EuroChoices最新文献

{"title":"Methods for Farm Valuation\u0000 Les méthodes d’évaluation des exploitations agricoles\u0000 Methoden zur Bewertung von landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben","authors":"Laure Latruffe,&nbsp;Yann Desjeux,&nbsp;Geoffroy Enjolras,&nbsp;Philippe Jeanneaux","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12392","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Valuation of a farm at current market value is a crucial part of the process of farm transfer, be it between family members through inheritance or on the open market between buyers and sellers. This article explains the methods available to and used by professionals in France to value farms, and presents results of an application of the methods on bookkeeping data for French representative commercial farms.</p><p>The literature is rich on business valuation methods but less so in the farming context. Some assets are often very specific (farm buildings, livestock, agricultural land) and the activities of farms are by nature diverse and risky, making it difficult to standardise their valuation. There are two broad categories of methods. Economic methods are based on cash flows and profitability generated by the assets and include the <b>fundamental</b> and <b>financial methods.</b> The fundamental (or discounted cash-flows or long-term returns or capitalisation) method consists of valuing the farm as an industrial project that will generate cash flows in the future, over a chosen time horizon, for example the duration of a long-term rental agreement (nine years in France). The farm value is thus the sum of the future net cash flows discounted at an appropriate rate. The financial (or profitability) method is based on the estimation of the farm investors’ potential remuneration, which can be approximated by the farm net profit (farm income from which the farm manager's labour remuneration has been subtracted).</p><p>The second category of methods relies on the separately-valued assets mainly with the <b>patrimonial method</b> (or liquidation and accounting valuation method). Each tangible asset is estimated separately, with the current market value or with the book value of assets available in the balance sheet. While the fundamental method is generally preferred by buyers (that is to say, future farmers) and banks, sellers favour the patrimonial method as it generates high values. In practice both sets of methods are often used in combination.</p><p>In 2021 an online survey was conducted of 67 land experts and farm accountants in France who regularly estimate farm values for farmers (both sellers or buyers) (Enjolras <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). As shown in Figure 1, the highest share of experts (56 per cent) used the patrimonial method, although the fundamental and financial methods together account for a comparable share of experts (53 per cent). The survey also highlighted the difficult conciliation of perspectives between sellers and buyers and the need to consider intangible factors, as seen in Figure 2.</p><p>The different methods were applied to the 2017 and 2018 French Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) bookkeeping data (Jeanneaux <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Figure 3 shows that wine-growing farms have the highest values on average. Pig and beef cattle farms have high average patrimonial values, reflecting their high capita","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50133795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for Farm Valuation","authors":"L. Latruffe, Y. Desjeux, G. Enjolras, P. Jeanneaux","doi":"10.1111/1746-692x.12392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692x.12392","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42396955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Quality of CAP Strategic Planning through Enhancing the Role of Agricultural Economics\u0000 Améliorer la qualité de la planification stratégique de la PAC en renforçant le rôle de l'économie agricole\u0000 Qualitätsverbesserung in der GAP-Strategieplanung durch eine stärkere Rolle der Agrarökonomie","authors":"Emil Erjavec,&nbsp;Ilona Rac","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extending strategic planning to the full range of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) interventions could improve the impacts of this controversial public policy. Science, particularly agricultural economics, can play a role in improving the quality of planning and implementation of a reformed CAP. The preparation of Member States' Strategic Plans (SP) is rather formalistic, while the plans are not very rigorously designed. A major weakness is related to the CAP's political-economic characteristics and lies in the selection and definition of interventions: financially strong but poorly targeted interventions tend to be pre-fixed, which prevents a stronger focus on the results and quality of planning. The intervention logic functions as a black box, as the links between policy priorities and interventions are merely implied, with no clear, evidence-based links. Therefore, European decision makers should re-examine the concept of CAP SP and especially improve a support system and capacity building for SP designers. Greater involvement of academic research and scientific methods and tools in the preparation, monitoring and evaluation of plans, could significantly improve the quality of planning. This would require increased investment in research and dialogue among representatives of academia, government and the nongovernmental sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50133794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Quality of CAP Strategic Planning through Enhancing the Role of Agricultural Economics","authors":"E. Erjavec, I. Rac","doi":"10.1111/1746-692x.12393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692x.12393","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46957509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Agricultural Support Help with Climate Change Mitigation Efforts?