DR age groups were NPDR 60-69 years (22.7%) and 50-59 years, with PDR (13.6%). The mean average risk factors between NPDR and PDR only showed marginal differences. The PDR group received more laser treatment (37.2%) than the NPDR group (15.0%). Using a multivariate logistic regression model, visual acuity (VA), measured by logMAR, was significantly associated with differentiating PDR from NPDR. For each single unit increase in logMAR, the risk of PDR increased by 3.58 times (95% confidence interval: 3.04-4.22).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The relative prevalence of NPDR was higher than PDR; however, variables such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, duration of diabetes, weight, gender, and ethnicity were not strong determinants to differentiate between the two types. VA was associated with progression to PDR. This study highlights the need for early detection, regular screening, and patient education as preventive measures toward the progression of DR.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 4","pages":"639-646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12782513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}