Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Somatrogon versus somatropin in children with growth hormone deficiency: a real-world matched-cohort study.","authors":"Burçe Orman, Gülin Karacan Kücükali, Melikşah Keskin, Şenay Savaş Erdeve","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652382.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652382.191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Somatrogon is a once-weekly growth hormone (GH) analog approved for GH deficiency (GHD), but real-world head-to-head data are limited. Using a matched-cohort design with a protocol-defined IGF-1 sampling time, we compared first-year growth outcomes and safety of somatrogon and daily somatropin in children with GHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective matched-cohort study in 30 children with GHD (15 per group) at a single center. Groups were matched by age (±1 year), sex, and pubertal stage. Annual height velocity (AHV), height standard deviation score (SDS) gain, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) SDS, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), bone age advancement, and metabolic parameters were assessed at 12 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AHV was similar in both groups (8.96±1.67 vs 8.84±1.57 cm/year; p=0.841). Height SDS gain did not differ (0.60±0.36 vs 0.53±0.33; p=0.569). IGF-1 SDS was numerically higher in the somatrogon group (+0.59 vs -0.14; p=0.132) but remained within safe limits in all patients. Bone age advancement, glucose, and insulin levels were similar between groups. No adverse events or injection-site reactions were documented during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this matched cohort, no significant differences in growth or safety outcomes were observed between somatrogon and somatropin at one year. Somatrogon appears to be a reasonable alternative to daily GH therapy in children with GHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes knowledge and its association with glycemic control in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes.","authors":"Hakyung Lee, Hyunjeong Lee, Mi Yang, Jayoung Koo, Sumin Park, Seol Park, Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652160.080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652160.080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires lifelong insulin therapy and structured diabetes education. We examined the association between diabetes knowledge and glycemic control in Korean patients with childhood-onset T1D.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center retrospective study included patients (aged 9-23 years) diagnosed with T1D before the age of 18 and followed at our pediatric endocrinology clinic. Patients and caregivers completed a structured 45-item diabetes knowledge questionnaire covering 10 domains. A weighted mean knowledge score was calculated based on patient and caregiver contribution rates. Participants were categorized by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) into tight, optimal, and suboptimal control groups. Group differences were compared. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between domain-specific knowledge and glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-one patients were included (median age, 15.9 years; median HbA1c, 6.6%). Mean diabetes knowledge score (2.79±0.53) did not differ significantly between groups. Significant differences were limited to the insulin delivery, hypoglycemia management, and stress management domains. Higher knowledge scores for insulin delivery were independently associated with tight glycemic control (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-17.45). Hypoglycemia management knowledge showed a higher association with optimal glycemic control (aOR, 21.98; 95% CI, 1.68-287.72).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In patients with childhood-onset T1D, glycemic control was more closely related to knowledge domains supporting real-life application than to overall knowledge. Higher insulin delivery knowledge was associated with tight glycemic control, whereas higher hypoglycemia management knowledge was associated with optimal as compared with suboptimal control. These associations suggest a potential role for practice-oriented education in diabetes care.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for recurrence in pediatric craniopharyngioma: impact of extensive tumor involvement and growth hormone therapy in a multicenter cohort.","authors":"Yoon Ji Ahn, Junghwan Suh, Moon Bae Ahn, Jin-Ho Choi, Chan Jong Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Jung-Eun Moon, Chong Kun Cheon, Min Jae Kang, Young Ah Lee, Sung Yoon Cho","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652110.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652110.055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Craniopharyngioma is a benign sellar tumor that accounts for 4%-9% of pediatric intracranial tumors and is associated with substantial endocrine morbidity. It has a high recurrence rate, and several predictors have been reported; however, these risk factors have not been fully consistent across studies. This study evaluated clinically relevant risk factors for recurrence in pediatric craniopharyngioma using a multicenter cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with craniopharyngioma before 18 years of age at 10 institutions in Korea. Clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings at diagnosis, postoperative hormonal test results, and growth hormone treatment (GHT) were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 254 patients were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 8.21 years (IQR, 5.20-11.28), and the median follow-up duration was 11.22 years (6.32-16.60). Tumor recurrence occurred in 66 patients (26.0%) after a median of 3.12 years (2.17-5.08). Among these patients, 45 experienced one recurrence, 15 experienced two recurrences, four experienced three recurrences, and two experienced five recurrences. In multivariate analysis, extensive tumor involvement on MRI at diagnosis-defined as involvement of the sphenoid sinus, frontal base, or brainstem-was significantly associated with recurrence (hazard ratio=6.16, p=0.038). Postoperative GHT was not significantly associated with recurrence (p=0.671).