\u0000 Le soutien agricole contribue-t-il aux efforts d'atténuation du changement climatique ?\u0000 Unterstützt die Förderung der Landwirtschaft die Bemühungen den Klimawandel einzudämmen?","authors":"Jibran Punthakey,&nbsp;Hugo Valin,&nbsp;Martin von Lampe","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12386","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Total support to the agricultural sector arising from public policies reached a record USD 817 billion per year in 2019–2021 for the 54 countries¹ covered in the <i>OECD Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2022</i> report (Figure 1). However, only a small share of this support was directed at longer-term efforts to combat climate change and other food system challenges.</p><p>Of the total support, USD 500 billion per year was paid by taxpayers from public budgets, with the remaining USD 317 billion per year being transferred by consumers through higher prices (market price support). In a small number of countries, policies also suppress prices for some or all commodities, generating a transfer (an implicit tax) of USD 117 billion away from agricultural producers. In total, USD 391 billion per year was transferred to producers in the potentially most distorting forms of support (market price support and payments based on output or the unconstrained use of variable inputs).</p><p>Along with forestry and other land use, agricultre represents around 22 per cent of anthropogenic GHG emissions; mainly methane and nitrous oxide from livestock, rice cultivation and fertiliser use, and carbon dioxide emissions through land use change, such as deforestation and carbon losses in agricultural soils. Lower GHG emissions can result from increasing productivity and efficiency in input use, adopting production techniques that reduce emissions, increasing soil carbon sequestration, afforestation and restoration of degraded lands, reducing food losses in the field and on the farm, and providing information and incentives to consumers to choose food with lower emissions intensities and reduce food waste.</p><p>Current policies include subsidies for the use of variable inputs such as fertilisers, feed and fuel, amounting to USD 60 billion per year in 2019–2021 and directly contributing to GHG emissions. Moreover, support tied to specific commodities still accounts for a large share of gross farm receipts in some countries (Figure 2). Support for livestock products, which tend to have high GHG emissions intensities, amounted to USD 111 billion per year across the 54 countries, and exceeded 10 per cent of gross farm receipts in 5 countries.</p><p>Despite their importance for achieving food security, climate and other food systems goals, investments in these areas have been falling relative to the size of the sector for most of the past two decades. Overall, support to general services accounted for 13 per cent of total support for the sector in 2019–2021, down from 16 per cent in 2000–2002 (Figure 3). There is therefore considerable scope for reforms that support both food systems objectives and ensure that agriculture contributes to ambitious emissions reduction targets.</p><p>The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of its Member countries.</","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing the EU eco-scheme in the Netherlands: A results-based points system approach\u0000 Mise en œuvre de l’éco-régime européen aux Pays-Bas : une approche par système de points fondé sur les résultats\u0000 Umsetzung der EU-Öko-Regelungen in den Niederlanden : Ein ergebnisorientierter Ansatz mit einem Punktesystem","authors":"Roel Jongeneel,&nbsp;Ana Gonzalez-Martinez","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12388","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The latest reform of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) aimed at making it more results-oriented in order to ensure the sustainability of the sector. From 1 January 2023, in the new policy framework, the European Commission introduced a new tool – eco-schemes. This tool presents several advantages compared to the former ‘greening’ since it includes more ambitious targets than the previous policy framework. Another difference with the previous system is that the eco-schemes focus on results rather than efforts, while creating some room for the EU Member States to design measures which take into account existing local circumstances and needs. For the implementation of the eco-schemes, the Netherlands has developed a menu-points-system. The Dutch system is a good policy improvement compared to the previous ‘greening’ measures. Nevertheless, due to its hybrid form, it does not yet lead to the best possible cost-efficiency measures. To achieve that, a ‘pure’ point-reward (instead of an effort-reward) should have been implemented. Another novelty of the Dutch eco-scheme policy is the development of a simulation tool, which can assist farmers to test different choices before they make their final decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity Net Gain Initiative","authors":"Annie Wills","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12391","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12391","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47140942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The