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Extensive radiologic tumor involvement at diagnosis may be a predictor of recurrence in pediatric craniopharyngioma, whereas postoperative GHT was not associated with an increased risk of recurrence. These real-world findings highlight the importance of careful surveillance in patients with extensive tumor involvement and may help guide clinical decision-making regarding GHT.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insulin-secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor presenting with hypoglycemia in a patient with a paternally inherited ABCC8 variant: a case report and literature review.","authors":"Byungsun Yoo, Jeong Eun Lee, Hyun-Young Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Young Ah Lee, Yun Jeong Lee","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652114.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652114.057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic utility of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio and the insulin tolerance test in diagnosing growth hormone deficiency.","authors":"Samkhwan Thongsukkaeo, Khomsak Srilanchakon","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652146.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652146.073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diagnosing Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) is challenging due to pulsatile GH secretion and high false-positive rates in traditional stimulation tests. This study evaluates the diagnostic utility of the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio as a complementary tool to the gold-standard Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study analyzed 225 pediatric patients (aged 2-18) evaluated for short stature between 2015 and 2025. Confirmed GHD required a peak GH < 7 ng/mL across two provocation tests and a positive response to rhGH therapy. Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were quantified to calculate the molar ratio standard deviation score (SDS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort included 82 GHD and 143 non-GHD subjects. The mean IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio SDS was significantly lower in the GHD group compared to non-GHD (-1.6 ± 1.1) vs (-1.1 ± 1.1). Integrating the molar ratio SDS with ITT significantly enhanced diagnostic specificity. A threshold of < -1 SDS yielded 79.2% sensitivity and 82.7% specificity. A stricter < -2 SDS threshold elevated specificity to 93% (77% overall accuracy). In standalone ROC analysis, the overall AUC for the molar ratio SDS was 0.627, with the optimal -2 SDS threshold yielding a sensitivity of 45.3% and a specificity of 80.2%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Stratifying the ITT with the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio mitigates GHD over-diagnosis. The < -2 SDS threshold's high specificity ensures hormone replacement therapy is accurately targeted, advancing precision medicine for pediatric growth disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone health and vitamin D status in Korean children with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Youn Kyoung Kim, Ji Eun Yoo, Joon Young Kim, Kyoung Won Cho, Seo Jung Kim, Sujin Kim, Youngha Choi, Kyungchul Song, Eun Byoul Lee, Hyun Wook Chae, Eun Joo Lee, Junghwan Suh","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652154.077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652154.077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Temporal Trends of Pediatric Diabetes Subtypes Over 20 Years in a Tertiary Center in Korea.","authors":"Ui Sook Song, Yun Jeong Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Young Ah Lee","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652112.056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652112.056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Differentiating diabetes subtypes is essential for long-term management; however, overlapping features among type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) complicate diagnosis. Clinical characteristics and temporal trends according to childhood-onset diabetes subtype were investigated over a 20-year period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed 662 patients diagnosed with T1D, T2D, or MODY at Seoul National University Children's Hospital between 2003 and 2022 at ages ≥6 months and <19 years, excluding secondary and other specific forms. Subtypes were classified based on autoantibody status, insulin dependence, adiposity, family history, and genetic testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of patients, 477 (72.1%) had T1D, 143 (21.6%) had T2D, and 39 (5.9%) had MODY; 3 had coexisting T1D and MODY. Ten patients