War in Ukraine, Food Security and the Role for Europe\u0000 La guerre en Ukraine, la sécurité alimentaire et le rôle de l'Europe\u0000 Der Krieg in der Ukraine, Ernährungssicherheit und die Rolle Europas","authors":"Maksym Chepeliev,&nbsp;Maryla Maliszewska,&nbsp;Maria Filipa Seara e Pereira","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12389","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Food-security implications of the war in Ukraine are exacerbated by adverse weather events, spillover effects from the distortion of energy and fertiliser markets, and domestic policies that countries around the world have implemented in pursuit of food security. Estimates suggest that the cumulative effect of these channels in terms of restricting <i>agricultural</i> and food trade is in the order of over 10 times larger, and their cumulative effect on global food supply is on average three times more substantial than the direct agricultural supply disruptions in Ukraine. The latter, however, disproportionally impacts low-income countries that are particularly vulnerable to food supply shortages and price increases. In the case of the EU, although overall food availability is not at stake, food affordability for low-income households is a concern, especially when combined with rising prices of other essential goods, such as energy and transportation. To ensure the resilience of domestic and global food systems, the EU and its Member States should extend a set of already implemented policies, including better-targeted support for the low-income households in the region, implementation of trade facilitation measures via international cooperation, and support for agricultural production in the most vulnerable countries, and should also facilitate the restoration of Ukraine's lost agricultural assets.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greening the CAP from Farm to Fork: Roots of Italy's Resistance to the Process of Reform\u0000 Verdir la PAC de la ferme à la l'assiette : racines de la résistance de l'Italie au processus de réforme\u0000 Die Ökologisierung der GAP: Ursachen des italienischen Widerstands gegen den Reformprozess","authors":"Maria Antonietta Maneschi","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12387","url":null,"abstract":"<p>De nombreux États membres et diverses parties prenantes continuent d'avoir des positions conservatrices dans le processus de réforme de la PAC visant à améliorer la durabilité environnementale. Lors du dernier processus de réforme, le ministère italien de l'Agriculture a privilégié le maintien du statu quo pour les paiements, minimisant ainsi les ambitions environnementales. Derrière ce positionnement se cache une puissante organisation agricole – la Coldiretti – qui joue un rôle politique majeur dans le contexte italien. Coldiretti et le ministère ont construit un bloc historique qui exerce un pouvoir hégémonique dans le réseau italien de la politique agricole. A l'opposé, la coalition Cambiamo Agricultura (Changeons l'agriculture), qui se mobilise pour le verdissement de la PAC et pour une transition agroécologique, est très marginalisée. Cependant, des changements dans les équilibres de pouvoir pourraient émerger et la coalition Cambiamo Agricoltura pourrait potentiellement jouer un rôle majeur dans cette transition. Elle pourrait renforcer sa visibilité dans les médias nationaux ; informer la société civile et renforcer le consensus de l'opinion publique pour une transition du secteur agricole ; elle pourrait également ouvrir un dialogue direct et une collaboration avec la Coldiretti, favorisant l'intégration d'objectifs environnementaux ambitieux dans le discours de la principale organisation paysanne elle-même. Le résultat serait l'inclusion d'acteurs de la transition dans le processus de prise de décision, ce qui se traduirait par des positions plus vertes pour la prochaine réforme de la PAC.</p><p>Viele Mitgliedstaaten und verschiedene Interessengruppen vertreten im GAP-Reformprozess – bei dem es darum geht, die ökologische Nachhaltigkeit zu verbessern – weiterhin konservative Positionen. Während der letzten Reform sprach sich das italienische Landwirtschaftsministerium dafür aus, den Status quo bei den Beihilfen beizubehalten und minimierte so die ökologischen Ambitionen. Hinter dieser Positionierung steht eine mächtige Bauernorganisation – Coldiretti – die im italienischen Kontext eine zentrale Bedeutung hat. Coldiretti und das Ministerium haben eine historische Verbindung gebildet, die eine hegemoniale Macht in der italienischen Agrarpolitik ausübt. Demgegenüber steht die stark marginalisierte Koalition Cambiamo Agricultura, die sich für ein Greening der GAP und einen agrarökologischen Wandel einsetzt. Im bestehenden Kräfteverhältnis zeichnen sich jedoch eine mögliche Veränderungen ab, und die Koalition Cambiamo Agricoltura könnte hierbei eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Sie könnte ihre Sichtbarkeit in den nationalen Medien erhöhen, die Öffentlichkeit informieren und den gesellschaftlichen Konsens für eine Umstellung des Agrarsektors stärken. Außerdem könnte sie einen Dialog und eine direkte Zusammenarbeit mit Coldiretti beginnen, um so ehrgeizige Umweltziele in den Diskurs der wichtigsten Bauernorganisation zu integrieren. Das Ergebnis","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The War in Ukraine Dominates the Economic, Social and Political Agenda","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/1746-692x.12390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692x.12390","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48743722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}