underwent diabetes subtype reclassification during follow-up. T1D was associated with more frequent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and less family history than T2D or MODY (both P < 0.001). T2D showed higher BMI z-scores and a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity (both P < 0.001). The proportion of T2D increased over time (P for trend < 0.001), whereas MODY remained stable (P for trend = 0.116). Among 21 genetically confirmed MODY cases, GCK variants were the most common, followed by HNF1A variants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Over the 20-year study period, the proportion of T2D increased among children and adolescents. Expanded insurance coverage for autoantibody testing, along with more affordable access to next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels when clinically indicated, may facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis and enable individualized treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Final adult height in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.","authors":"Juyoung Sung, Insung Kim, Minji Im, Yoon Ji Ahn, Myeongjin Kim, Minwhae Choi, Yoojin Lindsey Chung, JungEun Moon, Junghwan Suh, Han Hyuk Lim, Moon Bae Ahn, Chan Jong Kim, Hae Sang Lee, Eungu Kang, Young Ah Lee, Yun Jeong Lee, Sung Yoon Cho","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652108.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652108.054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) can impair linear growth and reduce final adult height (FAH). However, long-term growth outcomes have not been well characterized in Asian populations. This study evaluated FAH and identified clinical and treatment-related factors associated with short stature and height gain in Korean patients with 21OHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective multicenter cohort study included 119 patients with 21OHD (59 males, 60 females) who reached FAH. Logistic regression identified risk factors for short stature. The effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) therapy was analyzed in a subgroup of 55 patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean FAH was 165.0 ± 7.9 cm (-1.68 ± 1.38 SDS) in males and 155.1 ± 6.9 cm (-1.25 ± 1.43 SDS) in females. Short stature was observed in 31.9% of patients. Patients with the non-classic phenotype had lower FAH than those with the salt-wasting form. Central precocious puberty (CPP) was associated with an increased risk of short stature (odds ratio [OR], 4.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-14.73; p=0.03), whereas later year of birth (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.92; p<0.001) and growth hormone therapy (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08-0.85; p=0.02) were protective. Among patients treated with GnRHa, FAH was greater than the predicted adult height at treatment initiation (-1.33 vs -1.66 SDS, p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite conventional treatment, FAH is significantly lower than the general population mean in Korean patients with 21OHD (-1.68 SDS in males and -1.25 SDS in females), particularly in those with CPP or delayed diagnosis. Early detection and adjunctive therapies may improve growth outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity in survivors of childhood cancer.","authors":"Miriam Helin, Inna Zaslavsky-Paltiel, Michal Ben-Ami, Eve Stern, Amos Toren, Liat Lerner, Dalit Modan-Moses","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652102.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652102.051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Several studies reported previously increased risk for obesity in childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The objectives of this article were to evaluate the rate of overweight and obesity in CCS compared to the general population, to identify possible risk factors for obesity in these patients, and to assess changes in weight status over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A historical cohort including all patients (n=820) treated at a tertiary center over a twenty-year period, who were diagnosed with cancer at age <18 years, and had at least one year of follow-up after completion of anti-cancer treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher rates of overweight/obesity were observed in the CCS cohort compared to the general population. Weight status at the time of diagnosis (OR=1.69 95%CI 1.38-2.07, p<0.01), endocrine dysfunctions (OR=1.46, 95%CI 1.08-1.98, p=0.01), and age at diagnosis were identified as significant risk factors for overweight/obesity in CCS. Treatment with radiation alone had a close to significant effect (OR=1.8 95%. CI 0.91-3.53, p=0.09) on overweight/obesity. Rates of overweight/obesity peaked 3-5 years after diagnosis (OR=1.3, 95% CI 1.11-1.53, p<0.01) and declined thereafter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Better understanding of possible risk factors and characterization of high-risk groups of patients may assist in planning appropriate interventions that might decrease obesity and related morbidity in CCS.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare coexistence of Klinefelter syndrome and growth hormone deficiency in a Korean boy with short stature: a case report and literature review.","authors":"Naeun Kwak, Sangeun Lee, Jung-Eun Moon","doi":"10.6065/apem.2652084.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2652084.042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}